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-rw-r--r--.gitlab-ci.d/container-cross.yml1
-rw-r--r--MAINTAINERS6
-rw-r--r--accel/kvm/kvm-all.c35
-rw-r--r--accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c9
-rw-r--r--block.c120
-rw-r--r--block/backup.c1
-rw-r--r--block/block-backend.c9
-rw-r--r--block/bochs.c2
-rw-r--r--block/cloop.c2
-rw-r--r--block/commit.c1
-rw-r--r--block/copy-before-write.c2
-rw-r--r--block/copy-on-read.c8
-rw-r--r--block/crypto.c4
-rw-r--r--block/curl.c2
-rw-r--r--block/dmg.c2
-rw-r--r--block/export/export.c4
-rw-r--r--block/gluster.c2
-rw-r--r--block/graph-lock.c3
-rw-r--r--block/io.c143
-rw-r--r--block/iscsi.c2
-rw-r--r--block/mirror.c10
-rw-r--r--block/monitor/block-hmp-cmds.c5
-rw-r--r--block/nbd.c3
-rw-r--r--block/nfs.c2
-rw-r--r--block/parallels.c3
-rw-r--r--block/qapi-sysemu.c11
-rw-r--r--block/qapi.c11
-rw-r--r--block/qcow.c3
-rw-r--r--block/qcow2-bitmap.c38
-rw-r--r--block/qcow2-cache.c11
-rw-r--r--block/qcow2-cluster.c62
-rw-r--r--block/qcow2-refcount.c80
-rw-r--r--block/qcow2.c77
-rw-r--r--block/qcow2.h187
-rw-r--r--block/quorum.c4
-rw-r--r--block/raw-format.c2
-rw-r--r--block/rbd.c4
-rw-r--r--block/replication.c29
-rw-r--r--block/snapshot.c54
-rw-r--r--block/stream.c8
-rw-r--r--block/vdi.c3
-rw-r--r--block/vhdx.c4
-rw-r--r--block/vhdx.h5
-rw-r--r--block/vmdk.c53
-rw-r--r--block/vpc.c3
-rw-r--r--block/vvfat.c20
-rw-r--r--blockdev.c44
-rw-r--r--blockjob.c1
-rwxr-xr-xconfigure5
-rw-r--r--contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vhost-user-gpu.c6
-rw-r--r--contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vugpu.h8
-rw-r--r--docs/about/deprecated.rst9
-rw-r--r--docs/devel/testing.rst10
-rw-r--r--hw/loongarch/Kconfig2
-rw-r--r--hw/loongarch/virt.c103
-rw-r--r--hw/mem/memory-device.c196
-rw-r--r--hw/misc/Kconfig5
-rw-r--r--hw/misc/i2c-echo.c10
-rw-r--r--hw/misc/meson.build2
-rw-r--r--hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_main.c18
-rw-r--r--hw/ufs/lu.c16
-rw-r--r--hw/ufs/ufs.c10
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/vhost-stub.c9
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/vhost-user.c21
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c1
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/vhost.c103
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c21
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c330
-rw-r--r--include/block/block-common.h7
-rw-r--r--include/block/block-global-state.h34
-rw-r--r--include/block/block-io.h71
-rw-r--r--include/block/block_int-common.h69
-rw-r--r--include/block/block_int-io.h7
-rw-r--r--include/block/graph-lock.h3
-rw-r--r--include/block/qapi.h23
-rw-r--r--include/block/snapshot.h24
-rw-r--r--include/block/ufs.h4
-rw-r--r--include/exec/cpu-common.h15
-rw-r--r--include/exec/memory.h27
-rw-r--r--include/hw/boards.h14
-rw-r--r--include/hw/loongarch/virt.h3
-rw-r--r--include/hw/mem/memory-device.h57
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h9
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/vhost.h3
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/virtio-gpu.h8
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h32
-rw-r--r--include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h4
-rw-r--r--include/sysemu/kvm.h4
-rw-r--r--include/sysemu/kvm_int.h1
-rw-r--r--migration/block.c2
-rw-r--r--migration/migration-hmp-cmds.c2
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/machine/console_socket.py29
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/machine/machine.py78
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/machine/qtest.py54
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/qmp/legacy.py10
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/qmp/protocol.py1
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/qmp/qmp_shell.py20
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/utils/qemu_ga_client.py2
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/utils/qom.py8
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/utils/qom_common.py2
-rw-r--r--python/qemu/utils/qom_fuse.py6
-rw-r--r--python/setup.cfg3
-rw-r--r--qemu-img.c16
-rw-r--r--qemu-io-cmds.c3
-rw-r--r--scripts/block-coroutine-wrapper.py10
-rw-r--r--scripts/cpu-x86-uarch-abi.py8
-rwxr-xr-xscripts/device-crash-test8
-rwxr-xr-xscripts/python_qmp_updater.py136
-rwxr-xr-xscripts/render_block_graph.py8
-rw-r--r--stubs/memory_device.c (renamed from stubs/qmp_memory_device.c)10
-rw-r--r--stubs/meson.build2
-rw-r--r--subprojects/libvduse/libvduse.c2
-rw-r--r--subprojects/libvhost-user/libvhost-user.c12
-rw-r--r--system/memory.c35
-rw-r--r--system/physmem.c17
-rw-r--r--target/i386/tcg/seg_helper.c2
-rw-r--r--target/loongarch/cpu.h4
-rw-r--r--target/loongarch/disas.c7
-rw-r--r--target/loongarch/insn_trans/trans_memory.c.inc5
-rw-r--r--target/loongarch/insns.decode3
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/acpi-bits.py5
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/avocado_qemu/__init__.py6
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/cpu_queries.py5
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/hotplug_cpu.py10
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/info_usernet.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/machine_arm_integratorcp.py6
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/machine_aspeed.py17
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/machine_m68k_nextcube.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/machine_mips_malta.py6
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/machine_s390_ccw_virtio.py28
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/migration.py10
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/pc_cpu_hotplug_props.py2
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/version.py4
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/virtio_check_params.py6
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/virtio_version.py5
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/vnc.py16
-rw-r--r--tests/avocado/x86_cpu_model_versions.py13
-rw-r--r--tests/docker/dockerfiles/python.docker6
-rw-r--r--tests/migration/guestperf/engine.py150
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/030168
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/040171
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/041482
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/04515
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/05562
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/05677
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/09342
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/118225
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/124102
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/12914
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1325
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/13945
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/14730
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/151103
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1528
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/15555
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1658
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1963
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/2056
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/218105
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/245245
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/25634
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/25736
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/26431
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/28121
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/29516
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/29621
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/29813
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/30054
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py23
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/backing-file-invalidation11
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/copy-before-write18
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/export-incoming-iothread6
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/graph-changes-while-io18
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/image-fleecing3
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-postcopy-test31
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-test45
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-during-backup41
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/migration-permissions9
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-ready-cancel-error74
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-top-perms16
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/nbd-multiconn16
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/reopen-file3
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-error-on-reset6
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-under-throttle7
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/npcm7xx_timer-test.c1
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/ufs-test.c2
-rw-r--r--tests/tcg/loongarch64/system/boot.S7
-rw-r--r--tests/unit/test-bdrv-drain.c15
-rw-r--r--tests/unit/test-block-iothread.c8
-rw-r--r--tests/vm/basevm.py4
190 files changed, 3295 insertions, 2473 deletions
diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.d/container-cross.yml b/.gitlab-ci.d/container-cross.yml
index e0d75d5824..2848166ba3 100644
--- a/.gitlab-ci.d/container-cross.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.d/container-cross.yml
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ riscv64-debian-cross-container:
   allow_failure: true
   variables:
     NAME: debian-riscv64-cross
+    QEMU_JOB_OPTIONAL: 1
 
 # we can however build TCG tests using a non-sid base
 riscv64-debian-test-cross-container:
diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index ceea4c2bf2..9bd4fe378d 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -248,7 +248,6 @@ F: disas/hppa.c
 
 LoongArch TCG CPUs
 M: Song Gao <gaosong@loongson.cn>
-M: Xiaojuan Yang <yangxiaojuan@loongson.cn>
 S: Maintained
 F: target/loongarch/
 F: tests/tcg/loongarch64/
@@ -1191,7 +1190,6 @@ F: pc-bios/hppa-firmware.img
 LoongArch Machines
 ------------------
 Virt
-M: Xiaojuan Yang <yangxiaojuan@loongson.cn>
 M: Song Gao <gaosong@loongson.cn>
 S: Maintained
 F: docs/system/loongarch/virt.rst
@@ -2891,6 +2889,7 @@ F: hw/mem/pc-dimm.c
 F: include/hw/mem/memory-device.h
 F: include/hw/mem/nvdimm.h
 F: include/hw/mem/pc-dimm.h
+F: stubs/memory_device.c
 F: docs/nvdimm.txt
 
 SPICE
@@ -3143,6 +3142,7 @@ M: Laurent Vivier <lvivier@redhat.com>
 R: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
 S: Maintained
 F: system/qtest.c
+F: include/sysemu/qtest.h
 F: accel/qtest/
 F: tests/qtest/
 F: docs/devel/qgraph.rst
@@ -3864,7 +3864,7 @@ F: docs/block-replication.txt
 PVRDMA
 M: Yuval Shaia <yuval.shaia.ml@gmail.com>
 M: Marcel Apfelbaum <marcel.apfelbaum@gmail.com>
-S: Maintained
+S: Odd Fixes
 F: hw/rdma/*
 F: hw/rdma/vmw/*
 F: docs/pvrdma.txt
diff --git a/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c b/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
index 72e1d1141c..3f7eafe08c 100644
--- a/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
+++ b/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
@@ -174,13 +174,31 @@ void kvm_resample_fd_notify(int gsi)
     }
 }
 
-int kvm_get_max_memslots(void)
+unsigned int kvm_get_max_memslots(void)
 {
     KVMState *s = KVM_STATE(current_accel());
 
     return s->nr_slots;
 }
 
+unsigned int kvm_get_free_memslots(void)
+{
+    unsigned int used_slots = 0;
+    KVMState *s = kvm_state;
+    int i;
+
+    kvm_slots_lock();
+    for (i = 0; i < s->nr_as; i++) {
+        if (!s->as[i].ml) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        used_slots = MAX(used_slots, s->as[i].ml->nr_used_slots);
+    }
+    kvm_slots_unlock();
+
+    return s->nr_slots - used_slots;
+}
+
 /* Called with KVMMemoryListener.slots_lock held */
 static KVMSlot *kvm_get_free_slot(KVMMemoryListener *kml)
 {
@@ -196,19 +214,6 @@ static KVMSlot *kvm_get_free_slot(KVMMemoryListener *kml)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-bool kvm_has_free_slot(MachineState *ms)
-{
-    KVMState *s = KVM_STATE(ms->accelerator);
-    bool result;
-    KVMMemoryListener *kml = &s->memory_listener;
-
-    kvm_slots_lock();
-    result = !!kvm_get_free_slot(kml);
-    kvm_slots_unlock();
-
-    return result;
-}
-
 /* Called with KVMMemoryListener.slots_lock held */
 static KVMSlot *kvm_alloc_slot(KVMMemoryListener *kml)
 {
@@ -1387,6 +1392,7 @@ static void kvm_set_phys_mem(KVMMemoryListener *kml,
             }
             start_addr += slot_size;
             size -= slot_size;
+            kml->nr_used_slots--;
         } while (size);
         return;
     }
@@ -1412,6 +1418,7 @@ static void kvm_set_phys_mem(KVMMemoryListener *kml,
         ram_start_offset += slot_size;
         ram += slot_size;
         size -= slot_size;
+        kml->nr_used_slots++;
     } while (size);
 }
 
diff --git a/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c b/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c
index 235dc661bc..51f522e52e 100644
--- a/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c
+++ b/accel/stubs/kvm-stub.c
@@ -109,9 +109,14 @@ int kvm_irqchip_remove_irqfd_notifier_gsi(KVMState *s, EventNotifier *n,
     return -ENOSYS;
 }
 
-bool kvm_has_free_slot(MachineState *ms)
+unsigned int kvm_get_max_memslots(void)
 {
-    return false;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+unsigned int kvm_get_free_memslots(void)
+{
+    return 0;
 }
 
 void kvm_init_cpu_signals(CPUState *cpu)
diff --git a/block.c b/block.c
index af04c8ac6f..f9cf05ddcf 100644
--- a/block.c
+++ b/block.c
@@ -279,8 +279,9 @@ bool bdrv_is_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return !(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);
 }
 
-static int bdrv_can_set_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs, bool read_only,
-                                  bool ignore_allow_rdw, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_can_set_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs, bool read_only,
+                       bool ignore_allow_rdw, Error **errp)
 {
     IO_CODE();
 
@@ -371,8 +372,9 @@ char *bdrv_get_full_backing_filename_from_filename(const char *backed,
  * setting @errp.  In all other cases, NULL will only be returned with
  * @errp set.
  */
-static char *bdrv_make_absolute_filename(BlockDriverState *relative_to,
-                                         const char *filename, Error **errp)
+static char * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_make_absolute_filename(BlockDriverState *relative_to,
+                            const char *filename, Error **errp)
 {
     char *dir, *full_name;
 
@@ -1192,19 +1194,19 @@ static char *bdrv_child_get_parent_desc(BdrvChild *c)
     return g_strdup_printf("node '%s'", bdrv_get_node_name(parent));
 }
 
-static void bdrv_child_cb_drained_begin(BdrvChild *child)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_child_cb_drained_begin(BdrvChild *child)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->opaque;
     bdrv_do_drained_begin_quiesce(bs, NULL);
 }
 
-static bool bdrv_child_cb_drained_poll(BdrvChild *child)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_child_cb_drained_poll(BdrvChild *child)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->opaque;
     return bdrv_drain_poll(bs, NULL, false);
 }
 
-static void bdrv_child_cb_drained_end(BdrvChild *child)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_child_cb_drained_end(BdrvChild *child)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = child->opaque;
     bdrv_drained_end(bs);
@@ -1250,7 +1252,7 @@ static void bdrv_temp_snapshot_options(int *child_flags, QDict *child_options,
     *child_flags &= ~BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
 }
 
-static void bdrv_backing_attach(BdrvChild *c)
+static void GRAPH_WRLOCK bdrv_backing_attach(BdrvChild *c)
 {
     BlockDriverState *parent = c->opaque;
     BlockDriverState *backing_hd = c->bs;
@@ -1874,7 +1876,10 @@ static int bdrv_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockBackend *file,
     }
 
     if (file != NULL) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         bdrv_refresh_filename(blk_bs(file));
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
         filename = blk_bs(file)->filename;
     } else {
         /*
@@ -1901,7 +1906,9 @@ static int bdrv_open_common(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockBackend *file,
 
     if (use_bdrv_whitelist && !bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, ro)) {
         if (!ro && bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, true)) {
+            bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
             ret = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, NULL, NULL);
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         } else {
             ret = -ENOTSUP;
         }
@@ -2966,6 +2973,8 @@ static void bdrv_child_free(BdrvChild *child)
 {
     assert(!child->bs);
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     assert(!child->next.le_prev); /* not in children list */
 
     g_free(child->name);
@@ -3644,7 +3653,10 @@ int bdrv_open_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *parent_options,
             implicit_backing = !strcmp(bs->auto_backing_file, bs->backing_file);
         }
 
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         backing_filename = bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(bs, &local_err);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
         if (local_err) {
             ret = -EINVAL;
             error_propagate(errp, local_err);
@@ -3675,7 +3687,9 @@ int bdrv_open_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *parent_options,
     }
 
     if (implicit_backing) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         bdrv_refresh_filename(backing_hd);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         pstrcpy(bs->auto_backing_file, sizeof(bs->auto_backing_file),
                 backing_hd->filename);
     }
@@ -4314,8 +4328,8 @@ static int bdrv_reset_options_allowed(BlockDriverState *bs,
 /*
  * Returns true if @child can be reached recursively from @bs
  */
-static bool bdrv_recurse_has_child(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                   BlockDriverState *child)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_recurse_has_child(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *child)
 {
     BdrvChild *c;
 
@@ -4356,15 +4370,12 @@ static bool bdrv_recurse_has_child(BlockDriverState *bs,
  *
  * To be called with bs->aio_context locked.
  */
-static BlockReopenQueue *bdrv_reopen_queue_child(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue,
-                                                 BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 QDict *options,
-                                                 const BdrvChildClass *klass,
-                                                 BdrvChildRole role,
-                                                 bool parent_is_format,
-                                                 QDict *parent_options,
-                                                 int parent_flags,
-                                                 bool keep_old_opts)
+static BlockReopenQueue * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_reopen_queue_child(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue, BlockDriverState *bs,
+                        QDict *options, const BdrvChildClass *klass,
+                        BdrvChildRole role, bool parent_is_format,
+                        QDict *parent_options, int parent_flags,
+                        bool keep_old_opts)
 {
     assert(bs != NULL);
 
@@ -4376,6 +4387,11 @@ static BlockReopenQueue *bdrv_reopen_queue_child(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue,
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
 
+    /*
+     * Strictly speaking, draining is illegal under GRAPH_RDLOCK. We know that
+     * we've been called with bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop(), though, so it's ok
+     * in practice.
+     */
     bdrv_drained_begin(bs);
 
     if (bs_queue == NULL) {
@@ -4517,6 +4533,7 @@ BlockReopenQueue *bdrv_reopen_queue(BlockReopenQueue *bs_queue,
                                     QDict *options, bool keep_old_opts)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     return bdrv_reopen_queue_child(bs_queue, bs, options, NULL, 0, false,
                                    NULL, 0, keep_old_opts);
@@ -4736,9 +4753,10 @@ int bdrv_reopen_set_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs, bool read_only,
  * Callers must make sure that their AioContext locking is still correct after
  * this.
  */
-static int bdrv_reopen_parse_file_or_backing(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
-                                             bool is_backing, Transaction *tran,
-                                             Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_UNLOCKED
+bdrv_reopen_parse_file_or_backing(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
+                                  bool is_backing, Transaction *tran,
+                                  Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = reopen_state->bs;
     BlockDriverState *new_child_bs;
@@ -4748,6 +4766,7 @@ static int bdrv_reopen_parse_file_or_backing(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
     QObject *value;
     const char *str;
     AioContext *ctx, *old_ctx;
+    bool has_child;
     int ret;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
@@ -4767,7 +4786,13 @@ static int bdrv_reopen_parse_file_or_backing(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
         new_child_bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(NULL, str, errp);
         if (new_child_bs == NULL) {
             return -EINVAL;
-        } else if (bdrv_recurse_has_child(new_child_bs, bs)) {
+        }
+
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
+        has_child = bdrv_recurse_has_child(new_child_bs, bs);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
+        if (has_child) {
             error_setg(errp, "Making '%s' a %s child of '%s' would create a "
                        "cycle", str, child_name, bs->node_name);
             return -EINVAL;
@@ -4866,9 +4891,9 @@ static int bdrv_reopen_parse_file_or_backing(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
  * After calling this function, the transaction @change_child_tran may only be
  * completed while holding a writer lock for the graph.
  */
-static int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
-                               BlockReopenQueue *queue,
-                               Transaction *change_child_tran, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_UNLOCKED
+bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state, BlockReopenQueue *queue,
+                    Transaction *change_child_tran, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret = -1;
     int old_flags;
@@ -4930,7 +4955,10 @@ static int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
      * to r/w. Attempting to set to r/w may fail if either BDRV_O_ALLOW_RDWR is
      * not set, or if the BDS still has copy_on_read enabled */
     read_only = !(reopen_state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR);
+
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     ret = bdrv_can_set_read_only(reopen_state->bs, read_only, true, &local_err);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     if (local_err) {
         error_propagate(errp, local_err);
         goto error;
@@ -4953,7 +4981,9 @@ static int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
             if (local_err != NULL) {
                 error_propagate(errp, local_err);
             } else {
+                bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
                 bdrv_refresh_filename(reopen_state->bs);
+                bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
                 error_setg(errp, "failed while preparing to reopen image '%s'",
                            reopen_state->bs->filename);
             }
@@ -4962,9 +4992,11 @@ static int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
     } else {
         /* It is currently mandatory to have a bdrv_reopen_prepare()
          * handler for each supported drv. */
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         error_setg(errp, "Block format '%s' used by node '%s' "
                    "does not support reopening files", drv->format_name,
                    bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(reopen_state->bs));
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         ret = -1;
         goto error;
     }
@@ -5010,6 +5042,8 @@ static int bdrv_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
     if (qdict_size(reopen_state->options)) {
         const QDictEntry *entry = qdict_first(reopen_state->options);
 
+        GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
         do {
             QObject *new = entry->value;
             QObject *old = qdict_get(reopen_state->bs->options, entry->key);
@@ -5083,7 +5117,7 @@ error:
  * makes them final by swapping the staging BlockDriverState contents into
  * the active BlockDriverState contents.
  */
-static void bdrv_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
+static void GRAPH_UNLOCKED bdrv_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
@@ -5100,6 +5134,8 @@ static void bdrv_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
         drv->bdrv_reopen_commit(reopen_state);
     }
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     /* set BDS specific flags now */
     qobject_unref(bs->explicit_options);
     qobject_unref(bs->options);
@@ -5121,9 +5157,7 @@ static void bdrv_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
     qdict_del(bs->explicit_options, "backing");
     qdict_del(bs->options, "backing");
 
-    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_refresh_limits(bs, NULL, NULL);
-    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_refresh_total_sectors(bs, bs->total_sectors);
 }
 
@@ -5131,7 +5165,7 @@ static void bdrv_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
  * Abort the reopen, and delete and free the staged changes in
  * reopen_state
  */
-static void bdrv_reopen_abort(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
+static void GRAPH_UNLOCKED bdrv_reopen_abort(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv;
 
@@ -5918,6 +5952,7 @@ int bdrv_drop_intermediate(BlockDriverState *top, BlockDriverState *base,
 
     bdrv_ref(top);
     bdrv_drained_begin(base);
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
 
     if (!top->drv || !base->drv) {
         goto exit;
@@ -5942,11 +5977,9 @@ int bdrv_drop_intermediate(BlockDriverState *top, BlockDriverState *base,
         backing_file_str = base->filename;
     }
 
-    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     QLIST_FOREACH(c, &top->parents, next_parent) {
         updated_children = g_slist_prepend(updated_children, c);
     }
-    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     /*
      * It seems correct to pass detach_subchain=true here, but it triggers
@@ -5992,6 +6025,7 @@ int bdrv_drop_intermediate(BlockDriverState *top, BlockDriverState *base,
 
     ret = 0;
 exit:
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_drained_end(base);
     bdrv_unref(top);
     return ret;
@@ -6282,6 +6316,7 @@ BlockDeviceInfoList *bdrv_named_nodes_list(bool flat,
     BlockDriverState *bs;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     list = NULL;
     QTAILQ_FOREACH(bs, &graph_bdrv_states, node_list) {
@@ -6667,7 +6702,8 @@ void coroutine_fn bdrv_co_debug_event(BlockDriverState *bs, BlkdebugEvent event)
     bs->drv->bdrv_co_debug_event(bs, event);
 }
 
-static BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_debug_node(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static BlockDriverState * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_find_debug_node(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
     while (bs && bs->drv && !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_breakpoint) {
@@ -6686,6 +6722,8 @@ int bdrv_debug_breakpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *event,
                           const char *tag)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     bs = bdrv_find_debug_node(bs);
     if (bs) {
         return bs->drv->bdrv_debug_breakpoint(bs, event, tag);
@@ -6697,6 +6735,8 @@ int bdrv_debug_breakpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *event,
 int bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     bs = bdrv_find_debug_node(bs);
     if (bs) {
         return bs->drv->bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(bs, tag);
@@ -6708,6 +6748,8 @@ int bdrv_debug_remove_breakpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
 int bdrv_debug_resume(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     while (bs && (!bs->drv || !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_resume)) {
         bs = bdrv_primary_bs(bs);
     }
@@ -6722,6 +6764,8 @@ int bdrv_debug_resume(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
 bool bdrv_debug_is_suspended(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *tag)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     while (bs && bs->drv && !bs->drv->bdrv_debug_is_suspended) {
         bs = bdrv_primary_bs(bs);
     }
@@ -6750,6 +6794,7 @@ BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_backing_image(BlockDriverState *bs,
     BlockDriverState *bs_below;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (!bs || !bs->drv || !backing_file) {
         return NULL;
@@ -6961,6 +7006,7 @@ void bdrv_activate_all(Error **errp)
     BdrvNextIterator it;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     for (bs = bdrv_first(&it); bs; bs = bdrv_next(&it)) {
         AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
@@ -6976,7 +7022,8 @@ void bdrv_activate_all(Error **errp)
     }
 }
 
-static bool bdrv_has_bds_parent(BlockDriverState *bs, bool only_active)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_has_bds_parent(BlockDriverState *bs, bool only_active)
 {
     BdrvChild *parent;
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
@@ -6993,14 +7040,13 @@ static bool bdrv_has_bds_parent(BlockDriverState *bs, bool only_active)
     return false;
 }
 
-static int bdrv_inactivate_recurse(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_inactivate_recurse(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *child, *parent;
     int ret;
     uint64_t cumulative_perms, cumulative_shared_perms;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
-    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (!bs->drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
@@ -7066,6 +7112,7 @@ int bdrv_inactivate_all(void)
     GSList *aio_ctxs = NULL, *ctx;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     for (bs = bdrv_first(&it); bs; bs = bdrv_next(&it)) {
         AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
@@ -7205,6 +7252,7 @@ bool bdrv_op_is_blocked(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error **errp)
 {
     BdrvOpBlocker *blocker;
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     assert((int) op >= 0 && op < BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MAX);
     if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&bs->op_blockers[op])) {
         blocker = QLIST_FIRST(&bs->op_blockers[op]);
diff --git a/block/backup.c b/block/backup.c
index db3791f4d1..9a3c4bdc82 100644
--- a/block/backup.c
+++ b/block/backup.c
@@ -374,6 +374,7 @@ BlockJob *backup_job_create(const char *job_id, BlockDriverState *bs,
     assert(bs);
     assert(target);
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     /* QMP interface protects us from these cases */
     assert(sync_mode != MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_INCREMENTAL);
diff --git a/block/block-backend.c b/block/block-backend.c
index efe2e7cbf8..39aac1bbce 100644
--- a/block/block-backend.c
+++ b/block/block-backend.c
@@ -780,11 +780,12 @@ BlockDriverState *blk_bs(BlockBackend *blk)
     return blk->root ? blk->root->bs : NULL;
 }
 
-static BlockBackend *bdrv_first_blk(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static BlockBackend * GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_first_blk(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *child;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(child, &bs->parents, next_parent) {
         if (child->klass == &child_root) {
@@ -812,6 +813,8 @@ bool bdrv_is_root_node(BlockDriverState *bs)
     BdrvChild *c;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
+
     QLIST_FOREACH(c, &bs->parents, next_parent) {
         if (c->klass != &child_root) {
             return false;
@@ -2259,6 +2262,7 @@ void blk_activate(BlockBackend *blk, Error **errp)
     if (qemu_in_coroutine()) {
         bdrv_co_activate(bs, errp);
     } else {
+        GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
         bdrv_activate(bs, errp);
     }
 }
@@ -2384,6 +2388,7 @@ bool blk_op_is_blocked(BlockBackend *blk, BlockOpType op, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (!bs) {
         return false;
@@ -2901,6 +2906,8 @@ const BdrvChild *blk_root(BlockBackend *blk)
 int blk_make_empty(BlockBackend *blk, Error **errp)
 {
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (!blk_is_available(blk)) {
         error_setg(errp, "No medium inserted");
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
diff --git a/block/bochs.c b/block/bochs.c
index 66e7a58e5e..8c659fa9b9 100644
--- a/block/bochs.c
+++ b/block/bochs.c
@@ -106,7 +106,9 @@ static int bochs_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     int ret;
 
     /* No write support yet */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     ret = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, NULL, errp);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
diff --git a/block/cloop.c b/block/cloop.c
index 835a0fe3da..773d7918be 100644
--- a/block/cloop.c
+++ b/block/cloop.c
@@ -67,7 +67,9 @@ static int cloop_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     uint32_t offsets_size, max_compressed_block_size = 1, i;
     int ret;
 
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     ret = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, NULL, errp);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
diff --git a/block/commit.c b/block/commit.c
index aa45beb0f0..43d1de7577 100644
--- a/block/commit.c
+++ b/block/commit.c
@@ -434,6 +434,7 @@ int bdrv_commit(BlockDriverState *bs)
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (!drv)
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
diff --git a/block/copy-before-write.c b/block/copy-before-write.c
index aeaff3bb82..4ffabc5ca2 100644
--- a/block/copy-before-write.c
+++ b/block/copy-before-write.c
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ cbw_co_snapshot_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
         return -EACCES;
     }
 
-    ret = bdrv_block_status(child->bs, offset, cur_bytes, pnum, map, file);
+    ret = bdrv_co_block_status(child->bs, offset, cur_bytes, pnum, map, file);
     if (child == s->target) {
         /*
          * We refer to s->target only for areas that we've written to it.
diff --git a/block/copy-on-read.c b/block/copy-on-read.c
index b4d6b7efc3..5149fcf63a 100644
--- a/block/copy-on-read.c
+++ b/block/copy-on-read.c
@@ -146,11 +146,11 @@ cor_co_preadv_part(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
         local_flags = flags;
 
         /* In case of failure, try to copy-on-read anyway */
-        ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs->file->bs, offset, bytes, &n);
+        ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated(bs->file->bs, offset, bytes, &n);
         if (ret <= 0) {
-            ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bdrv_backing_chain_next(bs->file->bs),
-                                          state->bottom_bs, true, offset,
-                                          n, &n);
+            ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(bdrv_backing_chain_next(bs->file->bs),
+                                             state->bottom_bs, true, offset,
+                                             n, &n);
             if (ret > 0 || ret < 0) {
                 local_flags |= BDRV_REQ_COPY_ON_READ;
             }
diff --git a/block/crypto.c b/block/crypto.c
index c9c9a39fa3..b3f0233d53 100644
--- a/block/crypto.c
+++ b/block/crypto.c
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ block_crypto_amend_options_generic_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                        errp);
 }
 
-static int
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
 block_crypto_amend_options_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                 QemuOpts *opts,
                                 BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
@@ -841,8 +841,6 @@ block_crypto_amend_options_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
     QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *amend_options = NULL;
     int ret = -EINVAL;
 
-    assume_graph_lock(); /* FIXME */
-
     assert(crypto);
     assert(crypto->block);
 
diff --git a/block/curl.c b/block/curl.c
index 0fc42d03d7..419f7c89ef 100644
--- a/block/curl.c
+++ b/block/curl.c
@@ -696,8 +696,10 @@ static int curl_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     const char *protocol_delimiter;
     int ret;
 
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     ret = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, "curl driver does not support writes",
                                     errp);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
diff --git a/block/dmg.c b/block/dmg.c
index 06a0244a9c..38ee72bbe5 100644
--- a/block/dmg.c
+++ b/block/dmg.c
@@ -452,7 +452,9 @@ static int dmg_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     int64_t offset;
     int ret;
 
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     ret = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, NULL, errp);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
diff --git a/block/export/export.c b/block/export/export.c
index 10316b43c5..a8f274e526 100644
--- a/block/export/export.c
+++ b/block/export/export.c
@@ -83,6 +83,8 @@ BlockExport *blk_exp_add(BlockExportOptions *export, Error **errp)
     uint64_t perm;
     int ret;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     if (!id_wellformed(export->id)) {
         error_setg(errp, "Invalid block export id");
         return NULL;
@@ -145,7 +147,9 @@ BlockExport *blk_exp_add(BlockExportOptions *export, Error **errp)
      * access since the export could be available before migration handover.
      * ctx was acquired in the caller.
      */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     bdrv_activate(bs, NULL);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     perm = BLK_PERM_CONSISTENT_READ;
     if (export->writable) {
diff --git a/block/gluster.c b/block/gluster.c
index ad5fadbe79..cc74af06dc 100644
--- a/block/gluster.c
+++ b/block/gluster.c
@@ -863,11 +863,13 @@ static int qemu_gluster_open(BlockDriverState *bs,  QDict *options,
     if (ret == -EACCES || ret == -EROFS) {
         /* Try to degrade to read-only, but if it doesn't work, still use the
          * normal error message. */
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         if (bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, NULL, NULL) == 0) {
             open_flags = (open_flags & ~O_RDWR) | O_RDONLY;
             s->fd = glfs_open(s->glfs, gconf->path, open_flags);
             ret = s->fd ? 0 : -errno;
         }
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     }
 
     s->supports_seek_data = qemu_gluster_test_seek(s->fd);
diff --git a/block/graph-lock.c b/block/graph-lock.c
index 58a799065f..e5525ee2db 100644
--- a/block/graph-lock.c
+++ b/block/graph-lock.c
@@ -106,12 +106,13 @@ static uint32_t reader_count(void)
     return rd;
 }
 
-void bdrv_graph_wrlock(BlockDriverState *bs)
+void no_coroutine_fn bdrv_graph_wrlock(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     AioContext *ctx = NULL;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
     assert(!qatomic_read(&has_writer));
+    assert(!qemu_in_coroutine());
 
     /*
      * Release only non-mainloop AioContext. The mainloop often relies on the
diff --git a/block/io.c b/block/io.c
index e7f9448d5a..527a1de04e 100644
--- a/block/io.c
+++ b/block/io.c
@@ -42,13 +42,18 @@
 /* Maximum bounce buffer for copy-on-read and write zeroes, in bytes */
 #define MAX_BOUNCE_BUFFER (32768 << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS)
 
-static void bdrv_parent_cb_resize(BlockDriverState *bs);
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_parent_cb_resize(BlockDriverState *bs);
+
 static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_do_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs,
     int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, BdrvRequestFlags flags);
 
-static void bdrv_parent_drained_begin(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_parent_drained_begin(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore)
 {
     BdrvChild *c, *next;
+    IO_OR_GS_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(c, &bs->parents, next_parent, next) {
         if (c == ignore) {
@@ -70,9 +75,12 @@ void bdrv_parent_drained_end_single(BdrvChild *c)
     }
 }
 
-static void bdrv_parent_drained_end(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_parent_drained_end(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore)
 {
     BdrvChild *c;
+    IO_OR_GS_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(c, &bs->parents, next_parent) {
         if (c == ignore) {
@@ -84,17 +92,22 @@ static void bdrv_parent_drained_end(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore)
 
 bool bdrv_parent_drained_poll_single(BdrvChild *c)
 {
+    IO_OR_GS_CODE();
+
     if (c->klass->drained_poll) {
         return c->klass->drained_poll(c);
     }
     return false;
 }
 
-static bool bdrv_parent_drained_poll(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore,
-                                     bool ignore_bds_parents)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_parent_drained_poll(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore,
+                         bool ignore_bds_parents)
 {
     BdrvChild *c, *next;
     bool busy = false;
+    IO_OR_GS_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
 
     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(c, &bs->parents, next_parent, next) {
         if (c == ignore || (ignore_bds_parents && c->klass->parent_is_bds)) {
@@ -114,6 +127,7 @@ void bdrv_parent_drained_begin_single(BdrvChild *c)
     c->quiesced_parent = true;
 
     if (c->klass->drained_begin) {
+        /* called with rdlock taken, but it doesn't really need it. */
         c->klass->drained_begin(c);
     }
 }
@@ -263,6 +277,9 @@ bool bdrv_drain_poll(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore_parent,
 static bool bdrv_drain_poll_top_level(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                       BdrvChild *ignore_parent)
 {
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     return bdrv_drain_poll(bs, ignore_parent, false);
 }
 
@@ -362,6 +379,7 @@ static void bdrv_do_drained_begin(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *parent,
 
     /* Stop things in parent-to-child order */
     if (qatomic_fetch_inc(&bs->quiesce_counter) == 0) {
+        GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
         bdrv_parent_drained_begin(bs, parent);
         if (bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_drain_begin) {
             bs->drv->bdrv_drain_begin(bs);
@@ -408,12 +426,16 @@ static void bdrv_do_drained_end(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *parent)
         bdrv_co_yield_to_drain(bs, false, parent, false);
         return;
     }
+
+    /* At this point, we should be always running in the main loop. */
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
     assert(bs->quiesce_counter > 0);
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
 
     /* Re-enable things in child-to-parent order */
     old_quiesce_counter = qatomic_fetch_dec(&bs->quiesce_counter);
     if (old_quiesce_counter == 1) {
+        GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
         if (bs->drv && bs->drv->bdrv_drain_end) {
             bs->drv->bdrv_drain_end(bs);
         }
@@ -437,6 +459,8 @@ void bdrv_drain(BlockDriverState *bs)
 static void bdrv_drain_assert_idle(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *child, *next;
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     assert(qatomic_read(&bs->in_flight) == 0);
     QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(child, &bs->children, next, next) {
@@ -450,7 +474,9 @@ static bool bdrv_drain_all_poll(void)
 {
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
     bool result = false;
+
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     /* bdrv_drain_poll() can't make changes to the graph and we are holding the
      * main AioContext lock, so iterating bdrv_next_all_states() is safe. */
@@ -1223,8 +1249,8 @@ bdrv_co_do_copy_on_readv(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
             ret = 1; /* "already allocated", so nothing will be copied */
             pnum = MIN(align_bytes, max_transfer);
         } else {
-            ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, align_offset,
-                                    MIN(align_bytes, max_transfer), &pnum);
+            ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated(bs, align_offset,
+                                       MIN(align_bytes, max_transfer), &pnum);
             if (ret < 0) {
                 /*
                  * Safe to treat errors in querying allocation as if
@@ -1371,7 +1397,7 @@ bdrv_aligned_preadv(BdrvChild *child, BdrvTrackedRequest *req,
         /* The flag BDRV_REQ_COPY_ON_READ has reached its addressee */
         flags &= ~BDRV_REQ_COPY_ON_READ;
 
-        ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, bytes, &pnum);
+        ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated(bs, offset, bytes, &pnum);
         if (ret < 0) {
             goto out;
         }
@@ -2003,7 +2029,7 @@ bdrv_co_write_req_prepare(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     }
 }
 
-static inline void coroutine_fn
+static inline void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_write_req_finish(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                          BdrvTrackedRequest *req, int ret)
 {
@@ -2330,6 +2356,7 @@ int bdrv_flush_all(void)
     int result = 0;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     /*
      * bdrv queue is managed by record/replay,
@@ -2383,9 +2410,9 @@ int bdrv_flush_all(void)
  * set to the host mapping and BDS corresponding to the guest offset.
  */
 static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
-bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
-                     int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                     int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
+bdrv_co_do_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
+                        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                        int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     int64_t total_size;
     int64_t n; /* bytes */
@@ -2544,8 +2571,8 @@ bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
 
     if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_RAW) {
         assert(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID && local_file);
-        ret = bdrv_co_block_status(local_file, want_zero, local_map,
-                                   *pnum, pnum, &local_map, &local_file);
+        ret = bdrv_co_do_block_status(local_file, want_zero, local_map,
+                                      *pnum, pnum, &local_map, &local_file);
         goto out;
     }
 
@@ -2572,8 +2599,8 @@ bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, bool want_zero,
         int64_t file_pnum;
         int ret2;
 
-        ret2 = bdrv_co_block_status(local_file, want_zero, local_map,
-                                    *pnum, &file_pnum, NULL, NULL);
+        ret2 = bdrv_co_do_block_status(local_file, want_zero, local_map,
+                                       *pnum, &file_pnum, NULL, NULL);
         if (ret2 >= 0) {
             /* Ignore errors.  This is just providing extra information, it
              * is useful but not necessary.
@@ -2640,7 +2667,8 @@ bdrv_co_common_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs,
         return 0;
     }
 
-    ret = bdrv_co_block_status(bs, want_zero, offset, bytes, pnum, map, file);
+    ret = bdrv_co_do_block_status(bs, want_zero, offset, bytes, pnum,
+                                  map, file);
     ++*depth;
     if (ret < 0 || *pnum == 0 || ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED || bs == base) {
         return ret;
@@ -2656,8 +2684,8 @@ bdrv_co_common_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs,
     for (p = bdrv_filter_or_cow_bs(bs); include_base || p != base;
          p = bdrv_filter_or_cow_bs(p))
     {
-        ret = bdrv_co_block_status(p, want_zero, offset, bytes, pnum, map,
-                                   file);
+        ret = bdrv_co_do_block_status(p, want_zero, offset, bytes, pnum,
+                                      map, file);
         ++*depth;
         if (ret < 0) {
             return ret;
@@ -2723,21 +2751,13 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                              bytes, pnum, map, file, NULL);
 }
 
-int bdrv_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *base,
-                            int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
-                            int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
-{
-    IO_CODE();
-    return bdrv_common_block_status_above(bs, base, false, true, offset, bytes,
-                                          pnum, map, file, NULL);
-}
-
-int bdrv_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                      int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
+int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
+                                      int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
+                                      int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file)
 {
     IO_CODE();
-    return bdrv_block_status_above(bs, bdrv_filter_or_cow_bs(bs),
-                                   offset, bytes, pnum, map, file);
+    return bdrv_co_block_status_above(bs, bdrv_filter_or_cow_bs(bs),
+                                      offset, bytes, pnum, map, file);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2784,45 +2804,6 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     return !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED);
 }
 
-int bdrv_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                      int64_t *pnum)
-{
-    int ret;
-    int64_t dummy;
-    IO_CODE();
-
-    ret = bdrv_common_block_status_above(bs, bs, true, false, offset,
-                                         bytes, pnum ? pnum : &dummy, NULL,
-                                         NULL, NULL);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        return ret;
-    }
-    return !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED);
-}
-
-/* See bdrv_is_allocated_above for documentation */
-int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(BlockDriverState *top,
-                                            BlockDriverState *base,
-                                            bool include_base, int64_t offset,
-                                            int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
-{
-    int depth;
-    int ret;
-    IO_CODE();
-
-    ret = bdrv_co_common_block_status_above(top, base, include_base, false,
-                                            offset, bytes, pnum, NULL, NULL,
-                                            &depth);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED) {
-        return depth;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
 /*
  * Given an image chain: ... -> [BASE] -> [INTER1] -> [INTER2] -> [TOP]
  *
@@ -2840,18 +2821,18 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(BlockDriverState *top,
  * words, the result is not necessarily the maximum possible range);
  * but 'pnum' will only be 0 when end of file is reached.
  */
-int bdrv_is_allocated_above(BlockDriverState *top,
-                            BlockDriverState *base,
-                            bool include_base, int64_t offset,
-                            int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
+int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                            BlockDriverState *base,
+                                            bool include_base, int64_t offset,
+                                            int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum)
 {
     int depth;
     int ret;
     IO_CODE();
 
-    ret = bdrv_common_block_status_above(top, base, include_base, false,
-                                         offset, bytes, pnum, NULL, NULL,
-                                         &depth);
+    ret = bdrv_co_common_block_status_above(bs, base, include_base, false,
+                                            offset, bytes, pnum, NULL, NULL,
+                                            &depth);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
@@ -3551,9 +3532,13 @@ int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_copy_range(BdrvChild *src, int64_t src_offset,
                                    bytes, read_flags, write_flags);
 }
 
-static void bdrv_parent_cb_resize(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_parent_cb_resize(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *c;
+
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
+
     QLIST_FOREACH(c, &bs->parents, next_parent) {
         if (c->klass->resize) {
             c->klass->resize(c);
diff --git a/block/iscsi.c b/block/iscsi.c
index 5640c8b565..2ff14b7472 100644
--- a/block/iscsi.c
+++ b/block/iscsi.c
@@ -1925,7 +1925,9 @@ static int iscsi_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     /* Check the write protect flag of the LUN if we want to write */
     if (iscsilun->type == TYPE_DISK && (flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) &&
         iscsilun->write_protected) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         ret = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, "LUN is write protected", errp);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         if (ret < 0) {
             goto out;
         }
diff --git a/block/mirror.c b/block/mirror.c
index 3cc0757a03..dcd88de2e3 100644
--- a/block/mirror.c
+++ b/block/mirror.c
@@ -559,9 +559,9 @@ static void coroutine_fn mirror_iteration(MirrorBlockJob *s)
 
         assert(!(offset % s->granularity));
         WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
-            ret = bdrv_block_status_above(source, NULL, offset,
-                                        nb_chunks * s->granularity,
-                                        &io_bytes, NULL, NULL);
+            ret = bdrv_co_block_status_above(source, NULL, offset,
+                                             nb_chunks * s->granularity,
+                                             &io_bytes, NULL, NULL);
         }
         if (ret < 0) {
             io_bytes = MIN(nb_chunks * s->granularity, max_io_bytes);
@@ -879,8 +879,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn mirror_dirty_init(MirrorBlockJob *s)
         }
 
         WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
-            ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs, s->base_overlay, true, offset,
-                                          bytes, &count);
+            ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(bs, s->base_overlay, true, offset,
+                                             bytes, &count);
         }
         if (ret < 0) {
             return ret;
diff --git a/block/monitor/block-hmp-cmds.c b/block/monitor/block-hmp-cmds.c
index ca2599de44..7645c7e5fb 100644
--- a/block/monitor/block-hmp-cmds.c
+++ b/block/monitor/block-hmp-cmds.c
@@ -144,6 +144,9 @@ void hmp_drive_del(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
     AioContext *aio_context;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     bs = bdrv_find_node(id);
     if (bs) {
         qmp_blockdev_del(id, &local_err);
@@ -896,6 +899,8 @@ void hmp_info_snapshots(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
     SnapshotEntry *snapshot_entry;
     Error *err = NULL;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     bs = bdrv_all_find_vmstate_bs(NULL, false, NULL, &err);
     if (!bs) {
         error_report_err(err);
diff --git a/block/nbd.c b/block/nbd.c
index 52ebc8b2f5..b9d4f935e0 100644
--- a/block/nbd.c
+++ b/block/nbd.c
@@ -275,7 +275,8 @@ static bool nbd_client_will_reconnect(BDRVNBDState *s)
  * Return failure if the server's advertised options are incompatible with the
  * client's needs.
  */
-static int nbd_handle_updated_info(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+nbd_handle_updated_info(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVNBDState *s = (BDRVNBDState *)bs->opaque;
     int ret;
diff --git a/block/nfs.c b/block/nfs.c
index c24df49747..f737e19cd3 100644
--- a/block/nfs.c
+++ b/block/nfs.c
@@ -843,7 +843,7 @@ static void nfs_refresh_filename(BlockDriverState *bs)
     }
 }
 
-static char *nfs_dirname(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
+static char * GRAPH_RDLOCK nfs_dirname(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     NFSClient *client = bs->opaque;
 
diff --git a/block/parallels.c b/block/parallels.c
index d026ce9e2f..6b46623241 100644
--- a/block/parallels.c
+++ b/block/parallels.c
@@ -1363,9 +1363,12 @@ static int parallels_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
         bitmap_new(DIV_ROUND_UP(s->header_size, s->bat_dirty_block));
 
     /* Disable migration until bdrv_activate method is added */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     error_setg(&s->migration_blocker, "The Parallels format used by node '%s' "
                "does not support live migration",
                bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     ret = migrate_add_blocker(s->migration_blocker, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_setg(errp, "Migration blocker error");
diff --git a/block/qapi-sysemu.c b/block/qapi-sysemu.c
index ef07151892..3f614cbc04 100644
--- a/block/qapi-sysemu.c
+++ b/block/qapi-sysemu.c
@@ -169,14 +169,16 @@ void qmp_blockdev_close_tray(const char *device,
     }
 }
 
-static void blockdev_remove_medium(const char *device, const char *id,
-                                   Error **errp)
+static void GRAPH_UNLOCKED
+blockdev_remove_medium(const char *device, const char *id, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
     AioContext *aio_context;
     bool has_attached_device;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     blk = qmp_get_blk(device, id, errp);
     if (!blk) {
         return;
@@ -205,9 +207,12 @@ static void blockdev_remove_medium(const char *device, const char *id,
     aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
     aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
 
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_EJECT, errp)) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         goto out;
     }
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     blk_remove_bs(blk);
 
@@ -279,6 +284,8 @@ static void blockdev_insert_medium(const char *device, const char *id,
     BlockBackend *blk;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     blk = qmp_get_blk(device, id, errp);
     if (!blk) {
         return;
diff --git a/block/qapi.c b/block/qapi.c
index 1cbb0935ff..82a30b38fe 100644
--- a/block/qapi.c
+++ b/block/qapi.c
@@ -225,9 +225,8 @@ int bdrv_query_snapshot_info_list(BlockDriverState *bs,
  * Helper function for other query info functions.  Store information about @bs
  * in @info, setting @errp on error.
  */
-static void bdrv_do_query_node_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                    BlockNodeInfo *info,
-                                    Error **errp)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_do_query_node_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockNodeInfo *info, Error **errp)
 {
     int64_t size;
     const char *backing_filename;
@@ -423,8 +422,8 @@ fail:
 }
 
 /* @p_info will be set only on success. */
-static void bdrv_query_info(BlockBackend *blk, BlockInfo **p_info,
-                            Error **errp)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_query_info(BlockBackend *blk, BlockInfo **p_info, Error **errp)
 {
     BlockInfo *info = g_malloc0(sizeof(*info));
     BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
@@ -672,6 +671,8 @@ BlockInfoList *qmp_query_block(Error **errp)
     BlockBackend *blk;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     for (blk = blk_all_next(NULL); blk; blk = blk_all_next(blk)) {
         BlockInfoList *info;
 
diff --git a/block/qcow.c b/block/qcow.c
index d56d24ab6d..38a16253b8 100644
--- a/block/qcow.c
+++ b/block/qcow.c
@@ -301,9 +301,12 @@ static int qcow_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     }
 
     /* Disable migration when qcow images are used */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     error_setg(&s->migration_blocker, "The qcow format used by node '%s' "
                "does not support live migration",
                bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     ret = migrate_add_blocker(s->migration_blocker, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_free(s->migration_blocker);
diff --git a/block/qcow2-bitmap.c b/block/qcow2-bitmap.c
index ffd5cd3b23..3058309c47 100644
--- a/block/qcow2-bitmap.c
+++ b/block/qcow2-bitmap.c
@@ -156,10 +156,9 @@ static int64_t get_bitmap_bytes_needed(int64_t len, uint32_t granularity)
     return DIV_ROUND_UP(num_bits, 8);
 }
 
-static int check_constraints_on_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                       const char *name,
-                                       uint32_t granularity,
-                                       Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+check_constraints_on_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *name,
+                            uint32_t granularity, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int granularity_bits = ctz32(granularity);
@@ -204,8 +203,9 @@ static int check_constraints_on_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void clear_bitmap_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t *bitmap_table,
-                               uint32_t bitmap_table_size)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+clear_bitmap_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t *bitmap_table,
+                   uint32_t bitmap_table_size)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int i;
@@ -259,7 +259,8 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int free_bitmap_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2BitmapTable *tb)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+free_bitmap_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2BitmapTable *tb)
 {
     int ret;
     uint64_t *bitmap_table;
@@ -730,8 +731,9 @@ out:
  * Store bitmap list to qcow2 image as a bitmap directory.
  * Everything is checked.
  */
-static int bitmap_list_store(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2BitmapList *bm_list,
-                             uint64_t *offset, uint64_t *size, bool in_place)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bitmap_list_store(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2BitmapList *bm_list,
+                  uint64_t *offset, uint64_t *size, bool in_place)
 {
     int ret;
     uint8_t *dir;
@@ -829,8 +831,9 @@ fail:
  * Bitmap List end
  */
 
-static int update_ext_header_and_dir_in_place(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                              Qcow2BitmapList *bm_list)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+update_ext_header_and_dir_in_place(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                   Qcow2BitmapList *bm_list)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -877,8 +880,8 @@ static int update_ext_header_and_dir_in_place(BlockDriverState *bs,
      */
 }
 
-static int update_ext_header_and_dir(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                     Qcow2BitmapList *bm_list)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+update_ext_header_and_dir(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2BitmapList *bm_list)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -1271,9 +1274,9 @@ out:
 /* store_bitmap_data()
  * Store bitmap to image, filling bitmap table accordingly.
  */
-static uint64_t *store_bitmap_data(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                   BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap,
-                                   uint32_t *bitmap_table_size, Error **errp)
+static uint64_t * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+store_bitmap_data(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap,
+                  uint32_t *bitmap_table_size, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -1370,7 +1373,8 @@ fail:
  * Store bm->dirty_bitmap to qcow2.
  * Set bm->table_offset and bm->table_size accordingly.
  */
-static int store_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Bitmap *bm, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+store_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Bitmap *bm, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     uint64_t *tb;
diff --git a/block/qcow2-cache.c b/block/qcow2-cache.c
index 01c67bdddc..23d9588b08 100644
--- a/block/qcow2-cache.c
+++ b/block/qcow2-cache.c
@@ -163,7 +163,8 @@ int qcow2_cache_destroy(Qcow2Cache *c)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int qcow2_cache_flush_dependency(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_cache_flush_dependency(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c)
 {
     int ret;
 
@@ -178,7 +179,8 @@ static int qcow2_cache_flush_dependency(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int qcow2_cache_entry_flush(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c, int i)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_cache_entry_flush(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c, int i)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret = 0;
@@ -318,8 +320,9 @@ int qcow2_cache_empty(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int qcow2_cache_do_get(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c,
-    uint64_t offset, void **table, bool read_from_disk)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_cache_do_get(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c, uint64_t offset,
+                   void **table, bool read_from_disk)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int i;
diff --git a/block/qcow2-cluster.c b/block/qcow2-cluster.c
index f4f6cd6ad0..904f00d1b3 100644
--- a/block/qcow2-cluster.c
+++ b/block/qcow2-cluster.c
@@ -207,8 +207,9 @@ int qcow2_grow_l1_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t min_size,
  * the cache is used; otherwise the L2 slice is loaded from the image
  * file.
  */
-static int l2_load(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                   uint64_t l2_offset, uint64_t **l2_slice)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+l2_load(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
+        uint64_t l2_offset, uint64_t **l2_slice)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int start_of_slice = l2_entry_size(s) *
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ int qcow2_write_l1_entry(BlockDriverState *bs, int l1_index)
  *
  */
 
-static int l2_allocate(BlockDriverState *bs, int l1_index)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK l2_allocate(BlockDriverState *bs, int l1_index)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t old_l2_offset;
@@ -751,9 +752,9 @@ fail:
  *
  * Returns 0 on success, -errno in failure case
  */
-static int get_cluster_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                             uint64_t **new_l2_slice,
-                             int *new_l2_index)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+get_cluster_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
+                  uint64_t **new_l2_slice, int *new_l2_index)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     unsigned int l2_index;
@@ -1155,11 +1156,10 @@ void coroutine_fn qcow2_alloc_cluster_abort(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m)
  *
  * Returns 0 on success, -errno on failure.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn calculate_l2_meta(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                          uint64_t host_cluster_offset,
-                                          uint64_t guest_offset, unsigned bytes,
-                                          uint64_t *l2_slice, QCowL2Meta **m,
-                                          bool keep_old)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+calculate_l2_meta(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t host_cluster_offset,
+                  uint64_t guest_offset, unsigned bytes, uint64_t *l2_slice,
+                  QCowL2Meta **m, bool keep_old)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int sc_index, l2_index = offset_to_l2_slice_index(s, guest_offset);
@@ -1490,9 +1490,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn handle_dependencies(BlockDriverState *bs,
  *
  *  -errno: in error cases
  */
-static int coroutine_fn handle_copied(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    uint64_t guest_offset, uint64_t *host_offset, uint64_t *bytes,
-    QCowL2Meta **m)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+handle_copied(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t guest_offset,
+              uint64_t *host_offset, uint64_t *bytes, QCowL2Meta **m)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int l2_index;
@@ -1600,10 +1600,9 @@ out:
  * function has been waiting for another request and the allocation must be
  * restarted, but the whole request should not be failed.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn do_alloc_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                uint64_t guest_offset,
-                                                uint64_t *host_offset,
-                                                uint64_t *nb_clusters)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+do_alloc_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t guest_offset,
+                        uint64_t *host_offset, uint64_t *nb_clusters)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -1658,9 +1657,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn do_alloc_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
  *
  *  -errno: in error cases
  */
-static int coroutine_fn handle_alloc(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    uint64_t guest_offset, uint64_t *host_offset, uint64_t *bytes,
-    QCowL2Meta **m)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+handle_alloc(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t guest_offset,
+             uint64_t *host_offset, uint64_t *bytes, QCowL2Meta **m)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int l2_index;
@@ -1898,9 +1897,9 @@ again:
  * all clusters in the same L2 slice) and returns the number of discarded
  * clusters.
  */
-static int discard_in_l2_slice(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                               uint64_t nb_clusters,
-                               enum qcow2_discard_type type, bool full_discard)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+discard_in_l2_slice(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t nb_clusters,
+                    enum qcow2_discard_type type, bool full_discard)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t *l2_slice;
@@ -2037,7 +2036,7 @@ fail:
  * all clusters in the same L2 slice) and returns the number of zeroed
  * clusters.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 zero_in_l2_slice(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
                  uint64_t nb_clusters, int flags)
 {
@@ -2093,7 +2092,7 @@ zero_in_l2_slice(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
     return nb_clusters;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 zero_l2_subclusters(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
                     unsigned nb_subclusters)
 {
@@ -2231,11 +2230,12 @@ fail:
  * status_cb(). l1_entries contains the total number of L1 entries and
  * *visited_l1_entries counts all visited L1 entries.
  */
-static int expand_zero_clusters_in_l1(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t *l1_table,
-                                      int l1_size, int64_t *visited_l1_entries,
-                                      int64_t l1_entries,
-                                      BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
-                                      void *cb_opaque)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+expand_zero_clusters_in_l1(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t *l1_table,
+                           int l1_size, int64_t *visited_l1_entries,
+                           int64_t l1_entries,
+                           BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
+                           void *cb_opaque)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     bool is_active_l1 = (l1_table == s->l1_table);
diff --git a/block/qcow2-refcount.c b/block/qcow2-refcount.c
index 996d1217d0..0266542cee 100644
--- a/block/qcow2-refcount.c
+++ b/block/qcow2-refcount.c
@@ -229,9 +229,9 @@ static void set_refcount_ro6(void *refcount_array, uint64_t index,
 }
 
 
-static int load_refcount_block(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                               int64_t refcount_block_offset,
-                               void **refcount_block)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+load_refcount_block(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t refcount_block_offset,
+                    void **refcount_block)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -302,8 +302,9 @@ static int in_same_refcount_block(BDRVQcow2State *s, uint64_t offset_a,
  *
  * Returns 0 on success or -errno in error case
  */
-static int alloc_refcount_block(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                int64_t cluster_index, void **refcount_block)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+alloc_refcount_block(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cluster_index,
+                     void **refcount_block)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     unsigned int refcount_table_index;
@@ -806,12 +807,9 @@ found:
 /* XXX: cache several refcount block clusters ? */
 /* @addend is the absolute value of the addend; if @decrease is set, @addend
  * will be subtracted from the current refcount, otherwise it will be added */
-static int update_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                           int64_t offset,
-                           int64_t length,
-                           uint64_t addend,
-                           bool decrease,
-                           enum qcow2_discard_type type)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+update_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t length,
+                uint64_t addend, bool decrease, enum qcow2_discard_type type)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t start, last, cluster_offset;
@@ -967,8 +965,8 @@ int qcow2_update_cluster_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs,
 
 
 /* return < 0 if error */
-static int64_t alloc_clusters_noref(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t size,
-                                    uint64_t max)
+static int64_t GRAPH_RDLOCK
+alloc_clusters_noref(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t size, uint64_t max)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t i, nb_clusters, refcount;
@@ -2302,7 +2300,7 @@ calculate_refcounts(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res,
  * Compares the actual reference count for each cluster in the image against the
  * refcount as reported by the refcount structures on-disk.
  */
-static void coroutine_fn
+static void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 compare_refcounts(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res,
                   BdrvCheckMode fix, bool *rebuild,
                   int64_t *highest_cluster,
@@ -3103,20 +3101,22 @@ int qcow2_pre_write_overlap_check(BlockDriverState *bs, int ign, int64_t offset,
  *
  * @allocated should be set to true if a new cluster has been allocated.
  */
-typedef int (RefblockFinishOp)(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
-                               uint64_t reftable_index, uint64_t *reftable_size,
-                               void *refblock, bool refblock_empty,
-                               bool *allocated, Error **errp);
+typedef int /* GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR */
+    (RefblockFinishOp)(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
+                       uint64_t reftable_index, uint64_t *reftable_size,
+                       void *refblock, bool refblock_empty,
+                       bool *allocated, Error **errp);
 
 /**
  * This "operation" for walk_over_reftable() allocates the refblock on disk (if
  * it is not empty) and inserts its offset into the new reftable. The size of
  * this new reftable is increased as required.
  */
-static int alloc_refblock(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
-                          uint64_t reftable_index, uint64_t *reftable_size,
-                          void *refblock, bool refblock_empty, bool *allocated,
-                          Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+alloc_refblock(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
+               uint64_t reftable_index, uint64_t *reftable_size,
+               void *refblock, bool refblock_empty, bool *allocated,
+               Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t offset;
@@ -3166,10 +3166,11 @@ static int alloc_refblock(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
  * offset specified by the new reftable's entry. It does not modify the new
  * reftable or change any refcounts.
  */
-static int flush_refblock(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
-                          uint64_t reftable_index, uint64_t *reftable_size,
-                          void *refblock, bool refblock_empty, bool *allocated,
-                          Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+flush_refblock(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
+               uint64_t reftable_index, uint64_t *reftable_size,
+               void *refblock, bool refblock_empty, bool *allocated,
+               Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int64_t offset;
@@ -3210,16 +3211,17 @@ static int flush_refblock(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **reftable,
  *
  * @allocated is set to true if a new cluster has been allocated.
  */
-static int walk_over_reftable(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **new_reftable,
-                              uint64_t *new_reftable_index,
-                              uint64_t *new_reftable_size,
-                              void *new_refblock, int new_refblock_size,
-                              int new_refcount_bits,
-                              RefblockFinishOp *operation, bool *allocated,
-                              Qcow2SetRefcountFunc *new_set_refcount,
-                              BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
-                              void *cb_opaque, int index, int total,
-                              Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+walk_over_reftable(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t **new_reftable,
+                   uint64_t *new_reftable_index,
+                   uint64_t *new_reftable_size,
+                   void *new_refblock, int new_refblock_size,
+                   int new_refcount_bits,
+                   RefblockFinishOp *operation, bool *allocated,
+                   Qcow2SetRefcountFunc *new_set_refcount,
+                   BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
+                   void *cb_opaque, int index, int total,
+                   Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t reftable_index;
@@ -3545,8 +3547,8 @@ done:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int64_t coroutine_fn get_refblock_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                uint64_t offset)
+static int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+get_refblock_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint32_t index = offset_to_reftable_index(s, offset);
@@ -3565,7 +3567,7 @@ static int64_t coroutine_fn get_refblock_offset(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return covering_refblock_offset;
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_discard_refcount_block(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t discard_block_offs)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
diff --git a/block/qcow2.c b/block/qcow2.c
index 5a3c537f14..aa01d9e7b5 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.c
+++ b/block/qcow2.c
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ int qcow2_mark_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs)
  * function when there are no pending requests, it does not guard against
  * concurrent requests dirtying the image.
  */
-static int qcow2_mark_clean(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_mark_clean(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -570,7 +570,8 @@ int qcow2_mark_corrupt(BlockDriverState *bs)
  * Marks the image as consistent, i.e., unsets the corrupt bit, and flushes
  * before if necessary.
  */
-static int coroutine_fn qcow2_mark_consistent(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_mark_consistent(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
 
@@ -980,10 +981,9 @@ typedef struct Qcow2ReopenState {
     QCryptoBlockOpenOptions *crypto_opts; /* Disk encryption runtime options */
 } Qcow2ReopenState;
 
-static int qcow2_update_options_prepare(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                        Qcow2ReopenState *r,
-                                        QDict *options, int flags,
-                                        Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_update_options_prepare(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2ReopenState *r,
+                             QDict *options, int flags, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ static void qcow2_update_options_abort(BlockDriverState *bs,
     qapi_free_QCryptoBlockOpenOptions(r->crypto_opts);
 }
 
-static int coroutine_fn
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_update_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
                      Error **errp)
 {
@@ -1969,13 +1969,17 @@ static void qcow2_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     bs->bl.pdiscard_alignment = s->cluster_size;
 }
 
-static int qcow2_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
-                                BlockReopenQueue *queue, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_UNLOCKED
+qcow2_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,BlockReopenQueue *queue,
+                     Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = state->bs->opaque;
     Qcow2ReopenState *r;
     int ret;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     r = g_new0(Qcow2ReopenState, 1);
     state->opaque = r;
 
@@ -2038,6 +2042,8 @@ static void qcow2_reopen_commit(BDRVReopenState *state)
 
 static void qcow2_reopen_commit_post(BDRVReopenState *state)
 {
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) {
         Error *local_err = NULL;
 
@@ -2731,7 +2737,7 @@ fail_nometa:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int qcow2_inactivate(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_inactivate(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret, result = 0;
@@ -2766,7 +2772,8 @@ static int qcow2_inactivate(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return result;
 }
 
-static void qcow2_do_close(BlockDriverState *bs, bool close_data_file)
+static void coroutine_mixed_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_do_close(BlockDriverState *bs, bool close_data_file)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     qemu_vfree(s->l1_table);
@@ -2793,18 +2800,24 @@ static void qcow2_do_close(BlockDriverState *bs, bool close_data_file)
     g_free(s->image_backing_format);
 
     if (close_data_file && has_data_file(bs)) {
+        GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         bdrv_graph_wrlock(NULL);
         bdrv_unref_child(bs, s->data_file);
         bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
         s->data_file = NULL;
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     }
 
     qcow2_refcount_close(bs);
     qcow2_free_snapshots(bs);
 }
 
-static void qcow2_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static void GRAPH_UNLOCKED qcow2_close(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     qcow2_do_close(bs, true);
 }
 
@@ -3991,7 +4004,8 @@ finish:
 }
 
 
-static bool is_zero(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static bool coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+is_zero(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     int64_t nr;
     int res;
@@ -4012,7 +4026,7 @@ static bool is_zero(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
      * backing file. So, we need a loop.
      */
     do {
-        res = bdrv_block_status_above(bs, NULL, offset, bytes, &nr, NULL, NULL);
+        res = bdrv_co_block_status_above(bs, NULL, offset, bytes, &nr, NULL, NULL);
         offset += nr;
         bytes -= nr;
     } while (res >= 0 && (res & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) && nr && bytes);
@@ -4076,8 +4090,8 @@ qcow2_co_pwrite_zeroes(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                          int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
+static int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_pdiscard(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes)
 {
     int ret;
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -4822,7 +4836,7 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int make_completely_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK make_completely_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
@@ -4973,7 +4987,7 @@ fail:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int qcow2_make_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_make_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     uint64_t offset, end_offset;
@@ -5017,7 +5031,7 @@ static int qcow2_make_empty(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static coroutine_fn int qcow2_co_flush_to_os(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK int qcow2_co_flush_to_os(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int ret;
@@ -5366,7 +5380,7 @@ qcow2_co_load_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t pos)
     return bs->drv->bdrv_co_preadv_part(bs, offset, qiov->size, qiov, 0, 0);
 }
 
-static int qcow2_has_compressed_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_has_compressed_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     int64_t offset = 0;
     int64_t bytes = bdrv_getlength(bs);
@@ -5402,9 +5416,10 @@ static int qcow2_has_compressed_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs)
  * Downgrades an image's version. To achieve this, any incompatible features
  * have to be removed.
  */
-static int qcow2_downgrade(BlockDriverState *bs, int target_version,
-                           BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
-                           Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_downgrade(BlockDriverState *bs, int target_version,
+                BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
+                Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int current_version = s->qcow_version;
@@ -5512,9 +5527,10 @@ static int qcow2_downgrade(BlockDriverState *bs, int target_version,
  * features of older versions, some things may have to be presented
  * differently.
  */
-static int qcow2_upgrade(BlockDriverState *bs, int target_version,
-                         BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
-                         Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_upgrade(BlockDriverState *bs, int target_version,
+              BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
+              Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     bool need_snapshot_update;
@@ -5640,11 +5656,10 @@ static void qcow2_amend_helper_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
                              info->original_cb_opaque);
 }
 
-static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
-                               BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
-                               void *cb_opaque,
-                               bool force,
-                               Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
+                    BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
+                    bool force, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
     int old_version = s->qcow_version, new_version = old_version;
diff --git a/block/qcow2.h b/block/qcow2.h
index f789ce3ae0..29958c512b 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.h
+++ b/block/qcow2.h
@@ -838,9 +838,10 @@ int qcow2_mark_dirty(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int qcow2_mark_corrupt(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int qcow2_update_header(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
-void qcow2_signal_corruption(BlockDriverState *bs, bool fatal, int64_t offset,
-                             int64_t size, const char *message_format, ...)
-                             G_GNUC_PRINTF(5, 6);
+void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_signal_corruption(BlockDriverState *bs, bool fatal, int64_t offset,
+                        int64_t size, const char *message_format, ...)
+                        G_GNUC_PRINTF(5, 6);
 
 int qcow2_validate_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
                          uint64_t entries, size_t entry_len,
@@ -851,33 +852,41 @@ int qcow2_validate_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_refcount_init(BlockDriverState *bs);
 void qcow2_refcount_close(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
-int qcow2_get_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cluster_index,
-                       uint64_t *refcount);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_get_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cluster_index,
+                                    uint64_t *refcount);
 
-int qcow2_update_cluster_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cluster_index,
-                                  uint64_t addend, bool decrease,
-                                  enum qcow2_discard_type type);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_update_cluster_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t cluster_index,
+                              uint64_t addend, bool decrease,
+                              enum qcow2_discard_type type);
 
-int64_t qcow2_refcount_area(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                            uint64_t additional_clusters, bool exact_size,
-                            int new_refblock_index,
-                            uint64_t new_refblock_offset);
+int64_t GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_refcount_area(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
+                    uint64_t additional_clusters, bool exact_size,
+                    int new_refblock_index,
+                    uint64_t new_refblock_offset);
 
-int64_t qcow2_alloc_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t size);
-int64_t coroutine_fn qcow2_alloc_clusters_at(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                                             int64_t nb_clusters);
-int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_alloc_bytes(BlockDriverState *bs, int size);
-void qcow2_free_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                          int64_t offset, int64_t size,
-                          enum qcow2_discard_type type);
-void qcow2_free_any_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t l2_entry,
-                            enum qcow2_discard_type type);
+int64_t GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_alloc_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t size);
 
-int qcow2_update_snapshot_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs,
-    int64_t l1_table_offset, int l1_size, int addend);
+int64_t GRAPH_RDLOCK coroutine_fn
+qcow2_alloc_clusters_at(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
+                        int64_t nb_clusters);
 
-int qcow2_flush_caches(BlockDriverState *bs);
-int qcow2_write_caches(BlockDriverState *bs);
+int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_alloc_bytes(BlockDriverState *bs, int size);
+void GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_free_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                      int64_t offset, int64_t size,
+                                      enum qcow2_discard_type type);
+void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_free_any_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t l2_entry,
+                       enum qcow2_discard_type type);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_update_snapshot_refcount(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t l1_table_offset,
+                               int l1_size, int addend);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_flush_caches(BlockDriverState *bs);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_write_caches(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int coroutine_fn qcow2_check_refcounts(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res,
                                        BdrvCheckMode fix);
 
@@ -885,39 +894,48 @@ void qcow2_process_discards(BlockDriverState *bs, int ret);
 
 int qcow2_check_metadata_overlap(BlockDriverState *bs, int ign, int64_t offset,
                                  int64_t size);
-int qcow2_pre_write_overlap_check(BlockDriverState *bs, int ign, int64_t offset,
-                                  int64_t size, bool data_file);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_pre_write_overlap_check(BlockDriverState *bs, int ign, int64_t offset,
+                              int64_t size, bool data_file);
+
 int coroutine_fn qcow2_inc_refcounts_imrt(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *res,
                                           void **refcount_table,
                                           int64_t *refcount_table_size,
                                           int64_t offset, int64_t size);
 
-int qcow2_change_refcount_order(BlockDriverState *bs, int refcount_order,
-                                BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
-                                void *cb_opaque, Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_change_refcount_order(BlockDriverState *bs, int refcount_order,
+                            BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
+                            void *cb_opaque, Error **errp);
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_shrink_reftable(BlockDriverState *bs);
-int64_t coroutine_fn qcow2_get_last_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t size);
+
+int64_t coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_get_last_cluster(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t size);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_detect_metadata_preallocation(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 /* qcow2-cluster.c functions */
-int qcow2_grow_l1_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t min_size,
-                        bool exact_size);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_grow_l1_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t min_size, bool exact_size);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_shrink_l1_table(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t max_size);
 
-int qcow2_write_l1_entry(BlockDriverState *bs, int l1_index);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_write_l1_entry(BlockDriverState *bs, int l1_index);
 int qcow2_encrypt_sectors(BDRVQcow2State *s, int64_t sector_num,
                           uint8_t *buf, int nb_sectors, bool enc, Error **errp);
 
-int qcow2_get_host_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                          unsigned int *bytes, uint64_t *host_offset,
-                          QCow2SubclusterType *subcluster_type);
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_alloc_host_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                                         unsigned int *bytes,
-                                         uint64_t *host_offset, QCowL2Meta **m);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_get_host_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
+                      unsigned int *bytes, uint64_t *host_offset,
+                      QCow2SubclusterType *subcluster_type);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_alloc_host_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
+                        unsigned int *bytes, uint64_t *host_offset,
+                        QCowL2Meta **m);
+
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_alloc_compressed_cluster_offset(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
                                       int compressed_size, uint64_t *host_offset);
@@ -927,26 +945,33 @@ void qcow2_parse_compressed_l2_entry(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t l2_entry,
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_alloc_cluster_link_l2(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m);
 
-void coroutine_fn qcow2_alloc_cluster_abort(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m);
-int qcow2_cluster_discard(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset,
-                          uint64_t bytes, enum qcow2_discard_type type,
-                          bool full_discard);
+void coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_alloc_cluster_abort(BlockDriverState *bs, QCowL2Meta *m);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_cluster_discard(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
+                      enum qcow2_discard_type type, bool full_discard);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_subcluster_zeroize(BlockDriverState *bs, uint64_t offset, uint64_t bytes,
                          int flags);
 
-int qcow2_expand_zero_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                               BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
-                               void *cb_opaque);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_expand_zero_clusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                           BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
+                           void *cb_opaque);
 
 /* qcow2-snapshot.c functions */
-int qcow2_snapshot_create(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info);
-int qcow2_snapshot_goto(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *snapshot_id);
-int qcow2_snapshot_delete(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                          const char *snapshot_id,
-                          const char *name,
-                          Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_snapshot_create(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_snapshot_goto(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *snapshot_id);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_snapshot_delete(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *snapshot_id,
+                          const char *name, Error **errp);
+
 int qcow2_snapshot_list(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUSnapshotInfo **psn_tab);
 int qcow2_snapshot_load_tmp(BlockDriverState *bs,
                             const char *snapshot_id,
@@ -956,15 +981,15 @@ int qcow2_snapshot_load_tmp(BlockDriverState *bs,
 void qcow2_free_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_read_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
-int qcow2_write_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_write_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_check_read_snapshot_table(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result,
                                 BdrvCheckMode fix);
 
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_check_fix_snapshot_table(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                BdrvCheckResult *result,
-                                                BdrvCheckMode fix);
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_check_fix_snapshot_table(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result,
+                               BdrvCheckMode fix);
 
 /* qcow2-cache.c functions */
 Qcow2Cache *qcow2_cache_create(BlockDriverState *bs, int num_tables,
@@ -972,19 +997,23 @@ Qcow2Cache *qcow2_cache_create(BlockDriverState *bs, int num_tables,
 int qcow2_cache_destroy(Qcow2Cache *c);
 
 void qcow2_cache_entry_mark_dirty(Qcow2Cache *c, void *table);
-int qcow2_cache_flush(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c);
-int qcow2_cache_write(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c);
-int qcow2_cache_set_dependency(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c,
-    Qcow2Cache *dependency);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_cache_flush(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_cache_write(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_cache_set_dependency(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c,
+                                            Qcow2Cache *dependency);
 void qcow2_cache_depends_on_flush(Qcow2Cache *c);
 
 void qcow2_cache_clean_unused(Qcow2Cache *c);
-int qcow2_cache_empty(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_cache_empty(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_cache_get(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c, uint64_t offset,
+                void **table);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_cache_get_empty(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c, uint64_t offset,
+                      void **table);
 
-int qcow2_cache_get(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c, uint64_t offset,
-    void **table);
-int qcow2_cache_get_empty(BlockDriverState *bs, Qcow2Cache *c, uint64_t offset,
-    void **table);
 void qcow2_cache_put(Qcow2Cache *c, void **table);
 void *qcow2_cache_is_table_offset(Qcow2Cache *c, uint64_t offset);
 void qcow2_cache_discard(Qcow2Cache *c, void *table);
@@ -998,18 +1027,22 @@ bool coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 qcow2_load_dirty_bitmaps(BlockDriverState *bs, bool *header_updated, Error **errp);
 bool qcow2_get_bitmap_info_list(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                 Qcow2BitmapInfoList **info_list, Error **errp);
-int qcow2_reopen_bitmaps_rw(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_reopen_bitmaps_rw(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK qcow2_reopen_bitmaps_ro(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 int coroutine_fn qcow2_truncate_bitmaps_check(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
-bool qcow2_store_persistent_dirty_bitmaps(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                          bool release_stored, Error **errp);
-int qcow2_reopen_bitmaps_ro(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
-bool coroutine_fn qcow2_co_can_store_new_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                      const char *name,
-                                                      uint32_t granularity,
-                                                      Error **errp);
-int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_remove_persistent_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                         const char *name,
-                                                         Error **errp);
+
+bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_store_persistent_dirty_bitmaps(BlockDriverState *bs, bool release_stored,
+                                     Error **errp);
+
+bool coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_can_store_new_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *name,
+                                    uint32_t granularity, Error **errp);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+qcow2_co_remove_persistent_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *name,
+                                        Error **errp);
+
 bool qcow2_supports_persistent_dirty_bitmap(BlockDriverState *bs);
 uint64_t qcow2_get_persistent_dirty_bitmap_size(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                                 uint32_t cluster_size);
diff --git a/block/quorum.c b/block/quorum.c
index 05220cab7f..d3ffc2ee33 100644
--- a/block/quorum.c
+++ b/block/quorum.c
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ static void quorum_report_bad(QuorumOpType type, uint64_t offset,
                                       end_sector - start_sector);
 }
 
-static void quorum_report_failure(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK quorum_report_failure(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
 {
     const char *reference = bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(acb->bs);
     int64_t start_sector = acb->offset / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ static void quorum_report_failure(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
 
 static int quorum_vote_error(QuorumAIOCB *acb);
 
-static bool quorum_has_too_much_io_failed(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK quorum_has_too_much_io_failed(QuorumAIOCB *acb)
 {
     BDRVQuorumState *s = acb->bs->opaque;
 
diff --git a/block/raw-format.c b/block/raw-format.c
index a8bdee5279..8ff03adfa4 100644
--- a/block/raw-format.c
+++ b/block/raw-format.c
@@ -505,7 +505,9 @@ static int raw_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
                                    BDRV_REQ_ZERO_WRITE;
 
     if (bs->probed && !bdrv_is_read_only(bs)) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         bdrv_refresh_filename(bs->file->bs);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         fprintf(stderr,
                 "WARNING: Image format was not specified for '%s' and probing "
                 "guessed raw.\n"
diff --git a/block/rbd.c b/block/rbd.c
index 472ca05cba..84bb2fa5d7 100644
--- a/block/rbd.c
+++ b/block/rbd.c
@@ -1168,7 +1168,9 @@ static int qemu_rbd_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     /* If we are using an rbd snapshot, we must be r/o, otherwise
      * leave as-is */
     if (s->snap != NULL) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         r = bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(bs, "rbd snapshots are read-only", errp);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         if (r < 0) {
             goto failed_post_open;
         }
@@ -1208,6 +1210,8 @@ static int qemu_rbd_reopen_prepare(BDRVReopenState *state,
     BDRVRBDState *s = state->bs->opaque;
     int ret = 0;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (s->snap && state->flags & BDRV_O_RDWR) {
         error_setg(errp,
                    "Cannot change node '%s' to r/w when using RBD snapshot",
diff --git a/block/replication.c b/block/replication.c
index dd166d2d82..d522c7396f 100644
--- a/block/replication.c
+++ b/block/replication.c
@@ -276,10 +276,10 @@ replication_co_writev(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
     while (remaining_sectors > 0) {
         int64_t count;
 
-        ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(top->bs, base->bs, false,
-                                      sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
-                                      remaining_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
-                                      &count);
+        ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(top->bs, base->bs, false,
+                                         sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
+                                         remaining_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
+                                         &count);
         if (ret < 0) {
             goto out1;
         }
@@ -307,13 +307,16 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static void secondary_do_checkpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
+static void GRAPH_UNLOCKED
+secondary_do_checkpoint(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVReplicationState *s = bs->opaque;
     BdrvChild *active_disk = bs->file;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     int ret;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (!s->backup_job) {
         error_setg(errp, "Backup job was cancelled unexpectedly");
         return;
@@ -427,7 +430,8 @@ static void backup_job_completed(void *opaque, int ret)
     backup_job_cleanup(bs);
 }
 
-static bool check_top_bs(BlockDriverState *top_bs, BlockDriverState *bs)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+check_top_bs(BlockDriverState *top_bs, BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *child;
 
@@ -458,6 +462,8 @@ static void replication_start(ReplicationState *rs, ReplicationMode mode,
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     BackupPerf perf = { .use_copy_range = true, .max_workers = 1 };
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
     aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
     s = bs->opaque;
@@ -504,12 +510,15 @@ static void replication_start(ReplicationState *rs, ReplicationMode mode,
             return;
         }
 
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         secondary_disk = hidden_disk->bs->backing;
         if (!secondary_disk->bs || !bdrv_has_blk(secondary_disk->bs)) {
             error_setg(errp, "The secondary disk doesn't have block backend");
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
             aio_context_release(aio_context);
             return;
         }
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
         /* verify the length */
         active_length = bdrv_getlength(active_disk->bs);
@@ -526,13 +535,16 @@ static void replication_start(ReplicationState *rs, ReplicationMode mode,
         /* Must be true, or the bdrv_getlength() calls would have failed */
         assert(active_disk->bs->drv && hidden_disk->bs->drv);
 
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         if (!active_disk->bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty ||
             !hidden_disk->bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty) {
             error_setg(errp,
                        "Active disk or hidden disk doesn't support make_empty");
             aio_context_release(aio_context);
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
             return;
         }
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
         /* reopen the backing file in r/w mode */
         reopen_backing_file(bs, true, &local_err);
@@ -566,8 +578,6 @@ static void replication_start(ReplicationState *rs, ReplicationMode mode,
             return;
         }
 
-        bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
-
         /* start backup job now */
         error_setg(&s->blocker,
                    "Block device is in use by internal backup job");
@@ -576,6 +586,7 @@ static void replication_start(ReplicationState *rs, ReplicationMode mode,
         if (!top_bs || !bdrv_is_root_node(top_bs) ||
             !check_top_bs(top_bs, bs)) {
             error_setg(errp, "No top_bs or it is invalid");
+            bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
             reopen_backing_file(bs, false, NULL);
             aio_context_release(aio_context);
             return;
@@ -583,6 +594,8 @@ static void replication_start(ReplicationState *rs, ReplicationMode mode,
         bdrv_op_block_all(top_bs, s->blocker);
         bdrv_op_unblock(top_bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_DATAPLANE, s->blocker);
 
+        bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
+
         s->backup_job = backup_job_create(
                                 NULL, s->secondary_disk->bs, s->hidden_disk->bs,
                                 0, MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_NONE, NULL, 0, false, NULL,
diff --git a/block/snapshot.c b/block/snapshot.c
index b86b5b24ad..6e16eb803a 100644
--- a/block/snapshot.c
+++ b/block/snapshot.c
@@ -155,11 +155,15 @@ bool bdrv_snapshot_find_by_id_and_name(BlockDriverState *bs,
  * back if the given BDS does not support snapshots.
  * Return NULL if there is no BDS to (safely) fall back to.
  */
-static BdrvChild *bdrv_snapshot_fallback_child(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static BdrvChild * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_snapshot_fallback_child(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     BdrvChild *fallback = bdrv_primary_child(bs);
     BdrvChild *child;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
+
     /* We allow fallback only to primary child */
     if (!fallback) {
         return NULL;
@@ -182,8 +186,10 @@ static BdrvChild *bdrv_snapshot_fallback_child(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return fallback;
 }
 
-static BlockDriverState *bdrv_snapshot_fallback(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static BlockDriverState * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_snapshot_fallback(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
     return child_bs(bdrv_snapshot_fallback_child(bs));
 }
 
@@ -254,7 +260,10 @@ int bdrv_snapshot_goto(BlockDriverState *bs,
         return ret;
     }
 
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     fallback = bdrv_snapshot_fallback_child(bs);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     if (fallback) {
         QDict *options;
         QDict *file_options;
@@ -302,7 +311,10 @@ int bdrv_snapshot_goto(BlockDriverState *bs,
          * respective option (with the qdict_put_str() call above).
          * Assert that .bdrv_open() has attached the right BDS as primary child.
          */
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         assert(bdrv_primary_bs(bs) == fallback_bs);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
         bdrv_unref(fallback_bs);
         return ret;
     }
@@ -374,10 +386,12 @@ int bdrv_snapshot_delete(BlockDriverState *bs,
 int bdrv_snapshot_list(BlockDriverState *bs,
                        QEMUSnapshotInfo **psn_info)
 {
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
     BlockDriverState *fallback_bs = bdrv_snapshot_fallback(bs);
 
-    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
     if (!drv) {
         return -ENOMEDIUM;
     }
@@ -418,6 +432,7 @@ int bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(BlockDriverState *bs,
     BlockDriver *drv = bs->drv;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (!drv) {
         error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_HAS_NO_MEDIUM, bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
@@ -462,9 +477,9 @@ int bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(BlockDriverState *bs,
 }
 
 
-static int bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(bool has_devices, strList *devices,
-                                         GList **all_bdrvs,
-                                         Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(bool has_devices, strList *devices,
+                              GList **all_bdrvs, Error **errp)
 {
     g_autoptr(GList) bdrvs = NULL;
 
@@ -496,8 +511,11 @@ static int bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(bool has_devices, strList *devices,
 }
 
 
-static bool bdrv_all_snapshots_includes_bs(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static bool GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_all_snapshots_includes_bs(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    assert_bdrv_graph_readable();
+
     if (!bdrv_is_inserted(bs) || bdrv_is_read_only(bs)) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -518,6 +536,7 @@ bool bdrv_all_can_snapshot(bool has_devices, strList *devices,
     GList *iterbdrvs;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(has_devices, devices, &bdrvs, errp) < 0) {
         return false;
@@ -554,6 +573,7 @@ int bdrv_all_delete_snapshot(const char *name,
     GList *iterbdrvs;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(has_devices, devices, &bdrvs, errp) < 0) {
         return -1;
@@ -593,10 +613,15 @@ int bdrv_all_goto_snapshot(const char *name,
 {
     g_autoptr(GList) bdrvs = NULL;
     GList *iterbdrvs;
+    int ret;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
 
-    if (bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(has_devices, devices, &bdrvs, errp) < 0) {
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
+    ret = bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(has_devices, devices, &bdrvs, errp);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
+    if (ret < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -605,15 +630,22 @@ int bdrv_all_goto_snapshot(const char *name,
         BlockDriverState *bs = iterbdrvs->data;
         AioContext *ctx = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
         int ret = 0;
+        bool all_snapshots_includes_bs;
 
         aio_context_acquire(ctx);
-        if (devices || bdrv_all_snapshots_includes_bs(bs)) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
+        all_snapshots_includes_bs = bdrv_all_snapshots_includes_bs(bs);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
+        if (devices || all_snapshots_includes_bs) {
             ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, name, errp);
         }
         aio_context_release(ctx);
         if (ret < 0) {
+            bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
             error_prepend(errp, "Could not load snapshot '%s' on '%s': ",
                           name, bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
             return -1;
         }
 
@@ -631,6 +663,7 @@ int bdrv_all_has_snapshot(const char *name,
     GList *iterbdrvs;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(has_devices, devices, &bdrvs, errp) < 0) {
         return -1;
@@ -673,7 +706,9 @@ int bdrv_all_create_snapshot(QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn,
 {
     g_autoptr(GList) bdrvs = NULL;
     GList *iterbdrvs;
+
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(has_devices, devices, &bdrvs, errp) < 0) {
         return -1;
@@ -715,6 +750,7 @@ BlockDriverState *bdrv_all_find_vmstate_bs(const char *vmstate_bs,
     GList *iterbdrvs;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (bdrv_all_get_snapshot_devices(has_devices, devices, &bdrvs, errp) < 0) {
         return NULL;
diff --git a/block/stream.c b/block/stream.c
index 133cb72fb4..ddaab7dbbd 100644
--- a/block/stream.c
+++ b/block/stream.c
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn stream_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
         copy = false;
 
         WITH_GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD() {
-            ret = bdrv_is_allocated(unfiltered_bs, offset, STREAM_CHUNK, &n);
+            ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated(unfiltered_bs, offset, STREAM_CHUNK, &n);
             if (ret == 1) {
                 /* Allocated in the top, no need to copy.  */
             } else if (ret >= 0) {
@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ static int coroutine_fn stream_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
                  * Copy if allocated in the intermediate images.  Limit to the
                  * known-unallocated area [offset, offset+n*BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE).
                  */
-                ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bdrv_cow_bs(unfiltered_bs),
-                                            s->base_overlay, true,
-                                            offset, n, &n);
+                ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(bdrv_cow_bs(unfiltered_bs),
+                                                 s->base_overlay, true,
+                                                 offset, n, &n);
                 /* Finish early if end of backing file has been reached */
                 if (ret == 0 && n == 0) {
                     n = len - offset;
diff --git a/block/vdi.c b/block/vdi.c
index 934e1b849b..3ed43b6f35 100644
--- a/block/vdi.c
+++ b/block/vdi.c
@@ -492,9 +492,12 @@ static int vdi_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     }
 
     /* Disable migration when vdi images are used */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     error_setg(&s->migration_blocker, "The vdi format used by node '%s' "
                "does not support live migration",
                bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     ret = migrate_add_blocker(s->migration_blocker, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_free(s->migration_blocker);
diff --git a/block/vhdx.c b/block/vhdx.c
index a67edcc03e..73cb214fb4 100644
--- a/block/vhdx.c
+++ b/block/vhdx.c
@@ -1001,11 +1001,15 @@ static int vhdx_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     uint64_t signature;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     ret = bdrv_open_file_child(NULL, options, "file", bs, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         return ret;
     }
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     s->bat = NULL;
     s->first_visible_write = true;
 
diff --git a/block/vhdx.h b/block/vhdx.h
index 455a627a46..85594a5380 100644
--- a/block/vhdx.h
+++ b/block/vhdx.h
@@ -410,8 +410,9 @@ uint32_t vhdx_checksum_calc(uint32_t crc, uint8_t *buf, size_t size,
 
 bool vhdx_checksum_is_valid(uint8_t *buf, size_t size, int crc_offset);
 
-int vhdx_parse_log(BlockDriverState *bs, BDRVVHDXState *s, bool *flushed,
-                   Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vhdx_parse_log(BlockDriverState *bs, BDRVVHDXState *s, bool *flushed,
+               Error **errp);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 vhdx_log_write_and_flush(BlockDriverState *bs, BDRVVHDXState *s,
diff --git a/block/vmdk.c b/block/vmdk.c
index e90649c8bf..8a3b152798 100644
--- a/block/vmdk.c
+++ b/block/vmdk.c
@@ -578,8 +578,8 @@ static int vmdk_add_extent(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int vmdk_init_tables(BlockDriverState *bs, VmdkExtent *extent,
-                            Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_init_tables(BlockDriverState *bs, VmdkExtent *extent, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     size_t l1_size;
@@ -641,9 +641,9 @@ static int vmdk_init_tables(BlockDriverState *bs, VmdkExtent *extent,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int vmdk_open_vmfs_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                 BdrvChild *file,
-                                 int flags, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_open_vmfs_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file, int flags,
+                      Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     uint32_t magic;
@@ -797,9 +797,9 @@ static int check_se_sparse_volatile_header(VMDKSESparseVolatileHeader *header,
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int vmdk_open_se_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                               BdrvChild *file,
-                               int flags, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_open_se_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file, int flags,
+                    Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     VMDKSESparseConstHeader const_header;
@@ -913,9 +913,9 @@ static char *vmdk_read_desc(BdrvChild *file, uint64_t desc_offset, Error **errp)
     return buf;
 }
 
-static int vmdk_open_vmdk4(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                           BdrvChild *file,
-                           int flags, QDict *options, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_open_vmdk4(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file, int flags,
+                QDict *options, Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     uint32_t magic;
@@ -1095,8 +1095,9 @@ static int vmdk_parse_description(const char *desc, const char *opt_name,
 }
 
 /* Open an extent file and append to bs array */
-static int vmdk_open_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file, int flags,
-                            char *buf, QDict *options, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_open_sparse(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *file, int flags,
+                 char *buf, QDict *options, Error **errp)
 {
     uint32_t magic;
 
@@ -1123,8 +1124,9 @@ static const char *next_line(const char *s)
     return s;
 }
 
-static int vmdk_parse_extents(const char *desc, BlockDriverState *bs,
-                              QDict *options, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_parse_extents(const char *desc, BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options,
+                   Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     int matches;
@@ -1143,6 +1145,8 @@ static int vmdk_parse_extents(const char *desc, BlockDriverState *bs,
     char extent_opt_prefix[32];
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     for (p = desc; *p; p = next_line(p)) {
         /* parse extent line in one of below formats:
          *
@@ -1223,9 +1227,11 @@ static int vmdk_parse_extents(const char *desc, BlockDriverState *bs,
             ret = vmdk_add_extent(bs, extent_file, true, sectors,
                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, &extent, errp);
             if (ret < 0) {
+                bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
                 bdrv_graph_wrlock(NULL);
                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
                 bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
+                bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
                 goto out;
             }
             extent->flat_start_offset = flat_offset << 9;
@@ -1240,26 +1246,32 @@ static int vmdk_parse_extents(const char *desc, BlockDriverState *bs,
             }
             g_free(buf);
             if (ret) {
+                bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
                 bdrv_graph_wrlock(NULL);
                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
                 bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
+                bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
                 goto out;
             }
             extent = &s->extents[s->num_extents - 1];
         } else if (!strcmp(type, "SESPARSE")) {
             ret = vmdk_open_se_sparse(bs, extent_file, bs->open_flags, errp);
             if (ret) {
+                bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
                 bdrv_graph_wrlock(NULL);
                 bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
                 bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
+                bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
                 goto out;
             }
             extent = &s->extents[s->num_extents - 1];
         } else {
             error_setg(errp, "Unsupported extent type '%s'", type);
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
             bdrv_graph_wrlock(NULL);
             bdrv_unref_child(bs, extent_file);
             bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
+            bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
             ret = -ENOTSUP;
             goto out;
         }
@@ -1283,8 +1295,9 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int vmdk_open_desc_file(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags, char *buf,
-                               QDict *options, Error **errp)
+static int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_open_desc_file(BlockDriverState *bs, int flags, char *buf, QDict *options,
+                    Error **errp)
 {
     int ret;
     char ct[128];
@@ -2900,7 +2913,7 @@ static int vmdk_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return 1;
 }
 
-static VmdkExtentInfo *vmdk_get_extent_info(VmdkExtent *extent)
+static VmdkExtentInfo * GRAPH_RDLOCK vmdk_get_extent_info(VmdkExtent *extent)
 {
     VmdkExtentInfo *info = g_new0(VmdkExtentInfo, 1);
 
@@ -2977,8 +2990,8 @@ vmdk_co_check(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvCheckResult *result, BdrvCheckMode fix)
     return ret;
 }
 
-static ImageInfoSpecific *vmdk_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 Error **errp)
+static ImageInfoSpecific * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+vmdk_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
 {
     int i;
     BDRVVmdkState *s = bs->opaque;
diff --git a/block/vpc.c b/block/vpc.c
index ceb87dd3d8..945847fe4a 100644
--- a/block/vpc.c
+++ b/block/vpc.c
@@ -446,9 +446,12 @@ static int vpc_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     }
 
     /* Disable migration when VHD images are used */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     error_setg(&s->migration_blocker, "The vpc format used by node '%s' "
                "does not support live migration",
                bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(bs));
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     ret = migrate_add_blocker(s->migration_blocker, errp);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_free(s->migration_blocker);
diff --git a/block/vvfat.c b/block/vvfat.c
index 856b479c91..b0415798c0 100644
--- a/block/vvfat.c
+++ b/block/vvfat.c
@@ -1144,6 +1144,8 @@ static int vvfat_open(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
     QemuOpts *opts;
     int ret;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
 #ifdef DEBUG
     vvv = s;
 #endif
@@ -1480,8 +1482,8 @@ vvfat_read(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num, uint8_t *buf, int nb_sector
         if (s->qcow) {
             int64_t n;
             int ret;
-            ret = bdrv_is_allocated(s->qcow->bs, sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
-                                    (nb_sectors - i) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, &n);
+            ret = bdrv_co_is_allocated(s->qcow->bs, sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
+                                       (nb_sectors - i) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, &n);
             if (ret < 0) {
                 return ret;
             }
@@ -1806,10 +1808,10 @@ cluster_was_modified(BDRVVVFATState *s, uint32_t cluster_num)
     }
 
     for (i = 0; !was_modified && i < s->sectors_per_cluster; i++) {
-        was_modified = bdrv_is_allocated(s->qcow->bs,
-                                         (cluster2sector(s, cluster_num) +
-                                          i) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
-                                         BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, NULL);
+        was_modified = bdrv_co_is_allocated(s->qcow->bs,
+                                            (cluster2sector(s, cluster_num) +
+                                             i) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
+                                            BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, NULL);
     }
 
     /*
@@ -1967,9 +1969,9 @@ get_cluster_count_for_direntry(BDRVVVFATState* s, direntry_t* direntry, const ch
                 for (i = 0; i < s->sectors_per_cluster; i++) {
                     int res;
 
-                    res = bdrv_is_allocated(s->qcow->bs,
-                                            (offs + i) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
-                                            BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, NULL);
+                    res = bdrv_co_is_allocated(s->qcow->bs,
+                                               (offs + i) * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE,
+                                               BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE, NULL);
                     if (res < 0) {
                         return -1;
                     }
diff --git a/blockdev.c b/blockdev.c
index 325b7a3bef..a01c62596b 100644
--- a/blockdev.c
+++ b/blockdev.c
@@ -1041,6 +1041,8 @@ static BlockDriverState *qmp_get_root_bs(const char *name, Error **errp)
     BlockDriverState *bs;
     AioContext *aio_context;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(name, name, errp);
     if (bs == NULL) {
         return NULL;
@@ -1136,6 +1138,9 @@ SnapshotInfo *qmp_blockdev_snapshot_delete_internal_sync(const char *device,
     SnapshotInfo *info = NULL;
     int ret;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     bs = qmp_get_root_bs(device, errp);
     if (!bs) {
         return NULL;
@@ -1221,6 +1226,9 @@ static void internal_snapshot_action(BlockdevSnapshotInternal *internal,
     AioContext *aio_context;
     int ret1;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     tran_add(tran, &internal_snapshot_drv, state);
 
     device = internal->device;
@@ -1309,6 +1317,9 @@ static void internal_snapshot_abort(void *opaque)
     AioContext *aio_context;
     Error *local_error = NULL;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (!state->created) {
         return;
     }
@@ -1654,6 +1665,8 @@ static void drive_backup_action(DriveBackup *backup,
     bool set_backing_hd = false;
     int ret;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     tran_add(tran, &drive_backup_drv, state);
 
     if (!backup->has_mode) {
@@ -1683,9 +1696,12 @@ static void drive_backup_action(DriveBackup *backup,
     }
 
     /* Early check to avoid creating target */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_BACKUP_SOURCE, errp)) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         goto out;
     }
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     flags = bs->open_flags | BDRV_O_RDWR;
 
@@ -1724,7 +1740,10 @@ static void drive_backup_action(DriveBackup *backup,
             BlockDriverState *explicit_backing =
                 bdrv_skip_implicit_filters(source);
 
+            bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
             bdrv_refresh_filename(explicit_backing);
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
             bdrv_img_create(backup->target, format,
                             explicit_backing->filename,
                             explicit_backing->drv->format_name, NULL,
@@ -2344,10 +2363,13 @@ void coroutine_fn qmp_block_resize(const char *device, const char *node_name,
         return;
     }
 
+    bdrv_graph_co_rdlock();
     if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_RESIZE, NULL)) {
         error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_IN_USE, device);
+        bdrv_graph_co_rdunlock();
         return;
     }
+    bdrv_graph_co_rdunlock();
 
     blk = blk_co_new_with_bs(bs, BLK_PERM_RESIZE, BLK_PERM_ALL, errp);
     if (!blk) {
@@ -2387,6 +2409,8 @@ void qmp_block_stream(const char *job_id, const char *device,
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     int job_flags = JOB_DEFAULT;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     if (base && base_node) {
         error_setg(errp, "'base' and 'base-node' cannot be specified "
                    "at the same time");
@@ -2437,7 +2461,10 @@ void qmp_block_stream(const char *job_id, const char *device,
             goto out;
         }
         assert(bdrv_get_aio_context(base_bs) == aio_context);
+
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         bdrv_refresh_filename(base_bs);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
     }
 
     if (bottom) {
@@ -2466,13 +2493,16 @@ void qmp_block_stream(const char *job_id, const char *device,
      * Check for op blockers in the whole chain between bs and base (or bottom)
      */
     iter_end = bottom ? bdrv_filter_or_cow_bs(bottom_bs) : base_bs;
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     for (iter = bs; iter && iter != iter_end;
          iter = bdrv_filter_or_cow_bs(iter))
     {
         if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(iter, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_STREAM, errp)) {
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
             goto out;
         }
     }
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     /* if we are streaming the entire chain, the result will have no backing
      * file, and specifying one is therefore an error */
@@ -2835,6 +2865,8 @@ BlockDeviceInfoList *qmp_query_named_block_nodes(bool has_flat,
 
 XDbgBlockGraph *qmp_x_debug_query_block_graph(Error **errp)
 {
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     return bdrv_get_xdbg_block_graph(errp);
 }
 
@@ -2998,9 +3030,12 @@ void qmp_drive_mirror(DriveMirror *arg, Error **errp)
     }
 
     /* Early check to avoid creating target */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MIRROR_SOURCE, errp)) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         return;
     }
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
     aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
@@ -3063,7 +3098,10 @@ void qmp_drive_mirror(DriveMirror *arg, Error **errp)
             break;
         case NEW_IMAGE_MODE_ABSOLUTE_PATHS:
             /* create new image with backing file */
+            bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
             bdrv_refresh_filename(explicit_backing);
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
             bdrv_img_create(arg->target, format,
                             explicit_backing->filename,
                             explicit_backing->drv->format_name,
@@ -3383,9 +3421,12 @@ void qmp_change_backing_file(const char *device,
 
     /* even though we are not necessarily operating on bs, we need it to
      * determine if block ops are currently prohibited on the chain */
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_CHANGE, errp)) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         goto out;
     }
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     /* final sanity check */
     if (!bdrv_chain_contains(bs, image_bs)) {
@@ -3509,6 +3550,7 @@ void qmp_blockdev_del(const char *node_name, Error **errp)
     BlockDriverState *bs;
 
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     bs = bdrv_find_node(node_name);
     if (!bs) {
@@ -3636,6 +3678,8 @@ void qmp_x_blockdev_set_iothread(const char *node_name, StrOrNull *iothread,
     AioContext *new_context;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     bs = bdrv_find_node(node_name);
     if (!bs) {
         error_setg(errp, "Failed to find node with node-name='%s'", node_name);
diff --git a/blockjob.c b/blockjob.c
index 58c5d64539..807f992b59 100644
--- a/blockjob.c
+++ b/blockjob.c
@@ -485,6 +485,7 @@ void *block_job_create(const char *job_id, const BlockJobDriver *driver,
     BlockJob *job;
     int ret;
     GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
 
     if (job_id == NULL && !(flags & JOB_INTERNAL)) {
         job_id = bdrv_get_device_name(bs);
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 8fada85a71..96d0dd5ffc 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -562,7 +562,8 @@ first_python=
 if test -z "${PYTHON}"; then
     # A bare 'python' is traditionally python 2.x, but some distros
     # have it as python 3.x, so check in both places.
-    for binary in python3 python python3.11 python3.10 python3.9 python3.8; do
+    for binary in python3 python python3.12 python3.11 \
+                          python3.10 python3.9 python3.8; do
         if has "$binary"; then
             python=$(command -v "$binary")
             if check_py_version "$python"; then
@@ -948,7 +949,7 @@ then
     # If first_python is set, there was a binary somewhere even though
     # it was not suitable.  Use it for the error message.
     if test -n "$first_python"; then
-        error_exit "Cannot use '$first_python', Python >= 3.7 is required." \
+        error_exit "Cannot use '$first_python', Python >= 3.8 is required." \
             "Use --python=/path/to/python to specify a supported Python."
     else
         error_exit "Python not found. Use --python=/path/to/python"
diff --git a/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vhost-user-gpu.c b/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vhost-user-gpu.c
index aa304475a0..bb41758e34 100644
--- a/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vhost-user-gpu.c
+++ b/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vhost-user-gpu.c
@@ -834,7 +834,7 @@ vg_resource_flush(VuGpu *g,
                 .width = width,
                 .height = height,
             };
-            pixman_image_t *i =
+            pixman_image_t *img =
                 pixman_image_create_bits(pixman_image_get_format(res->image),
                                          msg->payload.update.width,
                                          msg->payload.update.height,
@@ -842,11 +842,11 @@ vg_resource_flush(VuGpu *g,
                                                       payload.update.data),
                                          width * bpp);
             pixman_image_composite(PIXMAN_OP_SRC,
-                                   res->image, NULL, i,
+                                   res->image, NULL, img,
                                    extents->x1, extents->y1,
                                    0, 0, 0, 0,
                                    width, height);
-            pixman_image_unref(i);
+            pixman_image_unref(img);
             vg_send_msg(g, msg, -1);
             g_free(msg);
         }
diff --git a/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vugpu.h b/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vugpu.h
index 509b679f03..654c392fbb 100644
--- a/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vugpu.h
+++ b/contrib/vhost-user-gpu/vugpu.h
@@ -164,12 +164,12 @@ struct virtio_gpu_ctrl_command {
 };
 
 #define VUGPU_FILL_CMD(out) do {                                \
-        size_t s;                                               \
-        s = iov_to_buf(cmd->elem.out_sg, cmd->elem.out_num, 0,  \
+        size_t vugpufillcmd_s_ =                                \
+            iov_to_buf(cmd->elem.out_sg, cmd->elem.out_num, 0,  \
                        &out, sizeof(out));                      \
-        if (s != sizeof(out)) {                                 \
+        if (vugpufillcmd_s_ != sizeof(out)) {                   \
             g_critical("%s: command size incorrect %zu vs %zu", \
-                       __func__, s, sizeof(out));               \
+                       __func__, vugpufillcmd_s_, sizeof(out)); \
             return;                                             \
         }                                                       \
     } while (0)
diff --git a/docs/about/deprecated.rst b/docs/about/deprecated.rst
index 1c4d7f36f0..2febd2d12f 100644
--- a/docs/about/deprecated.rst
+++ b/docs/about/deprecated.rst
@@ -363,6 +363,15 @@ recommending to switch to their stable counterparts:
 - "Zve64f" should be replaced with "zve64f"
 - "Zve64d" should be replaced with "zve64d"
 
+``-device pvrdma`` and the rdma subsystem (since 8.2)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The pvrdma device and the whole rdma subsystem are in a bad shape and
+without active maintenance. The QEMU project intends to remove this
+device and subsystem from the code base in a future release without
+replacement unless somebody steps up and improves the situation.
+
+
 Block device options
 ''''''''''''''''''''
 
diff --git a/docs/devel/testing.rst b/docs/devel/testing.rst
index f3e2472189..b0680cbb22 100644
--- a/docs/devel/testing.rst
+++ b/docs/devel/testing.rst
@@ -1014,8 +1014,8 @@ class.  Here's a simple usage example:
       """
       def test_qmp_human_info_version(self):
           self.vm.launch()
-          res = self.vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                                command_line='info version')
+          res = self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                            command_line='info version')
           self.assertRegexpMatches(res, r'^(\d+\.\d+\.\d)')
 
 To execute your test, run:
@@ -1065,15 +1065,15 @@ and hypothetical example follows:
           first_machine.launch()
           second_machine.launch()
 
-          first_res = first_machine.command(
+          first_res = first_machine.cmd(
               'human-monitor-command',
               command_line='info version')
 
-          second_res = second_machine.command(
+          second_res = second_machine.cmd(
               'human-monitor-command',
               command_line='info version')
 
-          third_res = self.get_vm(name='third_machine').command(
+          third_res = self.get_vm(name='third_machine').cmd(
               'human-monitor-command',
               command_line='info version')
 
diff --git a/hw/loongarch/Kconfig b/hw/loongarch/Kconfig
index 1e7c5b43c5..5727efed6d 100644
--- a/hw/loongarch/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/loongarch/Kconfig
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ config LOONGARCH_VIRT
     imply VIRTIO_VGA
     imply PCI_DEVICES
     imply NVDIMM
-    select ISA_BUS
     select SERIAL
-    select SERIAL_ISA
     select VIRTIO_PCI
     select PLATFORM_BUS
     select LOONGARCH_IPI
diff --git a/hw/loongarch/virt.c b/hw/loongarch/virt.c
index b0a004f860..2952fe452e 100644
--- a/hw/loongarch/virt.c
+++ b/hw/loongarch/virt.c
@@ -47,6 +47,13 @@
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 
 
+struct loaderparams {
+    uint64_t ram_size;
+    const char *kernel_filename;
+    const char *kernel_cmdline;
+    const char *initrd_filename;
+};
+
 static void virt_flash_create(LoongArchMachineState *lams)
 {
     DeviceState *dev = qdev_new(TYPE_PFLASH_CFI01);
@@ -301,10 +308,6 @@ static void fdt_add_memory_node(MachineState *ms,
     g_free(nodename);
 }
 
-#define PM_BASE 0x10080000
-#define PM_SIZE 0x100
-#define PM_CTRL 0x10
-
 static void virt_build_smbios(LoongArchMachineState *lams)
 {
     MachineState *ms = MACHINE(lams);
@@ -373,62 +376,17 @@ static void memmap_add_entry(uint64_t address, uint64_t length, uint32_t type)
     memmap_entries++;
 }
 
-/*
- * This is a placeholder for missing ACPI,
- * and will eventually be replaced.
- */
-static uint64_t loongarch_virt_pm_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr, unsigned size)
-{
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void loongarch_virt_pm_write(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
-                               uint64_t val, unsigned size)
-{
-    if (addr != PM_CTRL) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    switch (val) {
-    case 0x00:
-        qemu_system_reset_request(SHUTDOWN_CAUSE_GUEST_RESET);
-        return;
-    case 0xff:
-        qemu_system_shutdown_request(SHUTDOWN_CAUSE_GUEST_SHUTDOWN);
-        return;
-    default:
-        return;
-    }
-}
-
-static const MemoryRegionOps loongarch_virt_pm_ops = {
-    .read  = loongarch_virt_pm_read,
-    .write = loongarch_virt_pm_write,
-    .endianness = DEVICE_NATIVE_ENDIAN,
-    .valid = {
-        .min_access_size = 1,
-        .max_access_size = 1
-    }
-};
-
-static struct _loaderparams {
-    uint64_t ram_size;
-    const char *kernel_filename;
-    const char *kernel_cmdline;
-    const char *initrd_filename;
-} loaderparams;
-
 static uint64_t cpu_loongarch_virt_to_phys(void *opaque, uint64_t addr)
 {
     return addr & MAKE_64BIT_MASK(0, TARGET_PHYS_ADDR_SPACE_BITS);
 }
 
-static int64_t load_kernel_info(void)
+static int64_t load_kernel_info(const struct loaderparams *loaderparams)
 {
     uint64_t kernel_entry, kernel_low, kernel_high;
     ssize_t kernel_size;
 
-    kernel_size = load_elf(loaderparams.kernel_filename, NULL,
+    kernel_size = load_elf(loaderparams->kernel_filename, NULL,
                            cpu_loongarch_virt_to_phys, NULL,
                            &kernel_entry, &kernel_low,
                            &kernel_high, NULL, 0,
@@ -436,7 +394,7 @@ static int64_t load_kernel_info(void)
 
     if (kernel_size < 0) {
         error_report("could not load kernel '%s': %s",
-                     loaderparams.kernel_filename,
+                     loaderparams->kernel_filename,
                      load_elf_strerror(kernel_size));
         exit(1);
     }
@@ -500,7 +458,7 @@ static void loongarch_devices_init(DeviceState *pch_pic, LoongArchMachineState *
     SysBusDevice *d;
     PCIBus *pci_bus;
     MemoryRegion *ecam_alias, *ecam_reg, *pio_alias, *pio_reg;
-    MemoryRegion *mmio_alias, *mmio_reg, *pm_mem;
+    MemoryRegion *mmio_alias, *mmio_reg;
     int i;
 
     gpex_dev = qdev_new(TYPE_GPEX_HOST);
@@ -560,10 +518,6 @@ static void loongarch_devices_init(DeviceState *pch_pic, LoongArchMachineState *
                          VIRT_RTC_IRQ - VIRT_GSI_BASE));
     fdt_add_rtc_node(lams);
 
-    pm_mem = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
-    memory_region_init_io(pm_mem, NULL, &loongarch_virt_pm_ops,
-                          NULL, "loongarch_virt_pm", PM_SIZE);
-    memory_region_add_subregion(get_system_memory(), PM_BASE, pm_mem);
     /* acpi ged */
     lams->acpi_ged = create_acpi_ged(pch_pic, lams);
     /* platform bus */
@@ -728,7 +682,8 @@ static void reset_load_elf(void *opaque)
     }
 }
 
-static void fw_cfg_add_kernel_info(FWCfgState *fw_cfg)
+static void fw_cfg_add_kernel_info(const struct loaderparams *loaderparams,
+                                   FWCfgState *fw_cfg)
 {
     /*
      * Expose the kernel, the command line, and the initrd in fw_cfg.
@@ -737,36 +692,38 @@ static void fw_cfg_add_kernel_info(FWCfgState *fw_cfg)
      */
     load_image_to_fw_cfg(fw_cfg,
                          FW_CFG_KERNEL_SIZE, FW_CFG_KERNEL_DATA,
-                         loaderparams.kernel_filename,
+                         loaderparams->kernel_filename,
                          false);
 
-    if (loaderparams.initrd_filename) {
+    if (loaderparams->initrd_filename) {
         load_image_to_fw_cfg(fw_cfg,
                              FW_CFG_INITRD_SIZE, FW_CFG_INITRD_DATA,
-                             loaderparams.initrd_filename, false);
+                             loaderparams->initrd_filename, false);
     }
 
-    if (loaderparams.kernel_cmdline) {
+    if (loaderparams->kernel_cmdline) {
         fw_cfg_add_i32(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_SIZE,
-                       strlen(loaderparams.kernel_cmdline) + 1);
+                       strlen(loaderparams->kernel_cmdline) + 1);
         fw_cfg_add_string(fw_cfg, FW_CFG_CMDLINE_DATA,
-                          loaderparams.kernel_cmdline);
+                          loaderparams->kernel_cmdline);
     }
 }
 
-static void loongarch_firmware_boot(LoongArchMachineState *lams)
+static void loongarch_firmware_boot(LoongArchMachineState *lams,
+                                    const struct loaderparams *loaderparams)
 {
-    fw_cfg_add_kernel_info(lams->fw_cfg);
+    fw_cfg_add_kernel_info(loaderparams, lams->fw_cfg);
 }
 
-static void loongarch_direct_kernel_boot(LoongArchMachineState *lams)
+static void loongarch_direct_kernel_boot(LoongArchMachineState *lams,
+                                         const struct loaderparams *loaderparams)
 {
     MachineState *machine = MACHINE(lams);
     int64_t kernel_addr = 0;
     LoongArchCPU *lacpu;
     int i;
 
-    kernel_addr = load_kernel_info();
+    kernel_addr = load_kernel_info(loaderparams);
     if (!machine->firmware) {
         for (i = 0; i < machine->smp.cpus; i++) {
             lacpu = LOONGARCH_CPU(qemu_get_cpu(i));
@@ -793,6 +750,7 @@ static void loongarch_init(MachineState *machine)
     MachineClass *mc = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(machine);
     CPUState *cpu;
     char *ramName = NULL;
+    struct loaderparams loaderparams = { };
 
     if (!cpu_model) {
         cpu_model = LOONGARCH_CPU_TYPE_NAME("la464");
@@ -874,11 +832,6 @@ static void loongarch_init(MachineState *machine)
         machine_memory_devices_init(machine, device_mem_base, device_mem_size);
     }
 
-    /* Add isa io region */
-    memory_region_init_alias(&lams->isa_io, NULL, "isa-io",
-                             get_system_io(), 0, VIRT_ISA_IO_SIZE);
-    memory_region_add_subregion(address_space_mem, VIRT_ISA_IO_BASE,
-                                &lams->isa_io);
     /* load the BIOS image. */
     loongarch_firmware_init(lams);
 
@@ -898,9 +851,9 @@ static void loongarch_init(MachineState *machine)
     /* load the kernel. */
     if (loaderparams.kernel_filename) {
         if (lams->bios_loaded) {
-            loongarch_firmware_boot(lams);
+            loongarch_firmware_boot(lams, &loaderparams);
         } else {
-            loongarch_direct_kernel_boot(lams);
+            loongarch_direct_kernel_boot(lams, &loaderparams);
         }
     }
     fdt_add_flash_node(lams);
diff --git a/hw/mem/memory-device.c b/hw/mem/memory-device.c
index 667d56bd29..ae38f48f16 100644
--- a/hw/mem/memory-device.c
+++ b/hw/mem/memory-device.c
@@ -52,19 +52,135 @@ static int memory_device_build_list(Object *obj, void *opaque)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void memory_device_check_addable(MachineState *ms, MemoryRegion *mr,
-                                        Error **errp)
+static unsigned int memory_device_get_memslots(MemoryDeviceState *md)
 {
+    const MemoryDeviceClass *mdc = MEMORY_DEVICE_GET_CLASS(md);
+
+    if (mdc->get_memslots) {
+        return mdc->get_memslots(md);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Memslots that are reserved by memory devices (required but still reported
+ * as free from KVM / vhost).
+ */
+static unsigned int get_reserved_memslots(MachineState *ms)
+{
+    if (ms->device_memory->used_memslots >
+        ms->device_memory->required_memslots) {
+        /* This is unexpected, and we warned already in the memory notifier. */
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return ms->device_memory->required_memslots -
+           ms->device_memory->used_memslots;
+}
+
+unsigned int memory_devices_get_reserved_memslots(void)
+{
+    if (!current_machine->device_memory) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return get_reserved_memslots(current_machine);
+}
+
+bool memory_devices_memslot_auto_decision_active(void)
+{
+    if (!current_machine->device_memory) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return current_machine->device_memory->memslot_auto_decision_active;
+}
+
+static unsigned int memory_device_memslot_decision_limit(MachineState *ms,
+                                                         MemoryRegion *mr)
+{
+    const unsigned int reserved = get_reserved_memslots(ms);
+    const uint64_t size = memory_region_size(mr);
+    unsigned int max = vhost_get_max_memslots();
+    unsigned int free = vhost_get_free_memslots();
+    uint64_t available_space;
+    unsigned int memslots;
+
+    if (kvm_enabled()) {
+        max = MIN(max, kvm_get_max_memslots());
+        free = MIN(free, kvm_get_free_memslots());
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If we only have less overall memslots than what we consider reasonable,
+     * just keep it to a minimum.
+     */
+    if (max < MEMORY_DEVICES_SAFE_MAX_MEMSLOTS) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Consider our soft-limit across all memory devices. We don't really
+     * expect to exceed this limit in reasonable configurations.
+     */
+    if (MEMORY_DEVICES_SOFT_MEMSLOT_LIMIT <=
+        ms->device_memory->required_memslots) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+    memslots = MEMORY_DEVICES_SOFT_MEMSLOT_LIMIT -
+               ms->device_memory->required_memslots;
+
+    /*
+     * Consider the actually still free memslots. This is only relevant if
+     * other memslot consumers would consume *significantly* more memslots than
+     * what we prepared for (> 253). Unlikely, but let's just handle it
+     * cleanly.
+     */
+    memslots = MIN(memslots, free - reserved);
+    if (memslots < 1 || unlikely(free < reserved)) {
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* We cannot have any other memory devices? So give all to this device. */
+    if (size == ms->maxram_size - ms->ram_size) {
+        return memslots;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Simple heuristic: equally distribute the memslots over the space
+     * still available for memory devices.
+     */
+    available_space = ms->maxram_size - ms->ram_size -
+                      ms->device_memory->used_region_size;
+    memslots = (double)memslots * size / available_space;
+    return memslots < 1 ? 1 : memslots;
+}
+
+static void memory_device_check_addable(MachineState *ms, MemoryDeviceState *md,
+                                        MemoryRegion *mr, Error **errp)
+{
+    const MemoryDeviceClass *mdc = MEMORY_DEVICE_GET_CLASS(md);
     const uint64_t used_region_size = ms->device_memory->used_region_size;
     const uint64_t size = memory_region_size(mr);
+    const unsigned int reserved_memslots = get_reserved_memslots(ms);
+    unsigned int required_memslots, memslot_limit;
+
+    /*
+     * Instruct the device to decide how many memslots to use, if applicable,
+     * before we query the number of required memslots the first time.
+     */
+    if (mdc->decide_memslots) {
+        memslot_limit = memory_device_memslot_decision_limit(ms, mr);
+        mdc->decide_memslots(md, memslot_limit);
+    }
+    required_memslots = memory_device_get_memslots(md);
 
-    /* we will need a new memory slot for kvm and vhost */
-    if (kvm_enabled() && !kvm_has_free_slot(ms)) {
-        error_setg(errp, "hypervisor has no free memory slots left");
+    /* we will need memory slots for kvm and vhost */
+    if (kvm_enabled() &&
+        kvm_get_free_memslots() < required_memslots + reserved_memslots) {
+        error_setg(errp, "hypervisor has not enough free memory slots left");
         return;
     }
-    if (!vhost_has_free_slot()) {
-        error_setg(errp, "a used vhost backend has no free memory slots left");
+    if (vhost_get_free_memslots() < required_memslots + reserved_memslots) {
+        error_setg(errp, "a used vhost backend has not enough free memory slots left");
         return;
     }
 
@@ -233,7 +349,7 @@ void memory_device_pre_plug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms,
         goto out;
     }
 
-    memory_device_check_addable(ms, mr, &local_err);
+    memory_device_check_addable(ms, md, mr, &local_err);
     if (local_err) {
         goto out;
     }
@@ -264,6 +380,7 @@ out:
 void memory_device_plug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms)
 {
     const MemoryDeviceClass *mdc = MEMORY_DEVICE_GET_CLASS(md);
+    const unsigned int memslots = memory_device_get_memslots(md);
     const uint64_t addr = mdc->get_addr(md);
     MemoryRegion *mr;
 
@@ -275,6 +392,11 @@ void memory_device_plug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms)
     g_assert(ms->device_memory);
 
     ms->device_memory->used_region_size += memory_region_size(mr);
+    ms->device_memory->required_memslots += memslots;
+    if (mdc->decide_memslots && memslots > 1) {
+        ms->device_memory->memslot_auto_decision_active++;
+    }
+
     memory_region_add_subregion(&ms->device_memory->mr,
                                 addr - ms->device_memory->base, mr);
     trace_memory_device_plug(DEVICE(md)->id ? DEVICE(md)->id : "", addr);
@@ -283,6 +405,7 @@ void memory_device_plug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms)
 void memory_device_unplug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms)
 {
     const MemoryDeviceClass *mdc = MEMORY_DEVICE_GET_CLASS(md);
+    const unsigned int memslots = memory_device_get_memslots(md);
     MemoryRegion *mr;
 
     /*
@@ -293,7 +416,12 @@ void memory_device_unplug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms)
     g_assert(ms->device_memory);
 
     memory_region_del_subregion(&ms->device_memory->mr, mr);
+
+    if (mdc->decide_memslots && memslots > 1) {
+        ms->device_memory->memslot_auto_decision_active--;
+    }
     ms->device_memory->used_region_size -= memory_region_size(mr);
+    ms->device_memory->required_memslots -= memslots;
     trace_memory_device_unplug(DEVICE(md)->id ? DEVICE(md)->id : "",
                                mdc->get_addr(md));
 }
@@ -313,6 +441,50 @@ uint64_t memory_device_get_region_size(const MemoryDeviceState *md,
     return memory_region_size(mr);
 }
 
+static void memory_devices_region_mod(MemoryListener *listener,
+                                      MemoryRegionSection *mrs, bool add)
+{
+    DeviceMemoryState *dms = container_of(listener, DeviceMemoryState,
+                                          listener);
+
+    if (!memory_region_is_ram(mrs->mr)) {
+        warn_report("Unexpected memory region mapped into device memory region.");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The expectation is that each distinct RAM memory region section in
+     * our region for memory devices consumes exactly one memslot in KVM
+     * and in vhost. For vhost, this is true, except:
+     * * ROM memory regions don't consume a memslot. These get used very
+     *   rarely for memory devices (R/O NVDIMMs).
+     * * Memslots without a fd (memory-backend-ram) don't necessarily
+     *   consume a memslot. Such setups are quite rare and possibly bogus:
+     *   the memory would be inaccessible by such vhost devices.
+     *
+     * So for vhost, in corner cases we might over-estimate the number of
+     * memslots that are currently used or that might still be reserved
+     * (required - used).
+     */
+    dms->used_memslots += add ? 1 : -1;
+
+    if (dms->used_memslots > dms->required_memslots) {
+        warn_report("Memory devices use more memory slots than indicated as required.");
+    }
+}
+
+static void memory_devices_region_add(MemoryListener *listener,
+                                      MemoryRegionSection *mrs)
+{
+    return memory_devices_region_mod(listener, mrs, true);
+}
+
+static void memory_devices_region_del(MemoryListener *listener,
+                                      MemoryRegionSection *mrs)
+{
+    return memory_devices_region_mod(listener, mrs, false);
+}
+
 void machine_memory_devices_init(MachineState *ms, hwaddr base, uint64_t size)
 {
     g_assert(size);
@@ -322,8 +494,16 @@ void machine_memory_devices_init(MachineState *ms, hwaddr base, uint64_t size)
 
     memory_region_init(&ms->device_memory->mr, OBJECT(ms), "device-memory",
                        size);
+    address_space_init(&ms->device_memory->as, &ms->device_memory->mr,
+                       "device-memory");
     memory_region_add_subregion(get_system_memory(), ms->device_memory->base,
                                 &ms->device_memory->mr);
+
+    /* Track the number of memslots used by memory devices. */
+    ms->device_memory->listener.region_add = memory_devices_region_add;
+    ms->device_memory->listener.region_del = memory_devices_region_del;
+    memory_listener_register(&ms->device_memory->listener,
+                             &ms->device_memory->as);
 }
 
 static const TypeInfo memory_device_info = {
diff --git a/hw/misc/Kconfig b/hw/misc/Kconfig
index 858277bb60..dba41afe67 100644
--- a/hw/misc/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/misc/Kconfig
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ config PCA9552
     bool
     depends on I2C
 
+config I2C_ECHO
+    bool
+    default y if TEST_DEVICES
+    depends on I2C
+
 config PL310
     bool
 
diff --git a/hw/misc/i2c-echo.c b/hw/misc/i2c-echo.c
index 5705ab5d73..5ae3d0817e 100644
--- a/hw/misc/i2c-echo.c
+++ b/hw/misc/i2c-echo.c
@@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
+/*
+ * Example I2C device using asynchronous I2C send.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.  See
+ * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ */
+
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
 #include "qemu/timer.h"
 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
diff --git a/hw/misc/meson.build b/hw/misc/meson.build
index 33659313b4..f60de33f9a 100644
--- a/hw/misc/meson.build
+++ b/hw/misc/meson.build
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_NRF51_SOC', if_true: files('nrf51_rng.c'))
 
 system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_GRLIB', if_true: files('grlib_ahb_apb_pnp.c'))
 
-system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_I2C', if_true: files('i2c-echo.c'))
+system_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_I2C_ECHO', if_true: files('i2c-echo.c'))
 
 specific_ss.add(when: 'CONFIG_AVR_POWER', if_true: files('avr_power.c'))
 
diff --git a/hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_main.c b/hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_main.c
index 4fc6712025..e735ff97eb 100644
--- a/hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_main.c
+++ b/hw/rdma/vmw/pvrdma_main.c
@@ -91,19 +91,33 @@ static int init_dev_ring(PvrdmaRing *ring, PvrdmaRingState **ring_state,
                          dma_addr_t dir_addr, uint32_t num_pages)
 {
     uint64_t *dir, *tbl;
-    int rc = 0;
+    int max_pages, rc = 0;
 
     if (!num_pages) {
         rdma_error_report("Ring pages count must be strictly positive");
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
+    /*
+     * Make sure we can satisfy the requested number of pages in a single
+     * TARGET_PAGE_SIZE sized page table (taking into account that first entry
+     * is reserved for ring-state)
+     */
+    max_pages = TARGET_PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(dma_addr_t) - 1;
+    if (num_pages > max_pages) {
+        rdma_error_report("Maximum pages on a single directory must not exceed %d\n",
+                          max_pages);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
     dir = rdma_pci_dma_map(pci_dev, dir_addr, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
     if (!dir) {
         rdma_error_report("Failed to map to page directory (ring %s)", name);
         rc = -ENOMEM;
         goto out;
     }
+
+    /* We support only one page table for a ring */
     tbl = rdma_pci_dma_map(pci_dev, dir[0], TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
     if (!tbl) {
         rdma_error_report("Failed to map to page table (ring %s)", name);
@@ -601,6 +615,8 @@ static void pvrdma_realize(PCIDevice *pdev, Error **errp)
     bool ram_shared = false;
     PCIDevice *func0;
 
+    warn_report_once("pvrdma is deprecated and will be removed in a future release");
+
     rdma_info_report("Initializing device %s %x.%x", pdev->name,
                      PCI_SLOT(pdev->devfn), PCI_FUNC(pdev->devfn));
 
diff --git a/hw/ufs/lu.c b/hw/ufs/lu.c
index e1c46bddb1..13b5e37b53 100644
--- a/hw/ufs/lu.c
+++ b/hw/ufs/lu.c
@@ -1345,13 +1345,12 @@ static void ufs_lu_realize(SCSIDevice *dev, Error **errp)
         return;
     }
 
-    if (lu->qdev.conf.blk) {
-        ctx = blk_get_aio_context(lu->qdev.conf.blk);
-        aio_context_acquire(ctx);
-        if (!blkconf_blocksizes(&lu->qdev.conf, errp)) {
-            goto out;
-        }
+    ctx = blk_get_aio_context(lu->qdev.conf.blk);
+    aio_context_acquire(ctx);
+    if (!blkconf_blocksizes(&lu->qdev.conf, errp)) {
+        goto out;
     }
+
     lu->qdev.blocksize = UFS_BLOCK_SIZE;
     blk_get_geometry(lu->qdev.conf.blk, &nb_sectors);
     nb_blocks = nb_sectors / (lu->qdev.blocksize / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
@@ -1367,10 +1366,9 @@ static void ufs_lu_realize(SCSIDevice *dev, Error **errp)
     }
 
     ufs_lu_brdv_init(lu, errp);
+
 out:
-    if (ctx) {
-        aio_context_release(ctx);
-    }
+    aio_context_release(ctx);
 }
 
 static void ufs_lu_unrealize(SCSIDevice *dev)
diff --git a/hw/ufs/ufs.c b/hw/ufs/ufs.c
index 0ecedb9aed..2e6d582cc3 100644
--- a/hw/ufs/ufs.c
+++ b/hw/ufs/ufs.c
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ static void ufs_irq_check(UfsHc *u)
 
 static void ufs_process_db(UfsHc *u, uint32_t val)
 {
-    unsigned long doorbell;
+    DECLARE_BITMAP(doorbell, UFS_MAX_NUTRS);
     uint32_t slot;
     uint32_t nutrs = u->params.nutrs;
     UfsRequest *req;
@@ -268,8 +268,8 @@ static void ufs_process_db(UfsHc *u, uint32_t val)
         return;
     }
 
-    doorbell = val;
-    slot = find_first_bit(&doorbell, nutrs);
+    doorbell[0] = val;
+    slot = find_first_bit(doorbell, nutrs);
 
     while (slot < nutrs) {
         req = &u->req_list[slot];
@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ static void ufs_process_db(UfsHc *u, uint32_t val)
 
         trace_ufs_process_db(slot);
         req->state = UFS_REQUEST_READY;
-        slot = find_next_bit(&doorbell, nutrs, slot + 1);
+        slot = find_next_bit(doorbell, nutrs, slot + 1);
     }
 
     qemu_bh_schedule(u->doorbell_bh);
@@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ static QueryRespCode ufs_read_unit_desc(UfsRequest *req)
     uint8_t lun = req->req_upiu.qr.index;
 
     if (lun != UFS_UPIU_RPMB_WLUN &&
-        (lun > UFS_MAX_LUS || u->lus[lun] == NULL)) {
+        (lun >= UFS_MAX_LUS || u->lus[lun] == NULL)) {
         trace_ufs_err_query_invalid_index(req->req_upiu.qr.opcode, lun);
         return UFS_QUERY_RESULT_INVALID_INDEX;
     }
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-stub.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-stub.c
index aa858ef3fb..52d42adab2 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-stub.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-stub.c
@@ -2,9 +2,14 @@
 #include "hw/virtio/vhost.h"
 #include "hw/virtio/vhost-user.h"
 
-bool vhost_has_free_slot(void)
+unsigned int vhost_get_max_memslots(void)
 {
-    return true;
+    return UINT_MAX;
+}
+
+unsigned int vhost_get_free_memslots(void)
+{
+    return UINT_MAX;
 }
 
 bool vhost_user_init(VhostUserState *user, CharBackend *chr, Error **errp)
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c
index 3766b415f8..68eb1f0c99 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-user.c
@@ -2327,19 +2327,6 @@ static int vhost_user_migration_done(struct vhost_dev *dev, char* mac_addr)
     return -ENOTSUP;
 }
 
-static bool vhost_user_can_merge(struct vhost_dev *dev,
-                                 uint64_t start1, uint64_t size1,
-                                 uint64_t start2, uint64_t size2)
-{
-    ram_addr_t offset;
-    int mfd, rfd;
-
-    (void)vhost_user_get_mr_data(start1, &offset, &mfd);
-    (void)vhost_user_get_mr_data(start2, &offset, &rfd);
-
-    return mfd == rfd;
-}
-
 static int vhost_user_net_set_mtu(struct vhost_dev *dev, uint16_t mtu)
 {
     VhostUserMsg msg;
@@ -2622,10 +2609,9 @@ vhost_user_crypto_close_session(struct vhost_dev *dev, uint64_t session_id)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static bool vhost_user_mem_section_filter(struct vhost_dev *dev,
-                                          MemoryRegionSection *section)
+static bool vhost_user_no_private_memslots(struct vhost_dev *dev)
 {
-    return memory_region_get_fd(section->mr) >= 0;
+    return true;
 }
 
 static int vhost_user_get_inflight_fd(struct vhost_dev *dev,
@@ -2868,6 +2854,7 @@ const VhostOps user_ops = {
         .vhost_backend_init = vhost_user_backend_init,
         .vhost_backend_cleanup = vhost_user_backend_cleanup,
         .vhost_backend_memslots_limit = vhost_user_memslots_limit,
+        .vhost_backend_no_private_memslots = vhost_user_no_private_memslots,
         .vhost_set_log_base = vhost_user_set_log_base,
         .vhost_set_mem_table = vhost_user_set_mem_table,
         .vhost_set_vring_addr = vhost_user_set_vring_addr,
@@ -2886,7 +2873,6 @@ const VhostOps user_ops = {
         .vhost_set_vring_enable = vhost_user_set_vring_enable,
         .vhost_requires_shm_log = vhost_user_requires_shm_log,
         .vhost_migration_done = vhost_user_migration_done,
-        .vhost_backend_can_merge = vhost_user_can_merge,
         .vhost_net_set_mtu = vhost_user_net_set_mtu,
         .vhost_set_iotlb_callback = vhost_user_set_iotlb_callback,
         .vhost_send_device_iotlb_msg = vhost_user_send_device_iotlb_msg,
@@ -2894,7 +2880,6 @@ const VhostOps user_ops = {
         .vhost_set_config = vhost_user_set_config,
         .vhost_crypto_create_session = vhost_user_crypto_create_session,
         .vhost_crypto_close_session = vhost_user_crypto_close_session,
-        .vhost_backend_mem_section_filter = vhost_user_mem_section_filter,
         .vhost_get_inflight_fd = vhost_user_get_inflight_fd,
         .vhost_set_inflight_fd = vhost_user_set_inflight_fd,
         .vhost_dev_start = vhost_user_dev_start,
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c
index 89ff02a999..819b2d811a 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c
@@ -1512,7 +1512,6 @@ const VhostOps vdpa_ops = {
         .vhost_set_config = vhost_vdpa_set_config,
         .vhost_requires_shm_log = NULL,
         .vhost_migration_done = NULL,
-        .vhost_backend_can_merge = NULL,
         .vhost_net_set_mtu = NULL,
         .vhost_set_iotlb_callback = NULL,
         .vhost_send_device_iotlb_msg = NULL,
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost.c b/hw/virtio/vhost.c
index 9cfac40fde..9f37206ba0 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "qemu/log.h"
 #include "standard-headers/linux/vhost_types.h"
 #include "hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h"
+#include "hw/mem/memory-device.h"
 #include "migration/blocker.h"
 #include "migration/qemu-file-types.h"
 #include "sysemu/dma.h"
@@ -45,20 +46,44 @@
 static struct vhost_log *vhost_log;
 static struct vhost_log *vhost_log_shm;
 
+/* Memslots used by backends that support private memslots (without an fd). */
 static unsigned int used_memslots;
+
+/* Memslots used by backends that only support shared memslots (with an fd). */
+static unsigned int used_shared_memslots;
+
 static QLIST_HEAD(, vhost_dev) vhost_devices =
     QLIST_HEAD_INITIALIZER(vhost_devices);
 
-bool vhost_has_free_slot(void)
+unsigned int vhost_get_max_memslots(void)
+{
+    unsigned int max = UINT_MAX;
+    struct vhost_dev *hdev;
+
+    QLIST_FOREACH(hdev, &vhost_devices, entry) {
+        max = MIN(max, hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_memslots_limit(hdev));
+    }
+    return max;
+}
+
+unsigned int vhost_get_free_memslots(void)
 {
-    unsigned int slots_limit = ~0U;
+    unsigned int free = UINT_MAX;
     struct vhost_dev *hdev;
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(hdev, &vhost_devices, entry) {
         unsigned int r = hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_memslots_limit(hdev);
-        slots_limit = MIN(slots_limit, r);
+        unsigned int cur_free;
+
+        if (hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots &&
+            hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots(hdev)) {
+            cur_free = r - used_shared_memslots;
+        } else {
+            cur_free = r - used_memslots;
+        }
+        free = MIN(free, cur_free);
     }
-    return slots_limit > used_memslots;
+    return free;
 }
 
 static void vhost_dev_sync_region(struct vhost_dev *dev,
@@ -474,8 +499,7 @@ static int vhost_verify_ring_mappings(struct vhost_dev *dev,
  * vhost_section: identify sections needed for vhost access
  *
  * We only care about RAM sections here (where virtqueue and guest
- * internals accessed by virtio might live). If we find one we still
- * allow the backend to potentially filter it out of our list.
+ * internals accessed by virtio might live).
  */
 static bool vhost_section(struct vhost_dev *dev, MemoryRegionSection *section)
 {
@@ -502,8 +526,16 @@ static bool vhost_section(struct vhost_dev *dev, MemoryRegionSection *section)
             return false;
         }
 
-        if (dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_mem_section_filter &&
-            !dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_mem_section_filter(dev, section)) {
+        /*
+         * Some backends (like vhost-user) can only handle memory regions
+         * that have an fd (can be mapped into a different process). Filter
+         * the ones without an fd out, if requested.
+         *
+         * TODO: we might have to limit to MAP_SHARED as well.
+         */
+        if (memory_region_get_fd(section->mr) < 0 &&
+            dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots &&
+            dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots(dev)) {
             trace_vhost_reject_section(mr->name, 2);
             return false;
         }
@@ -568,7 +600,14 @@ static void vhost_commit(MemoryListener *listener)
                        dev->n_mem_sections * sizeof dev->mem->regions[0];
     dev->mem = g_realloc(dev->mem, regions_size);
     dev->mem->nregions = dev->n_mem_sections;
-    used_memslots = dev->mem->nregions;
+
+    if (dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots &&
+        dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots(dev)) {
+        used_shared_memslots = dev->mem->nregions;
+    } else {
+        used_memslots = dev->mem->nregions;
+    }
+
     for (i = 0; i < dev->n_mem_sections; i++) {
         struct vhost_memory_region *cur_vmr = dev->mem->regions + i;
         struct MemoryRegionSection *mrs = dev->mem_sections + i;
@@ -668,7 +707,7 @@ static void vhost_region_add_section(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                                                mrs_size, mrs_host);
     }
 
-    if (dev->n_tmp_sections) {
+    if (dev->n_tmp_sections && !section->unmergeable) {
         /* Since we already have at least one section, lets see if
          * this extends it; since we're scanning in order, we only
          * have to look at the last one, and the FlatView that calls
@@ -701,11 +740,7 @@ static void vhost_region_add_section(struct vhost_dev *dev,
             size_t offset = mrs_gpa - prev_gpa_start;
 
             if (prev_host_start + offset == mrs_host &&
-                section->mr == prev_sec->mr &&
-                (!dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_can_merge ||
-                 dev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_can_merge(dev,
-                    mrs_host, mrs_size,
-                    prev_host_start, prev_size))) {
+                section->mr == prev_sec->mr && !prev_sec->unmergeable) {
                 uint64_t max_end = MAX(prev_host_end, mrs_host + mrs_size);
                 need_add = false;
                 prev_sec->offset_within_address_space =
@@ -1400,6 +1435,7 @@ int vhost_dev_init(struct vhost_dev *hdev, void *opaque,
                    VhostBackendType backend_type, uint32_t busyloop_timeout,
                    Error **errp)
 {
+    unsigned int used, reserved, limit;
     uint64_t features;
     int i, r, n_initialized_vqs = 0;
 
@@ -1426,6 +1462,19 @@ int vhost_dev_init(struct vhost_dev *hdev, void *opaque,
         goto fail;
     }
 
+    limit = hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_memslots_limit(hdev);
+    if (limit < MEMORY_DEVICES_SAFE_MAX_MEMSLOTS &&
+        memory_devices_memslot_auto_decision_active()) {
+        error_setg(errp, "some memory device (like virtio-mem)"
+            " decided how many memory slots to use based on the overall"
+            " number of memory slots; this vhost backend would further"
+            " restricts the overall number of memory slots");
+        error_append_hint(errp, "Try plugging this vhost backend before"
+            " plugging such memory devices.\n");
+        r = -EINVAL;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
     for (i = 0; i < hdev->nvqs; ++i, ++n_initialized_vqs) {
         r = vhost_virtqueue_init(hdev, hdev->vqs + i, hdev->vq_index + i);
         if (r < 0) {
@@ -1495,9 +1544,27 @@ int vhost_dev_init(struct vhost_dev *hdev, void *opaque,
     memory_listener_register(&hdev->memory_listener, &address_space_memory);
     QLIST_INSERT_HEAD(&vhost_devices, hdev, entry);
 
-    if (used_memslots > hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_memslots_limit(hdev)) {
-        error_setg(errp, "vhost backend memory slots limit is less"
-                   " than current number of present memory slots");
+    /*
+     * The listener we registered properly updated the corresponding counter.
+     * So we can trust that these values are accurate.
+     */
+    if (hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots &&
+        hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_backend_no_private_memslots(hdev)) {
+        used = used_shared_memslots;
+    } else {
+        used = used_memslots;
+    }
+    /*
+     * We assume that all reserved memslots actually require a real memslot
+     * in our vhost backend. This might not be true, for example, if the
+     * memslot would be ROM. If ever relevant, we can optimize for that --
+     * but we'll need additional information about the reservations.
+     */
+    reserved = memory_devices_get_reserved_memslots();
+    if (used + reserved > limit) {
+        error_setg(errp, "vhost backend memory slots limit (%d) is less"
+                   " than current number of used (%d) and reserved (%d)"
+                   " memory slots for memory devices.", limit, used, reserved);
         r = -EINVAL;
         goto fail_busyloop;
     }
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c
index c4597e029e..1b4e9a3284 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c
@@ -48,6 +48,25 @@ static MemoryRegion *virtio_mem_pci_get_memory_region(MemoryDeviceState *md,
     return vmc->get_memory_region(vmem, errp);
 }
 
+static void virtio_mem_pci_decide_memslots(MemoryDeviceState *md,
+                                           unsigned int limit)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMPCI *pci_mem = VIRTIO_MEM_PCI(md);
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(&pci_mem->vdev);
+    VirtIOMEMClass *vmc = VIRTIO_MEM_GET_CLASS(vmem);
+
+    vmc->decide_memslots(vmem, limit);
+}
+
+static unsigned int virtio_mem_pci_get_memslots(MemoryDeviceState *md)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMPCI *pci_mem = VIRTIO_MEM_PCI(md);
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(&pci_mem->vdev);
+    VirtIOMEMClass *vmc = VIRTIO_MEM_GET_CLASS(vmem);
+
+    return vmc->get_memslots(vmem);
+}
+
 static uint64_t virtio_mem_pci_get_plugged_size(const MemoryDeviceState *md,
                                                 Error **errp)
 {
@@ -150,6 +169,8 @@ static void virtio_mem_pci_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
     mdc->set_addr = virtio_mem_pci_set_addr;
     mdc->get_plugged_size = virtio_mem_pci_get_plugged_size;
     mdc->get_memory_region = virtio_mem_pci_get_memory_region;
+    mdc->decide_memslots = virtio_mem_pci_decide_memslots;
+    mdc->get_memslots = virtio_mem_pci_get_memslots;
     mdc->fill_device_info = virtio_mem_pci_fill_device_info;
     mdc->get_min_alignment = virtio_mem_pci_get_min_alignment;
 
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c
index da5b09cefc..9dc3c61b5a 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c
@@ -67,6 +67,13 @@ static uint32_t virtio_mem_default_thp_size(void)
 }
 
 /*
+ * The minimum memslot size depends on this setting ("sane default"), the
+ * device block size, and the memory backend page size. The last (or single)
+ * memslot might be smaller than this constant.
+ */
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_MIN_MEMSLOT_SIZE (1 * GiB)
+
+/*
  * We want to have a reasonable default block size such that
  * 1. We avoid splitting THPs when unplugging memory, which degrades
  *    performance.
@@ -177,10 +184,10 @@ static bool virtio_mem_is_busy(void)
     return migration_in_incoming_postcopy() || !migration_is_idle();
 }
 
-typedef int (*virtio_mem_range_cb)(const VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
+typedef int (*virtio_mem_range_cb)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
                                    uint64_t offset, uint64_t size);
 
-static int virtio_mem_for_each_unplugged_range(const VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
+static int virtio_mem_for_each_unplugged_range(VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
                                                virtio_mem_range_cb cb)
 {
     unsigned long first_zero_bit, last_zero_bit;
@@ -204,7 +211,7 @@ static int virtio_mem_for_each_unplugged_range(const VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
     return ret;
 }
 
-static int virtio_mem_for_each_plugged_range(const VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
+static int virtio_mem_for_each_plugged_range(VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
                                              virtio_mem_range_cb cb)
 {
     unsigned long first_bit, last_bit;
@@ -483,6 +490,96 @@ static bool virtio_mem_valid_range(const VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t gpa,
     return true;
 }
 
+static void virtio_mem_activate_memslot(VirtIOMEM *vmem, unsigned int idx)
+{
+    const uint64_t memslot_offset = idx * vmem->memslot_size;
+
+    assert(vmem->memslots);
+
+    /*
+     * Instead of enabling/disabling memslots, we add/remove them. This should
+     * make address space updates faster, because we don't have to loop over
+     * many disabled subregions.
+     */
+    if (memory_region_is_mapped(&vmem->memslots[idx])) {
+        return;
+    }
+    memory_region_add_subregion(vmem->mr, memslot_offset, &vmem->memslots[idx]);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_deactivate_memslot(VirtIOMEM *vmem, unsigned int idx)
+{
+    assert(vmem->memslots);
+
+    if (!memory_region_is_mapped(&vmem->memslots[idx])) {
+        return;
+    }
+    memory_region_del_subregion(vmem->mr, &vmem->memslots[idx]);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_activate_memslots_to_plug(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                                 uint64_t offset, uint64_t size)
+{
+    const unsigned int start_idx = offset / vmem->memslot_size;
+    const unsigned int end_idx = (offset + size + vmem->memslot_size - 1) /
+                                 vmem->memslot_size;
+    unsigned int idx;
+
+    if (!vmem->dynamic_memslots) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Activate all involved memslots in a single transaction. */
+    memory_region_transaction_begin();
+    for (idx = start_idx; idx < end_idx; idx++) {
+        virtio_mem_activate_memslot(vmem, idx);
+    }
+    memory_region_transaction_commit();
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_deactivate_unplugged_memslots(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                                     uint64_t offset,
+                                                     uint64_t size)
+{
+    const uint64_t region_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+    const unsigned int start_idx = offset / vmem->memslot_size;
+    const unsigned int end_idx = (offset + size + vmem->memslot_size - 1) /
+                                 vmem->memslot_size;
+    unsigned int idx;
+
+    if (!vmem->dynamic_memslots) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Deactivate all memslots with unplugged blocks in a single transaction. */
+    memory_region_transaction_begin();
+    for (idx = start_idx; idx < end_idx; idx++) {
+        const uint64_t memslot_offset = idx * vmem->memslot_size;
+        uint64_t memslot_size = vmem->memslot_size;
+
+        /* The size of the last memslot might be smaller. */
+        if (idx == vmem->nb_memslots - 1) {
+            memslot_size = region_size - memslot_offset;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Partially covered memslots might still have some blocks plugged and
+         * have to remain active if that's the case.
+         */
+        if (offset > memslot_offset ||
+            offset + size < memslot_offset + memslot_size) {
+            const uint64_t gpa = vmem->addr + memslot_offset;
+
+            if (!virtio_mem_is_range_unplugged(vmem, gpa, memslot_size)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        virtio_mem_deactivate_memslot(vmem, idx);
+    }
+    memory_region_transaction_commit();
+}
+
 static int virtio_mem_set_block_state(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t start_gpa,
                                       uint64_t size, bool plug)
 {
@@ -500,6 +597,8 @@ static int virtio_mem_set_block_state(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t start_gpa,
         }
         virtio_mem_notify_unplug(vmem, offset, size);
         virtio_mem_set_range_unplugged(vmem, start_gpa, size);
+        /* Deactivate completely unplugged memslots after updating the state. */
+        virtio_mem_deactivate_unplugged_memslots(vmem, offset, size);
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -527,7 +626,20 @@ static int virtio_mem_set_block_state(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t start_gpa,
     }
 
     if (!ret) {
+        /*
+         * Activate before notifying and rollback in case of any errors.
+         *
+         * When activating a yet inactive memslot, memory notifiers will get
+         * notified about the added memory region and can register with the
+         * RamDiscardManager; this will traverse all plugged blocks and skip the
+         * blocks we are plugging here. The following notification will inform
+         * registered listeners about the blocks we're plugging.
+         */
+        virtio_mem_activate_memslots_to_plug(vmem, offset, size);
         ret = virtio_mem_notify_plug(vmem, offset, size);
+        if (ret) {
+            virtio_mem_deactivate_unplugged_memslots(vmem, offset, size);
+        }
     }
     if (ret) {
         /* Could be preallocation or a notifier populated memory. */
@@ -620,6 +732,7 @@ static void virtio_mem_resize_usable_region(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
 
 static int virtio_mem_unplug_all(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
 {
+    const uint64_t region_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
     RAMBlock *rb = vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block;
 
     if (vmem->size) {
@@ -634,6 +747,9 @@ static int virtio_mem_unplug_all(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
         bitmap_clear(vmem->bitmap, 0, vmem->bitmap_size);
         vmem->size = 0;
         notifier_list_notify(&vmem->size_change_notifiers, &vmem->size);
+
+        /* Deactivate all memslots after updating the state. */
+        virtio_mem_deactivate_unplugged_memslots(vmem, 0, region_size);
     }
 
     trace_virtio_mem_unplugged_all();
@@ -790,6 +906,49 @@ static void virtio_mem_system_reset(void *opaque)
     virtio_mem_unplug_all(vmem);
 }
 
+static void virtio_mem_prepare_mr(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
+{
+    const uint64_t region_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+
+    assert(!vmem->mr && vmem->dynamic_memslots);
+    vmem->mr = g_new0(MemoryRegion, 1);
+    memory_region_init(vmem->mr, OBJECT(vmem), "virtio-mem",
+                       region_size);
+    vmem->mr->align = memory_region_get_alignment(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_prepare_memslots(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
+{
+    const uint64_t region_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+    unsigned int idx;
+
+    g_assert(!vmem->memslots && vmem->nb_memslots && vmem->dynamic_memslots);
+    vmem->memslots = g_new0(MemoryRegion, vmem->nb_memslots);
+
+    /* Initialize our memslots, but don't map them yet. */
+    for (idx = 0; idx < vmem->nb_memslots; idx++) {
+        const uint64_t memslot_offset = idx * vmem->memslot_size;
+        uint64_t memslot_size = vmem->memslot_size;
+        char name[20];
+
+        /* The size of the last memslot might be smaller. */
+        if (idx == vmem->nb_memslots - 1) {
+            memslot_size = region_size - memslot_offset;
+        }
+
+        snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "memslot-%u", idx);
+        memory_region_init_alias(&vmem->memslots[idx], OBJECT(vmem), name,
+                                 &vmem->memdev->mr, memslot_offset,
+                                 memslot_size);
+        /*
+         * We want to be able to atomically and efficiently activate/deactivate
+         * individual memslots without affecting adjacent memslots in memory
+         * notifiers.
+         */
+        memory_region_set_unmergeable(&vmem->memslots[idx], true);
+    }
+}
+
 static void virtio_mem_device_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 {
     MachineState *ms = MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
@@ -861,6 +1020,14 @@ static void virtio_mem_device_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     vmem->unplugged_inaccessible = ON_OFF_AUTO_ON;
 #endif /* VIRTIO_MEM_HAS_LEGACY_GUESTS */
 
+    if (vmem->dynamic_memslots &&
+        vmem->unplugged_inaccessible != ON_OFF_AUTO_ON) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property set to 'on' requires '%s' to be 'on'",
+                   VIRTIO_MEM_DYNAMIC_MEMSLOTS_PROP,
+                   VIRTIO_MEM_UNPLUGGED_INACCESSIBLE_PROP);
+        return;
+    }
+
     /*
      * If the block size wasn't configured by the user, use a sane default. This
      * allows using hugetlbfs backends of any page size without manual
@@ -930,6 +1097,25 @@ static void virtio_mem_device_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     virtio_init(vdev, VIRTIO_ID_MEM, sizeof(struct virtio_mem_config));
     vmem->vq = virtio_add_queue(vdev, 128, virtio_mem_handle_request);
 
+    /*
+     * With "dynamic-memslots=off" (old behavior) we always map the whole
+     * RAM memory region directly.
+     */
+    if (vmem->dynamic_memslots) {
+        if (!vmem->mr) {
+            virtio_mem_prepare_mr(vmem);
+        }
+        if (vmem->nb_memslots <= 1) {
+            vmem->nb_memslots = 1;
+            vmem->memslot_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+        }
+        if (!vmem->memslots) {
+            virtio_mem_prepare_memslots(vmem);
+        }
+    } else {
+        assert(!vmem->mr && !vmem->nb_memslots && !vmem->memslots);
+    }
+
     host_memory_backend_set_mapped(vmem->memdev, true);
     vmstate_register_ram(&vmem->memdev->mr, DEVICE(vmem));
     if (vmem->early_migration) {
@@ -969,7 +1155,7 @@ static void virtio_mem_device_unrealize(DeviceState *dev)
     ram_block_coordinated_discard_require(false);
 }
 
-static int virtio_mem_discard_range_cb(const VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
+static int virtio_mem_discard_range_cb(VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
                                        uint64_t offset, uint64_t size)
 {
     RAMBlock *rb = vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block;
@@ -984,13 +1170,32 @@ static int virtio_mem_restore_unplugged(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
                                                virtio_mem_discard_range_cb);
 }
 
-static int virtio_mem_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
+static int virtio_mem_activate_memslot_range_cb(VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
+                                                uint64_t offset, uint64_t size)
+{
+    virtio_mem_activate_memslots_to_plug(vmem, offset, size);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_post_load_bitmap(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
 {
-    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(opaque);
     RamDiscardListener *rdl;
     int ret;
 
     /*
+     * We restored the bitmap and updated the requested size; activate all
+     * memslots (so listeners register) before notifying about plugged blocks.
+     */
+    if (vmem->dynamic_memslots) {
+        /*
+         * We don't expect any active memslots at this point to deactivate: no
+         * memory was plugged on the migration destination.
+         */
+        virtio_mem_for_each_plugged_range(vmem, NULL,
+                                          virtio_mem_activate_memslot_range_cb);
+    }
+
+    /*
      * We started out with all memory discarded and our memory region is mapped
      * into an address space. Replay, now that we updated the bitmap.
      */
@@ -1001,6 +1206,20 @@ static int virtio_mem_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
             return ret;
         }
     }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(opaque);
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!vmem->early_migration) {
+        ret = virtio_mem_post_load_bitmap(vmem);
+        if (ret) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
 
     /*
      * If shared RAM is migrated using the file content and not using QEMU,
@@ -1021,7 +1240,7 @@ static int virtio_mem_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
     return virtio_mem_restore_unplugged(vmem);
 }
 
-static int virtio_mem_prealloc_range_cb(const VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
+static int virtio_mem_prealloc_range_cb(VirtIOMEM *vmem, void *arg,
                                         uint64_t offset, uint64_t size)
 {
     void *area = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(&vmem->memdev->mr) + offset;
@@ -1043,7 +1262,7 @@ static int virtio_mem_post_load_early(void *opaque, int version_id)
     int ret;
 
     if (!vmem->prealloc) {
-        return 0;
+        goto post_load_bitmap;
     }
 
     /*
@@ -1051,7 +1270,7 @@ static int virtio_mem_post_load_early(void *opaque, int version_id)
      * don't mess with preallocation and postcopy.
      */
     if (migrate_ram_is_ignored(rb)) {
-        return 0;
+        goto post_load_bitmap;
     }
 
     /*
@@ -1084,7 +1303,10 @@ static int virtio_mem_post_load_early(void *opaque, int version_id)
             return -EBUSY;
         }
     }
-    return 0;
+
+post_load_bitmap:
+    /* Finally, update any other state to be consistent with the new bitmap. */
+    return virtio_mem_post_load_bitmap(vmem);
 }
 
 typedef struct VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks {
@@ -1235,11 +1457,79 @@ static MemoryRegion *virtio_mem_get_memory_region(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Error **errp)
     if (!vmem->memdev) {
         error_setg(errp, "'%s' property must be set", VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP);
         return NULL;
+    } else if (vmem->dynamic_memslots) {
+        if (!vmem->mr) {
+            virtio_mem_prepare_mr(vmem);
+        }
+        return vmem->mr;
     }
 
     return &vmem->memdev->mr;
 }
 
+static void virtio_mem_decide_memslots(VirtIOMEM *vmem, unsigned int limit)
+{
+    uint64_t region_size, memslot_size, min_memslot_size;
+    unsigned int memslots;
+    RAMBlock *rb;
+
+    if (!vmem->dynamic_memslots) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* We're called exactly once, before realizing the device. */
+    assert(!vmem->nb_memslots);
+
+    /* If realizing the device will fail, just assume a single memslot. */
+    if (limit <= 1 || !vmem->memdev || !vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block) {
+        vmem->nb_memslots = 1;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rb = vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block;
+    region_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+
+    /*
+     * Determine the default block size now, to determine the minimum memslot
+     * size. We want the minimum slot size to be at least the device block size.
+     */
+    if (!vmem->block_size) {
+        vmem->block_size = virtio_mem_default_block_size(rb);
+    }
+    /* If realizing the device will fail, just assume a single memslot. */
+    if (vmem->block_size < qemu_ram_pagesize(rb) ||
+        !QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(region_size, vmem->block_size)) {
+        vmem->nb_memslots = 1;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * All memslots except the last one have a reasonable minimum size, and
+     * and all memslot sizes are aligned to the device block size.
+     */
+    memslot_size = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(region_size / limit, vmem->block_size);
+    min_memslot_size = MAX(vmem->block_size, VIRTIO_MEM_MIN_MEMSLOT_SIZE);
+    memslot_size = MAX(memslot_size, min_memslot_size);
+
+    memslots = QEMU_ALIGN_UP(region_size, memslot_size) / memslot_size;
+    if (memslots != 1) {
+        vmem->memslot_size = memslot_size;
+    }
+    vmem->nb_memslots = memslots;
+}
+
+static unsigned int virtio_mem_get_memslots(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
+{
+    if (!vmem->dynamic_memslots) {
+        /* Exactly one static RAM memory region. */
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* We're called after instructed to make a decision. */
+    g_assert(vmem->nb_memslots);
+    return vmem->nb_memslots;
+}
+
 static void virtio_mem_add_size_change_notifier(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
                                                 Notifier *notifier)
 {
@@ -1377,6 +1667,21 @@ static void virtio_mem_instance_init(Object *obj)
                         NULL, NULL);
 }
 
+static void virtio_mem_instance_finalize(Object *obj)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(obj);
+
+    /*
+     * Note: the core already dropped the references on all memory regions
+     * (it's passed as the owner to memory_region_init_*()) and finalized
+     * these objects. We can simply free the memory.
+     */
+    g_free(vmem->memslots);
+    vmem->memslots = NULL;
+    g_free(vmem->mr);
+    vmem->mr = NULL;
+}
+
 static Property virtio_mem_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT64(VIRTIO_MEM_ADDR_PROP, VirtIOMEM, addr, 0),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32(VIRTIO_MEM_NODE_PROP, VirtIOMEM, node, 0),
@@ -1389,6 +1694,8 @@ static Property virtio_mem_properties[] = {
 #endif
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL(VIRTIO_MEM_EARLY_MIGRATION_PROP, VirtIOMEM,
                      early_migration, true),
+    DEFINE_PROP_BOOL(VIRTIO_MEM_DYNAMIC_MEMSLOTS_PROP, VirtIOMEM,
+                     dynamic_memslots, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };
 
@@ -1556,6 +1863,8 @@ static void virtio_mem_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
 
     vmc->fill_device_info = virtio_mem_fill_device_info;
     vmc->get_memory_region = virtio_mem_get_memory_region;
+    vmc->decide_memslots = virtio_mem_decide_memslots;
+    vmc->get_memslots = virtio_mem_get_memslots;
     vmc->add_size_change_notifier = virtio_mem_add_size_change_notifier;
     vmc->remove_size_change_notifier = virtio_mem_remove_size_change_notifier;
     vmc->unplug_request_check = virtio_mem_unplug_request_check;
@@ -1573,6 +1882,7 @@ static const TypeInfo virtio_mem_info = {
     .parent = TYPE_VIRTIO_DEVICE,
     .instance_size = sizeof(VirtIOMEM),
     .instance_init = virtio_mem_instance_init,
+    .instance_finalize = virtio_mem_instance_finalize,
     .class_init = virtio_mem_class_init,
     .class_size = sizeof(VirtIOMEMClass),
     .interfaces = (InterfaceInfo[]) {
diff --git a/include/block/block-common.h b/include/block/block-common.h
index 2d2af7230d..d7599564db 100644
--- a/include/block/block-common.h
+++ b/include/block/block-common.h
@@ -66,13 +66,16 @@
  * function. The coroutine yields after scheduling the BH and is reentered when
  * the wrapped function returns.
  *
- * A no_co_wrapper_bdrv_wrlock function is a no_co_wrapper function that
- * automatically takes the graph wrlock when calling the wrapped function.
+ * A no_co_wrapper_bdrv_rdlock function is a no_co_wrapper function that
+ * automatically takes the graph rdlock when calling the wrapped function. In
+ * the same way, no_co_wrapper_bdrv_wrlock functions automatically take the
+ * graph wrlock.
  *
  * If the first parameter of the function is a BlockDriverState, BdrvChild or
  * BlockBackend pointer, the AioContext lock for it is taken in the wrapper.
  */
 #define no_co_wrapper
+#define no_co_wrapper_bdrv_rdlock
 #define no_co_wrapper_bdrv_wrlock
 
 #include "block/blockjob.h"
diff --git a/include/block/block-global-state.h b/include/block/block-global-state.h
index 6061220a6c..6bfafe781d 100644
--- a/include/block/block-global-state.h
+++ b/include/block/block-global-state.h
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ int bdrv_reopen_set_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs, bool read_only,
                               Error **errp);
 BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_backing_image(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                           const char *backing_file);
-void bdrv_refresh_filename(BlockDriverState *bs);
+void GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_refresh_filename(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 void GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_refresh_limits(BlockDriverState *bs, Transaction *tran, Error **errp);
 
 int bdrv_commit(BlockDriverState *bs);
-int bdrv_make_empty(BdrvChild *c, Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_make_empty(BdrvChild *c, Error **errp);
 int bdrv_change_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *backing_file,
                              const char *backing_fmt, bool warn);
 void bdrv_register(BlockDriver *bdrv);
@@ -160,19 +160,20 @@ void bdrv_unfreeze_backing_chain(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *base);
  */
 typedef void BlockDriverAmendStatusCB(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                                       int64_t total_work_size, void *opaque);
-int bdrv_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs_new, QemuOpts *opts,
-                       BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
-                       bool force,
-                       Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs_new, QemuOpts *opts,
+                   BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
+                   bool force, Error **errp);
 
 /* check if a named node can be replaced when doing drive-mirror */
 BlockDriverState * GRAPH_RDLOCK
 check_to_replace_node(BlockDriverState *parent_bs, const char *node_name,
                       Error **errp);
 
-int no_coroutine_fn bdrv_activate(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
+int no_coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_activate(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 
-int coroutine_fn no_co_wrapper
+int coroutine_fn no_co_wrapper_bdrv_rdlock
 bdrv_co_activate(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 
 void bdrv_activate_all(Error **errp);
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ int bdrv_has_zero_init_1(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int bdrv_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs);
 BlockDriverState *bdrv_find_node(const char *node_name);
 BlockDeviceInfoList *bdrv_named_nodes_list(bool flat, Error **errp);
-XDbgBlockGraph *bdrv_get_xdbg_block_graph(Error **errp);
+XDbgBlockGraph * GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_get_xdbg_block_graph(Error **errp);
 BlockDriverState *bdrv_lookup_bs(const char *device,
                                  const char *node_name,
                                  Error **errp);
@@ -208,15 +209,18 @@ typedef struct BdrvNextIterator {
     BlockDriverState *bs;
 } BdrvNextIterator;
 
-BlockDriverState *bdrv_first(BdrvNextIterator *it);
-BlockDriverState *bdrv_next(BdrvNextIterator *it);
+BlockDriverState * GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_first(BdrvNextIterator *it);
+BlockDriverState * GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_next(BdrvNextIterator *it);
 void bdrv_next_cleanup(BdrvNextIterator *it);
 
 BlockDriverState *bdrv_next_monitor_owned(BlockDriverState *bs);
 void bdrv_iterate_format(void (*it)(void *opaque, const char *name),
                          void *opaque, bool read_only);
-char *bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
-char *bdrv_dirname(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
+
+char * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_get_full_backing_filename(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
+
+char * GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_dirname(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 
 void bdrv_img_create(const char *filename, const char *fmt,
                      const char *base_filename, const char *base_fmt,
@@ -242,7 +246,9 @@ bdrv_attach_child(BlockDriverState *parent_bs,
                   BdrvChildRole child_role,
                   Error **errp);
 
-bool bdrv_op_is_blocked(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error **errp);
+bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_op_is_blocked(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error **errp);
+
 void bdrv_op_block(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error *reason);
 void bdrv_op_unblock(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockOpType op, Error *reason);
 void bdrv_op_block_all(BlockDriverState *bs, Error *reason);
diff --git a/include/block/block-io.h b/include/block/block-io.h
index f1c796a1ce..ad270b6ad2 100644
--- a/include/block/block-io.h
+++ b/include/block/block-io.h
@@ -127,37 +127,46 @@ int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_co_zone_append(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                                   BdrvRequestFlags flags);
 
 bool bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(BlockDriverState *bs);
-int bdrv_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
-                      int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
-                      BlockDriverState **file);
+
+int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                     int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file);
+int co_wrapper_mixed_bdrv_rdlock
+bdrv_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
+                  int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *base,
                            int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
                            int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file);
-int bdrv_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *base,
-                            int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
-                            int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file);
+int co_wrapper_mixed_bdrv_rdlock
+bdrv_block_status_above(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *base,
+                        int64_t offset, int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum,
+                        int64_t *map, BlockDriverState **file);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                      int64_t *pnum);
-int bdrv_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                      int64_t *pnum);
+int co_wrapper_mixed_bdrv_rdlock
+bdrv_is_allocated(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
+                  int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_is_allocated_above(BlockDriverState *top, BlockDriverState *base,
                            bool include_base, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
                            int64_t *pnum);
-int bdrv_is_allocated_above(BlockDriverState *top, BlockDriverState *base,
-                            bool include_base, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
-                            int64_t *pnum);
+int co_wrapper_mixed_bdrv_rdlock
+bdrv_is_allocated_above(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverState *base,
+                        bool include_base, int64_t offset,
+                        int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_is_zero_fast(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes);
 
-int bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *errmsg,
-                              Error **errp);
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_apply_auto_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *errmsg,
+                          Error **errp);
+
 bool bdrv_is_read_only(BlockDriverState *bs);
 bool bdrv_is_writable(BlockDriverState *bs);
 bool bdrv_is_sg(BlockDriverState *bs);
@@ -176,8 +185,12 @@ const char *bdrv_get_format_name(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 bool bdrv_supports_compressed_writes(BlockDriverState *bs);
 const char *bdrv_get_node_name(const BlockDriverState *bs);
-const char *bdrv_get_device_name(const BlockDriverState *bs);
-const char *bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(const BlockDriverState *bs);
+
+const char * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_get_device_name(const BlockDriverState *bs);
+
+const char * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_get_device_or_node_name(const BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_co_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi);
@@ -185,8 +198,9 @@ bdrv_co_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi);
 int co_wrapper_mixed_bdrv_rdlock
 bdrv_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi);
 
-ImageInfoSpecific *bdrv_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                          Error **errp);
+ImageInfoSpecific * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_get_specific_info(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
+
 BlockStatsSpecific *bdrv_get_specific_stats(BlockDriverState *bs);
 void bdrv_round_to_subclusters(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                int64_t offset, int64_t bytes,
@@ -363,7 +377,7 @@ bdrv_writev_vmstate(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t pos);
  *
  * Begin a quiesced section for the parent of @c.
  */
-void bdrv_parent_drained_begin_single(BdrvChild *c);
+void GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_parent_drained_begin_single(BdrvChild *c);
 
 /**
  * bdrv_parent_drained_poll_single:
@@ -371,14 +385,14 @@ void bdrv_parent_drained_begin_single(BdrvChild *c);
  * Returns true if there is any pending activity to cease before @c can be
  * called quiesced, false otherwise.
  */
-bool bdrv_parent_drained_poll_single(BdrvChild *c);
+bool GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_parent_drained_poll_single(BdrvChild *c);
 
 /**
  * bdrv_parent_drained_end_single:
  *
  * End a quiesced section for the parent of @c.
  */
-void bdrv_parent_drained_end_single(BdrvChild *c);
+void GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_parent_drained_end_single(BdrvChild *c);
 
 /**
  * bdrv_drain_poll:
@@ -391,8 +405,9 @@ void bdrv_parent_drained_end_single(BdrvChild *c);
  *
  * This is part of bdrv_drained_begin.
  */
-bool bdrv_drain_poll(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore_parent,
-                     bool ignore_bds_parents);
+bool GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_drain_poll(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore_parent,
+                bool ignore_bds_parents);
 
 /**
  * bdrv_drained_begin:
@@ -400,6 +415,12 @@ bool bdrv_drain_poll(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *ignore_parent,
  * Begin a quiesced section for exclusive access to the BDS, by disabling
  * external request sources including NBD server, block jobs, and device model.
  *
+ * This function can only be invoked by the main loop or a coroutine
+ * (regardless of the AioContext where it is running).
+ * If the coroutine is running in an Iothread AioContext, this function will
+ * just schedule a BH to run in the main loop.
+ * However, it cannot be directly called by an Iothread.
+ *
  * This function can be recursive.
  */
 void bdrv_drained_begin(BlockDriverState *bs);
@@ -416,6 +437,12 @@ void bdrv_do_drained_begin_quiesce(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *parent);
  * bdrv_drained_end:
  *
  * End a quiescent section started by bdrv_drained_begin().
+ *
+ * This function can only be invoked by the main loop or a coroutine
+ * (regardless of the AioContext where it is running).
+ * If the coroutine is running in an Iothread AioContext, this function will
+ * just schedule a BH to run in the main loop.
+ * However, it cannot be directly called by an Iothread.
  */
 void bdrv_drained_end(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
diff --git a/include/block/block_int-common.h b/include/block/block_int-common.h
index 2ca3758cb8..b8d9d24f39 100644
--- a/include/block/block_int-common.h
+++ b/include/block/block_int-common.h
@@ -235,11 +235,14 @@ struct BlockDriver {
                                 Error **errp);
 
     /* For handling image reopen for split or non-split files. */
-    int (*bdrv_reopen_prepare)(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state,
-                               BlockReopenQueue *queue, Error **errp);
-    void (*bdrv_reopen_commit)(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state);
-    void (*bdrv_reopen_commit_post)(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state);
-    void (*bdrv_reopen_abort)(BDRVReopenState *reopen_state);
+    int GRAPH_UNLOCKED_PTR (*bdrv_reopen_prepare)(
+        BDRVReopenState *reopen_state, BlockReopenQueue *queue, Error **errp);
+    void GRAPH_UNLOCKED_PTR (*bdrv_reopen_commit)(
+        BDRVReopenState *reopen_state);
+    void GRAPH_UNLOCKED_PTR (*bdrv_reopen_commit_post)(
+        BDRVReopenState *reopen_state);
+    void GRAPH_UNLOCKED_PTR (*bdrv_reopen_abort)(
+        BDRVReopenState *reopen_state);
     void (*bdrv_join_options)(QDict *options, QDict *old_options);
 
     int GRAPH_UNLOCKED_PTR (*bdrv_open)(
@@ -256,20 +259,18 @@ struct BlockDriver {
     int coroutine_fn GRAPH_UNLOCKED_PTR (*bdrv_co_create_opts)(
         BlockDriver *drv, const char *filename, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp);
 
-    int (*bdrv_amend_options)(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                              QemuOpts *opts,
-                              BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
-                              void *cb_opaque,
-                              bool force,
-                              Error **errp);
+    int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_amend_options)(
+        BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
+        BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
+        bool force, Error **errp);
 
-    int (*bdrv_make_empty)(BlockDriverState *bs);
+    int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_make_empty)(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
     /*
      * Refreshes the bs->exact_filename field. If that is impossible,
      * bs->exact_filename has to be left empty.
      */
-    void (*bdrv_refresh_filename)(BlockDriverState *bs);
+    void GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_refresh_filename)(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
     /*
      * Gathers the open options for all children into @target.
@@ -292,15 +293,15 @@ struct BlockDriver {
      * block driver which implements it is probably doing something
      * shady regarding its runtime option structure.
      */
-    void (*bdrv_gather_child_options)(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *target,
-                                      bool backing_overridden);
+    void GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_gather_child_options)(
+        BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *target, bool backing_overridden);
 
     /*
      * Returns an allocated string which is the directory name of this BDS: It
      * will be used to make relative filenames absolute by prepending this
      * function's return value to them.
      */
-    char *(*bdrv_dirname)(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
+    char * GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_dirname)(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 
     /*
      * This informs the driver that we are no longer interested in the result
@@ -313,14 +314,16 @@ struct BlockDriver {
 
     int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_inactivate)(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
-    int (*bdrv_snapshot_create)(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info);
-    int (*bdrv_snapshot_goto)(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                              const char *snapshot_id);
-    int (*bdrv_snapshot_delete)(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                const char *snapshot_id,
-                                const char *name,
-                                Error **errp);
+    int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_snapshot_create)(
+        BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info);
+
+    int GRAPH_UNLOCKED_PTR (*bdrv_snapshot_goto)(
+        BlockDriverState *bs, const char *snapshot_id);
+
+    int GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_snapshot_delete)(
+        BlockDriverState *bs, const char *snapshot_id, const char *name,
+        Error **errp);
+
     int (*bdrv_snapshot_list)(BlockDriverState *bs,
                               QEMUSnapshotInfo **psn_info);
     int (*bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp)(BlockDriverState *bs,
@@ -725,8 +728,8 @@ struct BlockDriver {
     int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_co_get_info)(
         BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi);
 
-    ImageInfoSpecific *(*bdrv_get_specific_info)(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                                 Error **errp);
+    ImageInfoSpecific * GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_get_specific_info)(
+        BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
     BlockStatsSpecific *(*bdrv_get_specific_stats)(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
     int coroutine_fn GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*bdrv_co_save_vmstate)(
@@ -963,15 +966,15 @@ struct BdrvChildClass {
      * Note that this can be nested. If drained_begin() was called twice, new
      * I/O is allowed only after drained_end() was called twice, too.
      */
-    void (*drained_begin)(BdrvChild *child);
-    void (*drained_end)(BdrvChild *child);
+    void GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*drained_begin)(BdrvChild *child);
+    void GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*drained_end)(BdrvChild *child);
 
     /*
      * Returns whether the parent has pending requests for the child. This
      * callback is polled after .drained_begin() has been called until all
      * activity on the child has stopped.
      */
-    bool (*drained_poll)(BdrvChild *child);
+    bool GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR (*drained_poll)(BdrvChild *child);
 
     /*
      * Notifies the parent that the filename of its child has changed (e.g.
@@ -1039,8 +1042,8 @@ struct BdrvChild {
      */
     bool quiesced_parent;
 
-    QLIST_ENTRY(BdrvChild) next;
-    QLIST_ENTRY(BdrvChild) next_parent;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(BdrvChild GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR) next;
+    QLIST_ENTRY(BdrvChild GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR) next_parent;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -1173,11 +1176,11 @@ struct BlockDriverState {
      * See also comment in include/block/block.h, to learn how backing and file
      * are connected with BdrvChildRole.
      */
-    QLIST_HEAD(, BdrvChild) children;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, BdrvChild GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR) children;
     BdrvChild *backing;
     BdrvChild *file;
 
-    QLIST_HEAD(, BdrvChild) parents;
+    QLIST_HEAD(, BdrvChild GRAPH_RDLOCK_PTR) parents;
 
     QDict *options;
     QDict *explicit_options;
diff --git a/include/block/block_int-io.h b/include/block/block_int-io.h
index eb0da7232e..34eac72d7a 100644
--- a/include/block/block_int-io.h
+++ b/include/block/block_int-io.h
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ BlockDriver *bdrv_probe_all(const uint8_t *buf, int buf_size,
  */
 void bdrv_wakeup(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
-const char *bdrv_get_parent_name(const BlockDriverState *bs);
+const char * GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_get_parent_name(const BlockDriverState *bs);
 bool blk_dev_has_tray(BlockBackend *blk);
 bool blk_dev_is_tray_open(BlockBackend *blk);
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ bdrv_refresh_total_sectors(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t hint);
 BdrvChild *bdrv_cow_child(BlockDriverState *bs);
 BdrvChild *bdrv_filter_child(BlockDriverState *bs);
 BdrvChild *bdrv_filter_or_cow_child(BlockDriverState *bs);
-BdrvChild *bdrv_primary_child(BlockDriverState *bs);
+BdrvChild * GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_primary_child(BlockDriverState *bs);
 BlockDriverState *bdrv_skip_filters(BlockDriverState *bs);
 BlockDriverState *bdrv_backing_chain_next(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
@@ -155,7 +155,8 @@ static inline BlockDriverState *bdrv_filter_or_cow_bs(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return child_bs(bdrv_filter_or_cow_child(bs));
 }
 
-static inline BlockDriverState *bdrv_primary_bs(BlockDriverState *bs)
+static inline BlockDriverState * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_primary_bs(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     IO_CODE();
     return child_bs(bdrv_primary_child(bs));
diff --git a/include/block/graph-lock.h b/include/block/graph-lock.h
index 7e04f98ff0..6f1cd12745 100644
--- a/include/block/graph-lock.h
+++ b/include/block/graph-lock.h
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ void unregister_aiocontext(AioContext *ctx);
  * This function polls. Callers must not hold the lock of any AioContext other
  * than the current one and the one of @bs.
  */
-void bdrv_graph_wrlock(BlockDriverState *bs) TSA_ACQUIRE(graph_lock) TSA_NO_TSA;
+void no_coroutine_fn TSA_ACQUIRE(graph_lock) TSA_NO_TSA
+bdrv_graph_wrlock(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
 /*
  * bdrv_graph_wrunlock:
diff --git a/include/block/qapi.h b/include/block/qapi.h
index 8663971c58..54c48de26a 100644
--- a/include/block/qapi.h
+++ b/include/block/qapi.h
@@ -29,18 +29,17 @@
 #include "block/snapshot.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-types-block-core.h"
 
-BlockDeviceInfo *bdrv_block_device_info(BlockBackend *blk,
-                                        BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                        bool flat,
-                                        Error **errp);
-int bdrv_query_snapshot_info_list(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                                  SnapshotInfoList **p_list,
-                                  Error **errp);
-void bdrv_query_image_info(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                           ImageInfo **p_info,
-                           bool flat,
-                           bool skip_implicit_filters,
-                           Error **errp);
+BlockDeviceInfo * GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_block_device_info(BlockBackend *blk, BlockDriverState *bs,
+                       bool flat, Error **errp);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_query_snapshot_info_list(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                              SnapshotInfoList **p_list,
+                              Error **errp);
+void GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_query_image_info(BlockDriverState *bs, ImageInfo **p_info, bool flat,
+                      bool skip_implicit_filters, Error **errp);
 void GRAPH_RDLOCK
 bdrv_query_block_graph_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockGraphInfo **p_info,
                             Error **errp);
diff --git a/include/block/snapshot.h b/include/block/snapshot.h
index 50ff924710..d49c5599d9 100644
--- a/include/block/snapshot.h
+++ b/include/block/snapshot.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #ifndef SNAPSHOT_H
 #define SNAPSHOT_H
 
+#include "block/graph-lock.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-builtin-types.h"
 
 #define SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE       "snapshot."
@@ -59,16 +60,19 @@ bool bdrv_snapshot_find_by_id_and_name(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                        const char *name,
                                        QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info,
                                        Error **errp);
-int bdrv_can_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs);
-int bdrv_snapshot_create(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                         QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info);
-int bdrv_snapshot_goto(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                       const char *snapshot_id,
-                       Error **errp);
-int bdrv_snapshot_delete(BlockDriverState *bs,
-                         const char *snapshot_id,
-                         const char *name,
-                         Error **errp);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_can_snapshot(BlockDriverState *bs);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_snapshot_create(BlockDriverState *bs, QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_info);
+
+int GRAPH_UNLOCKED
+bdrv_snapshot_goto(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *snapshot_id, Error **errp);
+
+int GRAPH_RDLOCK
+bdrv_snapshot_delete(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *snapshot_id,
+                     const char *name, Error **errp);
+
 int bdrv_snapshot_list(BlockDriverState *bs,
                        QEMUSnapshotInfo **psn_info);
 int bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(BlockDriverState *bs,
diff --git a/include/block/ufs.h b/include/block/ufs.h
index fd884eb8ce..7631a5af10 100644
--- a/include/block/ufs.h
+++ b/include/block/ufs.h
@@ -111,14 +111,14 @@ REG32(UECT, offsetof(UfsReg, uect))
 REG32(UECDME, offsetof(UfsReg, uecdme))
 REG32(UTRIACR, offsetof(UfsReg, utriacr))
 REG32(UTRLBA, offsetof(UfsReg, utrlba))
-    FIELD(UTRLBA, UTRLBA, 9, 22)
+    FIELD(UTRLBA, UTRLBA, 10, 22)
 REG32(UTRLBAU, offsetof(UfsReg, utrlbau))
 REG32(UTRLDBR, offsetof(UfsReg, utrldbr))
 REG32(UTRLCLR, offsetof(UfsReg, utrlclr))
 REG32(UTRLRSR, offsetof(UfsReg, utrlrsr))
 REG32(UTRLCNR, offsetof(UfsReg, utrlcnr))
 REG32(UTMRLBA, offsetof(UfsReg, utmrlba))
-    FIELD(UTMRLBA, UTMRLBA, 9, 22)
+    FIELD(UTMRLBA, UTMRLBA, 10, 22)
 REG32(UTMRLBAU, offsetof(UfsReg, utmrlbau))
 REG32(UTMRLDBR, offsetof(UfsReg, utmrldbr))
 REG32(UTMRLCLR, offsetof(UfsReg, utmrlclr))
diff --git a/include/exec/cpu-common.h b/include/exec/cpu-common.h
index 605b160a7e..30c376a4de 100644
--- a/include/exec/cpu-common.h
+++ b/include/exec/cpu-common.h
@@ -83,6 +83,21 @@ void qemu_ram_remap(ram_addr_t addr, ram_addr_t length);
 ram_addr_t qemu_ram_addr_from_host(void *ptr);
 ram_addr_t qemu_ram_addr_from_host_nofail(void *ptr);
 RAMBlock *qemu_ram_block_by_name(const char *name);
+
+/*
+ * Translates a host ptr back to a RAMBlock and an offset in that RAMBlock.
+ *
+ * @ptr: The host pointer to translate.
+ * @round_offset: Whether to round the result offset down to a target page
+ * @offset: Will be set to the offset within the returned RAMBlock.
+ *
+ * Returns: RAMBlock (or NULL if not found)
+ *
+ * By the time this function returns, the returned pointer is not protected
+ * by RCU anymore.  If the caller is not within an RCU critical section and
+ * does not hold the iothread lock, it must have other means of protecting the
+ * pointer, such as a reference to the memory region that owns the RAMBlock.
+ */
 RAMBlock *qemu_ram_block_from_host(void *ptr, bool round_offset,
                                    ram_addr_t *offset);
 ram_addr_t qemu_ram_block_host_offset(RAMBlock *rb, void *host);
diff --git a/include/exec/memory.h b/include/exec/memory.h
index c99842d2fc..653a32ea10 100644
--- a/include/exec/memory.h
+++ b/include/exec/memory.h
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ struct ReservedRegion {
  *     relative to the region's address space
  * @readonly: writes to this section are ignored
  * @nonvolatile: this section is non-volatile
+ * @unmergeable: this section should not get merged with adjacent sections
  */
 struct MemoryRegionSection {
     Int128 size;
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ struct MemoryRegionSection {
     hwaddr offset_within_address_space;
     bool readonly;
     bool nonvolatile;
+    bool unmergeable;
 };
 
 typedef struct IOMMUTLBEntry IOMMUTLBEntry;
@@ -599,8 +601,9 @@ typedef void (*ReplayRamDiscard)(MemoryRegionSection *section, void *opaque);
  * populated (consuming memory), to be used/accessed by the VM.
  *
  * A #RamDiscardManager can only be set for a RAM #MemoryRegion while the
- * #MemoryRegion isn't mapped yet; it cannot change while the #MemoryRegion is
- * mapped.
+ * #MemoryRegion isn't mapped into an address space yet (either directly
+ * or via an alias); it cannot change while the #MemoryRegion is
+ * mapped into an address space.
  *
  * The #RamDiscardManager is intended to be used by technologies that are
  * incompatible with discarding of RAM (e.g., VFIO, which may pin all
@@ -772,6 +775,7 @@ struct MemoryRegion {
     bool nonvolatile;
     bool rom_device;
     bool flush_coalesced_mmio;
+    bool unmergeable;
     uint8_t dirty_log_mask;
     bool is_iommu;
     RAMBlock *ram_block;
@@ -2350,6 +2354,25 @@ void memory_region_set_size(MemoryRegion *mr, uint64_t size);
 void memory_region_set_alias_offset(MemoryRegion *mr,
                                     hwaddr offset);
 
+/*
+ * memory_region_set_unmergeable: Set a memory region unmergeable
+ *
+ * Mark a memory region unmergeable, resulting in the memory region (or
+ * everything contained in a memory region container) not getting merged when
+ * simplifying the address space and notifying memory listeners. Consequently,
+ * memory listeners will never get notified about ranges that are larger than
+ * the original memory regions.
+ *
+ * This is primarily useful when multiple aliases to a RAM memory region are
+ * mapped into a memory region container, and updates (e.g., enable/disable or
+ * map/unmap) of individual memory region aliases are not supposed to affect
+ * other memory regions in the same container.
+ *
+ * @mr: the #MemoryRegion to be updated
+ * @unmergeable: whether to mark the #MemoryRegion unmergeable
+ */
+void memory_region_set_unmergeable(MemoryRegion *mr, bool unmergeable);
+
 /**
  * memory_region_present: checks if an address relative to a @container
  * translates into #MemoryRegion within @container
diff --git a/include/hw/boards.h b/include/hw/boards.h
index 55a64a13fd..43a56dc51e 100644
--- a/include/hw/boards.h
+++ b/include/hw/boards.h
@@ -297,15 +297,27 @@ struct MachineClass {
  * DeviceMemoryState:
  * @base: address in guest physical address space where the memory
  * address space for memory devices starts
- * @mr: address space container for memory devices
+ * @mr: memory region container for memory devices
+ * @as: address space for memory devices
+ * @listener: memory listener used to track used memslots in the address space
  * @dimm_size: the sum of plugged DIMMs' sizes
  * @used_region_size: the part of @mr already used by memory devices
+ * @required_memslots: the number of memslots required by memory devices
+ * @used_memslots: the number of memslots currently used by memory devices
+ * @memslot_auto_decision_active: whether any plugged memory device
+ *                                automatically decided to use more than
+ *                                one memslot
  */
 typedef struct DeviceMemoryState {
     hwaddr base;
     MemoryRegion mr;
+    AddressSpace as;
+    MemoryListener listener;
     uint64_t dimm_size;
     uint64_t used_region_size;
+    unsigned int required_memslots;
+    unsigned int used_memslots;
+    unsigned int memslot_auto_decision_active;
 } DeviceMemoryState;
 
 /**
diff --git a/include/hw/loongarch/virt.h b/include/hw/loongarch/virt.h
index f1659655c6..674f4655e0 100644
--- a/include/hw/loongarch/virt.h
+++ b/include/hw/loongarch/virt.h
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #define LOONGARCH_MAX_CPUS      256
 
-#define VIRT_ISA_IO_BASE        0x18000000UL
-#define VIRT_ISA_IO_SIZE        0x0004000
 #define VIRT_FWCFG_BASE         0x1e020000UL
 #define VIRT_BIOS_BASE          0x1c000000UL
 #define VIRT_BIOS_SIZE          (4 * MiB)
@@ -38,7 +36,6 @@ struct LoongArchMachineState {
 
     MemoryRegion lowmem;
     MemoryRegion highmem;
-    MemoryRegion isa_io;
     MemoryRegion bios;
     bool         bios_loaded;
     /* State for other subsystems/APIs: */
diff --git a/include/hw/mem/memory-device.h b/include/hw/mem/memory-device.h
index 48d2611fc5..3354d6c166 100644
--- a/include/hw/mem/memory-device.h
+++ b/include/hw/mem/memory-device.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #define MEMORY_DEVICE_H
 
 #include "hw/qdev-core.h"
+#include "qemu/typedefs.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-types-machine.h"
 #include "qom/object.h"
 
@@ -41,6 +42,17 @@ typedef struct MemoryDeviceState MemoryDeviceState;
  * successive memory regions are used, a covering memory region has to
  * be provided. Scattered memory regions are not supported for single
  * devices.
+ *
+ * The device memory region returned via @get_memory_region may either be a
+ * single RAM memory region or a memory region container with subregions
+ * that are RAM memory regions or aliases to RAM memory regions. Other
+ * memory regions or subregions are not supported.
+ *
+ * If the device memory region returned via @get_memory_region is a
+ * memory region container, it's supported to dynamically (un)map subregions
+ * as long as the number of memslots returned by @get_memslots() won't
+ * be exceeded and as long as all memory regions are of the same kind (e.g.,
+ * all RAM or all ROM).
  */
 struct MemoryDeviceClass {
     /* private */
@@ -89,6 +101,28 @@ struct MemoryDeviceClass {
     MemoryRegion *(*get_memory_region)(MemoryDeviceState *md, Error **errp);
 
     /*
+     * Optional: Instruct the memory device to decide how many memory slots
+     * it requires, not exceeding the given limit.
+     *
+     * Called exactly once when pre-plugging the memory device, before
+     * querying the number of memslots using @get_memslots the first time.
+     */
+    void (*decide_memslots)(MemoryDeviceState *md, unsigned int limit);
+
+    /*
+     * Optional for memory devices that require only a single memslot,
+     * required for all other memory devices: Return the number of memslots
+     * (distinct RAM memory regions in the device memory region) that are
+     * required by the device.
+     *
+     * If this function is not implemented, the assumption is "1".
+     *
+     * Called when (un)plugging the memory device, to check if the requirements
+     * can be satisfied, and to do proper accounting.
+     */
+    unsigned int (*get_memslots)(MemoryDeviceState *md);
+
+    /*
      * Optional: Return the desired minimum alignment of the device in guest
      * physical address space. The final alignment is computed based on this
      * alignment and the alignment requirements of the memory region.
@@ -105,8 +139,31 @@ struct MemoryDeviceClass {
                              MemoryDeviceInfo *info);
 };
 
+/*
+ * Traditionally, KVM/vhost in many setups supported 509 memslots, whereby
+ * 253 memslots were "reserved" for boot memory and other devices (such
+ * as PCI BARs, which can get mapped dynamically) and 256 memslots were
+ * dedicated for DIMMs. These magic numbers worked reliably in the past.
+ *
+ * Further, using many memslots can negatively affect performance, so setting
+ * the soft-limit of memslots used by memory devices to the traditional
+ * DIMM limit of 256 sounds reasonable.
+ *
+ * If we have less than 509 memslots, we will instruct memory devices that
+ * support automatically deciding how many memslots to use to only use a single
+ * one.
+ *
+ * Hotplugging vhost devices with at least 509 memslots is not expected to
+ * cause problems, not even when devices automatically decided how many memslots
+ * to use.
+ */
+#define MEMORY_DEVICES_SOFT_MEMSLOT_LIMIT 256
+#define MEMORY_DEVICES_SAFE_MAX_MEMSLOTS 509
+
 MemoryDeviceInfoList *qmp_memory_device_list(void);
 uint64_t get_plugged_memory_size(void);
+unsigned int memory_devices_get_reserved_memslots(void);
+bool memory_devices_memslot_auto_decision_active(void);
 void memory_device_pre_plug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms,
                             const uint64_t *legacy_align, Error **errp);
 void memory_device_plug(MemoryDeviceState *md, MachineState *ms);
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h
index 1860b541d8..96ccc18cd3 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h
@@ -86,9 +86,6 @@ typedef int (*vhost_set_vring_enable_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
 typedef bool (*vhost_requires_shm_log_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev);
 typedef int (*vhost_migration_done_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                                        char *mac_addr);
-typedef bool (*vhost_backend_can_merge_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
-                                           uint64_t start1, uint64_t size1,
-                                           uint64_t start2, uint64_t size2);
 typedef int (*vhost_vsock_set_guest_cid_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                                             uint64_t guest_cid);
 typedef int (*vhost_vsock_set_running_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev, int start);
@@ -108,8 +105,7 @@ typedef int (*vhost_crypto_create_session_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
 typedef int (*vhost_crypto_close_session_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                                              uint64_t session_id);
 
-typedef bool (*vhost_backend_mem_section_filter_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
-                                                MemoryRegionSection *section);
+typedef bool (*vhost_backend_no_private_memslots_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev);
 
 typedef int (*vhost_get_inflight_fd_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                                         uint16_t queue_size,
@@ -138,6 +134,7 @@ typedef struct VhostOps {
     vhost_backend_init vhost_backend_init;
     vhost_backend_cleanup vhost_backend_cleanup;
     vhost_backend_memslots_limit vhost_backend_memslots_limit;
+    vhost_backend_no_private_memslots_op vhost_backend_no_private_memslots;
     vhost_net_set_backend_op vhost_net_set_backend;
     vhost_net_set_mtu_op vhost_net_set_mtu;
     vhost_scsi_set_endpoint_op vhost_scsi_set_endpoint;
@@ -163,7 +160,6 @@ typedef struct VhostOps {
     vhost_set_vring_enable_op vhost_set_vring_enable;
     vhost_requires_shm_log_op vhost_requires_shm_log;
     vhost_migration_done_op vhost_migration_done;
-    vhost_backend_can_merge_op vhost_backend_can_merge;
     vhost_vsock_set_guest_cid_op vhost_vsock_set_guest_cid;
     vhost_vsock_set_running_op vhost_vsock_set_running;
     vhost_set_iotlb_callback_op vhost_set_iotlb_callback;
@@ -172,7 +168,6 @@ typedef struct VhostOps {
     vhost_set_config_op vhost_set_config;
     vhost_crypto_create_session_op vhost_crypto_create_session;
     vhost_crypto_close_session_op vhost_crypto_close_session;
-    vhost_backend_mem_section_filter_op vhost_backend_mem_section_filter;
     vhost_get_inflight_fd_op vhost_get_inflight_fd;
     vhost_set_inflight_fd_op vhost_set_inflight_fd;
     vhost_dev_start_op vhost_dev_start;
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
index 6a173cb9fa..c7e5467693 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
@@ -315,7 +315,8 @@ uint64_t vhost_get_features(struct vhost_dev *hdev, const int *feature_bits,
  */
 void vhost_ack_features(struct vhost_dev *hdev, const int *feature_bits,
                         uint64_t features);
-bool vhost_has_free_slot(void);
+unsigned int vhost_get_max_memslots(void);
+unsigned int vhost_get_free_memslots(void);
 
 int vhost_net_set_backend(struct vhost_dev *hdev,
                           struct vhost_vring_file *file);
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-gpu.h b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-gpu.h
index 39018377d2..584ba2ed73 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-gpu.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-gpu.h
@@ -260,13 +260,13 @@ struct VirtIOGPURutabaga {
 };
 
 #define VIRTIO_GPU_FILL_CMD(out) do {                                   \
-        size_t s;                                                       \
-        s = iov_to_buf(cmd->elem.out_sg, cmd->elem.out_num, 0,          \
+        size_t virtiogpufillcmd_s_ =                                    \
+            iov_to_buf(cmd->elem.out_sg, cmd->elem.out_num, 0,          \
                        &out, sizeof(out));                              \
-        if (s != sizeof(out)) {                                         \
+        if (virtiogpufillcmd_s_ != sizeof(out)) {                       \
             qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR,                              \
                           "%s: command size incorrect %zu vs %zu\n",    \
-                          __func__, s, sizeof(out));                    \
+                          __func__, virtiogpufillcmd_s_, sizeof(out));  \
             return;                                                     \
         }                                                               \
     } while (0)
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h
index ab0fe2b4f2..5f5b02b8f9 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ OBJECT_DECLARE_TYPE(VirtIOMEM, VirtIOMEMClass,
 #define VIRTIO_MEM_UNPLUGGED_INACCESSIBLE_PROP "unplugged-inaccessible"
 #define VIRTIO_MEM_EARLY_MIGRATION_PROP "x-early-migration"
 #define VIRTIO_MEM_PREALLOC_PROP "prealloc"
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_DYNAMIC_MEMSLOTS_PROP "dynamic-memslots"
 
 struct VirtIOMEM {
     VirtIODevice parent_obj;
@@ -44,7 +45,28 @@ struct VirtIOMEM {
     int32_t bitmap_size;
     unsigned long *bitmap;
 
-    /* assigned memory backend and memory region */
+    /*
+     * With "dynamic-memslots=on": Device memory region in which we dynamically
+     * map the memslots.
+     */
+    MemoryRegion *mr;
+
+    /*
+     * With "dynamic-memslots=on": The individual memslots (aliases into the
+     * memory backend).
+     */
+    MemoryRegion *memslots;
+
+    /* With "dynamic-memslots=on": The total number of memslots. */
+    uint16_t nb_memslots;
+
+    /*
+     * With "dynamic-memslots=on": Size of one memslot (the size of the
+     * last one can differ).
+     */
+    uint64_t memslot_size;
+
+    /* Assigned memory backend with the RAM memory region. */
     HostMemoryBackend *memdev;
 
     /* NUMA node */
@@ -82,6 +104,12 @@ struct VirtIOMEM {
      */
     bool early_migration;
 
+    /*
+     * Whether we dynamically map (multiple, if possible) memslots instead of
+     * statically mapping the whole RAM memory region.
+     */
+    bool dynamic_memslots;
+
     /* notifiers to notify when "size" changes */
     NotifierList size_change_notifiers;
 
@@ -96,6 +124,8 @@ struct VirtIOMEMClass {
     /* public */
     void (*fill_device_info)(const VirtIOMEM *vmen, VirtioMEMDeviceInfo *vi);
     MemoryRegion *(*get_memory_region)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Error **errp);
+    void (*decide_memslots)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, unsigned int limit);
+    unsigned int (*get_memslots)(VirtIOMEM *vmem);
     void (*add_size_change_notifier)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Notifier *notifier);
     void (*remove_size_change_notifier)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Notifier *notifier);
     void (*unplug_request_check)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Error **errp);
diff --git a/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h b/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h
index d5f675493a..49c12b0fa9 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/block-backend-global-state.h
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ BlockBackend *blk_by_public(BlockBackendPublic *public);
 void blk_remove_bs(BlockBackend *blk);
 int blk_insert_bs(BlockBackend *blk, BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp);
 int blk_replace_bs(BlockBackend *blk, BlockDriverState *new_bs, Error **errp);
-bool bdrv_has_blk(BlockDriverState *bs);
-bool bdrv_is_root_node(BlockDriverState *bs);
+bool GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_has_blk(BlockDriverState *bs);
+bool GRAPH_RDLOCK bdrv_is_root_node(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int GRAPH_UNLOCKED blk_set_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t perm,
                                 uint64_t shared_perm, Error **errp);
 void blk_get_perm(BlockBackend *blk, uint64_t *perm, uint64_t *shared_perm);
diff --git a/include/sysemu/kvm.h b/include/sysemu/kvm.h
index ee9025f8e9..97a8a4f201 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/kvm.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/kvm.h
@@ -215,7 +215,8 @@ typedef struct KVMRouteChange {
 
 /* external API */
 
-bool kvm_has_free_slot(MachineState *ms);
+unsigned int kvm_get_max_memslots(void);
+unsigned int kvm_get_free_memslots(void);
 bool kvm_has_sync_mmu(void);
 int kvm_has_vcpu_events(void);
 int kvm_has_robust_singlestep(void);
@@ -552,7 +553,6 @@ int kvm_set_one_reg(CPUState *cs, uint64_t id, void *source);
  */
 int kvm_get_one_reg(CPUState *cs, uint64_t id, void *target);
 struct ppc_radix_page_info *kvm_get_radix_page_info(void);
-int kvm_get_max_memslots(void);
 
 /* Notify resamplefd for EOI of specific interrupts. */
 void kvm_resample_fd_notify(int gsi);
diff --git a/include/sysemu/kvm_int.h b/include/sysemu/kvm_int.h
index a5b9122cb8..075939a3c4 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/kvm_int.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/kvm_int.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ typedef struct KVMMemoryUpdate {
 typedef struct KVMMemoryListener {
     MemoryListener listener;
     KVMSlot *slots;
+    unsigned int nr_used_slots;
     int as_id;
     QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(, KVMMemoryUpdate) transaction_add;
     QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(, KVMMemoryUpdate) transaction_del;
diff --git a/migration/block.c b/migration/block.c
index 5f930870a5..d115e1cfa5 100644
--- a/migration/block.c
+++ b/migration/block.c
@@ -388,6 +388,8 @@ static int init_blk_migration(QEMUFile *f)
     Error *local_err = NULL;
     int ret;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     block_mig_state.submitted = 0;
     block_mig_state.read_done = 0;
     block_mig_state.transferred = 0;
diff --git a/migration/migration-hmp-cmds.c b/migration/migration-hmp-cmds.c
index c115ef2d23..5b25ba24f7 100644
--- a/migration/migration-hmp-cmds.c
+++ b/migration/migration-hmp-cmds.c
@@ -794,6 +794,8 @@ static void vm_completion(ReadLineState *rs, const char *str)
     BlockDriverState *bs;
     BdrvNextIterator it;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     len = strlen(str);
     readline_set_completion_index(rs, len);
 
diff --git a/python/qemu/machine/console_socket.py b/python/qemu/machine/console_socket.py
index 4e28ba9bb2..0a4e09ffc7 100644
--- a/python/qemu/machine/console_socket.py
+++ b/python/qemu/machine/console_socket.py
@@ -24,19 +24,32 @@ class ConsoleSocket(socket.socket):
     """
     ConsoleSocket represents a socket attached to a char device.
 
-    Optionally (if drain==True), drains the socket and places the bytes
-    into an in memory buffer for later processing.
-
-    Optionally a file path can be passed in and we will also
-    dump the characters to this file for debugging purposes.
+    :param address: An AF_UNIX path or address.
+    :param sock_fd: Optionally, an existing socket file descriptor.
+                    One of address or sock_fd must be specified.
+    :param file: Optionally, a filename to log to.
+    :param drain: Optionally, drains the socket and places the bytes
+                  into an in memory buffer for later processing.
     """
-    def __init__(self, address: str, file: Optional[str] = None,
+    def __init__(self,
+                 address: Optional[str] = None,
+                 sock_fd: Optional[int] = None,
+                 file: Optional[str] = None,
                  drain: bool = False):
+        if address is None and sock_fd is None:
+            raise ValueError("one of 'address' or 'sock_fd' must be specified")
+        if address is not None and sock_fd is not None:
+            raise ValueError("can't specify both 'address' and 'sock_fd'")
+
         self._recv_timeout_sec = 300.0
         self._sleep_time = 0.5
         self._buffer: Deque[int] = deque()
-        socket.socket.__init__(self, socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-        self.connect(address)
+        if address is not None:
+            socket.socket.__init__(self, socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            self.connect(address)
+        else:
+            assert sock_fd is not None
+            socket.socket.__init__(self, fileno=sock_fd)
         self._logfile = None
         if file:
             # pylint: disable=consider-using-with
diff --git a/python/qemu/machine/machine.py b/python/qemu/machine/machine.py
index 35d5a672db..31cb9d617d 100644
--- a/python/qemu/machine/machine.py
+++ b/python/qemu/machine/machine.py
@@ -127,7 +127,6 @@ class QEMUMachine:
                  name: Optional[str] = None,
                  base_temp_dir: str = "/var/tmp",
                  monitor_address: Optional[SocketAddrT] = None,
-                 sock_dir: Optional[str] = None,
                  drain_console: bool = False,
                  console_log: Optional[str] = None,
                  log_dir: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ class QEMUMachine:
         @param name: prefix for socket and log file names (default: qemu-PID)
         @param base_temp_dir: default location where temp files are created
         @param monitor_address: address for QMP monitor
-        @param sock_dir: where to create socket (defaults to base_temp_dir)
         @param drain_console: (optional) True to drain console socket to buffer
         @param console_log: (optional) path to console log file
         @param log_dir: where to create and keep log files
@@ -159,9 +157,10 @@ class QEMUMachine:
 
         self._name = name or f"{id(self):x}"
         self._sock_pair: Optional[Tuple[socket.socket, socket.socket]] = None
+        self._cons_sock_pair: Optional[
+            Tuple[socket.socket, socket.socket]] = None
         self._temp_dir: Optional[str] = None
         self._base_temp_dir = base_temp_dir
-        self._sock_dir = sock_dir
         self._log_dir = log_dir
 
         self._monitor_address = monitor_address
@@ -187,9 +186,6 @@ class QEMUMachine:
         self._console_index = 0
         self._console_set = False
         self._console_device_type: Optional[str] = None
-        self._console_address = os.path.join(
-            self.sock_dir, f"{self._name}.con"
-        )
         self._console_socket: Optional[socket.socket] = None
         self._console_file: Optional[socket.SocketIO] = None
         self._remove_files: List[str] = []
@@ -301,9 +297,7 @@ class QEMUMachine:
 
         if self._qmp_set:
             if self._sock_pair:
-                fd = self._sock_pair[0].fileno()
-                os.set_inheritable(fd, True)
-                moncdev = f"socket,id=mon,fd={fd}"
+                moncdev = f"socket,id=mon,fd={self._sock_pair[0].fileno()}"
             elif isinstance(self._monitor_address, tuple):
                 moncdev = "socket,id=mon,host={},port={}".format(
                     *self._monitor_address
@@ -318,8 +312,9 @@ class QEMUMachine:
         for _ in range(self._console_index):
             args.extend(['-serial', 'null'])
         if self._console_set:
-            chardev = ('socket,id=console,path=%s,server=on,wait=off' %
-                       self._console_address)
+            assert self._cons_sock_pair is not None
+            fd = self._cons_sock_pair[0].fileno()
+            chardev = f"socket,id=console,fd={fd}"
             args.extend(['-chardev', chardev])
             if self._console_device_type is None:
                 args.extend(['-serial', 'chardev:console'])
@@ -334,12 +329,10 @@ class QEMUMachine:
         return self._args
 
     def _pre_launch(self) -> None:
-        if self._console_set:
-            self._remove_files.append(self._console_address)
-
         if self._qmp_set:
             if self._monitor_address is None:
                 self._sock_pair = socket.socketpair()
+                os.set_inheritable(self._sock_pair[0].fileno(), True)
                 sock = self._sock_pair[1]
             if isinstance(self._monitor_address, str):
                 self._remove_files.append(self._monitor_address)
@@ -353,6 +346,10 @@ class QEMUMachine:
                 nickname=self._name
             )
 
+        if self._console_set:
+            self._cons_sock_pair = socket.socketpair()
+            os.set_inheritable(self._cons_sock_pair[0].fileno(), True)
+
         # NOTE: Make sure any opened resources are *definitely* freed in
         # _post_shutdown()!
         # pylint: disable=consider-using-with
@@ -370,6 +367,9 @@ class QEMUMachine:
     def _post_launch(self) -> None:
         if self._sock_pair:
             self._sock_pair[0].close()
+        if self._cons_sock_pair:
+            self._cons_sock_pair[0].close()
+
         if self._qmp_connection:
             if self._sock_pair:
                 self._qmp.connect()
@@ -397,6 +397,11 @@ class QEMUMachine:
         finally:
             assert self._qmp_connection is None
 
+        if self._sock_pair:
+            self._sock_pair[0].close()
+            self._sock_pair[1].close()
+            self._sock_pair = None
+
         self._close_qemu_log_file()
 
         self._load_io_log()
@@ -520,6 +525,11 @@ class QEMUMachine:
             self._console_socket.close()
             self._console_socket = None
 
+        if self._cons_sock_pair:
+            self._cons_sock_pair[0].close()
+            self._cons_sock_pair[1].close()
+            self._cons_sock_pair = None
+
     def _hard_shutdown(self) -> None:
         """
         Perform early cleanup, kill the VM, and wait for it to terminate.
@@ -692,21 +702,31 @@ class QEMUMachine:
             conv_keys = True
 
         qmp_args = self._qmp_args(conv_keys, args)
-        ret = self._qmp.cmd(cmd, args=qmp_args)
+        ret = self._qmp.cmd_raw(cmd, args=qmp_args)
         if cmd == 'quit' and 'error' not in ret and 'return' in ret:
             self._quit_issued = True
         return ret
 
-    def command(self, cmd: str,
-                conv_keys: bool = True,
-                **args: Any) -> QMPReturnValue:
+    def cmd(self, cmd: str,
+            args_dict: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None,
+            conv_keys: Optional[bool] = None,
+            **args: Any) -> QMPReturnValue:
         """
         Invoke a QMP command.
         On success return the response dict.
         On failure raise an exception.
         """
+        if args_dict is not None:
+            assert not args
+            assert conv_keys is None
+            args = args_dict
+            conv_keys = False
+
+        if conv_keys is None:
+            conv_keys = True
+
         qmp_args = self._qmp_args(conv_keys, args)
-        ret = self._qmp.command(cmd, **qmp_args)
+        ret = self._qmp.cmd(cmd, **qmp_args)
         if cmd == 'quit':
             self._quit_issued = True
         return ret
@@ -881,10 +901,19 @@ class QEMUMachine:
         """
         if self._console_socket is None:
             LOG.debug("Opening console socket")
+            if not self._console_set:
+                raise QEMUMachineError(
+                    "Attempt to access console socket with no connection")
+            assert self._cons_sock_pair is not None
+            # os.dup() is used here for sock_fd because otherwise we'd
+            # have two rich python socket objects that would each try to
+            # close the same underlying fd when either one gets garbage
+            # collected.
             self._console_socket = console_socket.ConsoleSocket(
-                self._console_address,
+                sock_fd=os.dup(self._cons_sock_pair[1].fileno()),
                 file=self._console_log_path,
                 drain=self._drain_console)
+            self._cons_sock_pair[1].close()
         return self._console_socket
 
     @property
@@ -910,15 +939,6 @@ class QEMUMachine:
         return self._temp_dir
 
     @property
-    def sock_dir(self) -> str:
-        """
-        Returns the directory used for sockfiles by this machine.
-        """
-        if self._sock_dir:
-            return self._sock_dir
-        return self.temp_dir
-
-    @property
     def log_dir(self) -> str:
         """
         Returns a directory to be used for writing logs
diff --git a/python/qemu/machine/qtest.py b/python/qemu/machine/qtest.py
index 1c46138bd0..4f5ede85b2 100644
--- a/python/qemu/machine/qtest.py
+++ b/python/qemu/machine/qtest.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ from typing import (
     Optional,
     Sequence,
     TextIO,
+    Tuple,
 )
 
 from qemu.qmp import SocketAddrT
@@ -38,23 +39,41 @@ class QEMUQtestProtocol:
     :param address: QEMU address, can be either a unix socket path (string)
                     or a tuple in the form ( address, port ) for a TCP
                     connection
-    :param server: server mode, listens on the socket (bool)
+    :param sock: An existing socket can be provided as an alternative to
+                 an address. One of address or sock must be provided.
+    :param server: server mode, listens on the socket. Only meaningful
+                   in conjunction with an address and not an existing
+                   socket.
+
     :raise socket.error: on socket connection errors
 
     .. note::
        No connection is established by __init__(), this is done
        by the connect() or accept() methods.
     """
-    def __init__(self, address: SocketAddrT,
+    def __init__(self,
+                 address: Optional[SocketAddrT] = None,
+                 sock: Optional[socket.socket] = None,
                  server: bool = False):
+        if address is None and sock is None:
+            raise ValueError("Either 'address' or 'sock' must be specified")
+        if address is not None and sock is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Either 'address' or 'sock' must be specified, but not both")
+        if sock is not None and server:
+            raise ValueError("server=True is meaningless when passing socket")
+
         self._address = address
-        self._sock = self._get_sock()
+        self._sock = sock or self._get_sock()
         self._sockfile: Optional[TextIO] = None
+
         if server:
+            assert self._address is not None
             self._sock.bind(self._address)
             self._sock.listen(1)
 
     def _get_sock(self) -> socket.socket:
+        assert self._address is not None
         if isinstance(self._address, tuple):
             family = socket.AF_INET
         else:
@@ -67,7 +86,8 @@ class QEMUQtestProtocol:
 
         @raise socket.error on socket connection errors
         """
-        self._sock.connect(self._address)
+        if self._address is not None:
+            self._sock.connect(self._address)
         self._sockfile = self._sock.makefile(mode='r')
 
     def accept(self) -> None:
@@ -115,41 +135,49 @@ class QEMUQtestMachine(QEMUMachine):
                  wrapper: Sequence[str] = (),
                  name: Optional[str] = None,
                  base_temp_dir: str = "/var/tmp",
-                 sock_dir: Optional[str] = None,
                  qmp_timer: Optional[float] = None):
         # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
 
         if name is None:
             name = "qemu-%d" % os.getpid()
-        if sock_dir is None:
-            sock_dir = base_temp_dir
         super().__init__(binary, args, wrapper=wrapper, name=name,
                          base_temp_dir=base_temp_dir,
-                         sock_dir=sock_dir, qmp_timer=qmp_timer)
+                         qmp_timer=qmp_timer)
         self._qtest: Optional[QEMUQtestProtocol] = None
-        self._qtest_path = os.path.join(sock_dir, name + "-qtest.sock")
+        self._qtest_sock_pair: Optional[
+            Tuple[socket.socket, socket.socket]] = None
 
     @property
     def _base_args(self) -> List[str]:
         args = super()._base_args
+        assert self._qtest_sock_pair is not None
+        fd = self._qtest_sock_pair[0].fileno()
         args.extend([
-            '-qtest', f"unix:path={self._qtest_path}",
+            '-chardev', f"socket,id=qtest,fd={fd}",
+            '-qtest', 'chardev:qtest',
             '-accel', 'qtest'
         ])
         return args
 
     def _pre_launch(self) -> None:
+        self._qtest_sock_pair = socket.socketpair()
+        os.set_inheritable(self._qtest_sock_pair[0].fileno(), True)
         super()._pre_launch()
-        self._qtest = QEMUQtestProtocol(self._qtest_path, server=True)
+        self._qtest = QEMUQtestProtocol(sock=self._qtest_sock_pair[1])
 
     def _post_launch(self) -> None:
         assert self._qtest is not None
         super()._post_launch()
-        self._qtest.accept()
+        if self._qtest_sock_pair:
+            self._qtest_sock_pair[0].close()
+        self._qtest.connect()
 
     def _post_shutdown(self) -> None:
+        if self._qtest_sock_pair:
+            self._qtest_sock_pair[0].close()
+            self._qtest_sock_pair[1].close()
+            self._qtest_sock_pair = None
         super()._post_shutdown()
-        self._remove_if_exists(self._qtest_path)
 
     def qtest(self, cmd: str) -> str:
         """
diff --git a/python/qemu/qmp/legacy.py b/python/qemu/qmp/legacy.py
index e1e9383978..22a2b5616e 100644
--- a/python/qemu/qmp/legacy.py
+++ b/python/qemu/qmp/legacy.py
@@ -194,24 +194,20 @@ class QEMUMonitorProtocol:
             )
         )
 
-    def cmd(self, name: str,
-            args: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None,
-            cmd_id: Optional[object] = None) -> QMPMessage:
+    def cmd_raw(self, name: str,
+                args: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None) -> QMPMessage:
         """
         Build a QMP command and send it to the QMP Monitor.
 
         :param name: command name (string)
         :param args: command arguments (dict)
-        :param cmd_id: command id (dict, list, string or int)
         """
         qmp_cmd: QMPMessage = {'execute': name}
         if args:
             qmp_cmd['arguments'] = args
-        if cmd_id:
-            qmp_cmd['id'] = cmd_id
         return self.cmd_obj(qmp_cmd)
 
-    def command(self, cmd: str, **kwds: object) -> QMPReturnValue:
+    def cmd(self, cmd: str, **kwds: object) -> QMPReturnValue:
         """
         Build and send a QMP command to the monitor, report errors if any
         """
diff --git a/python/qemu/qmp/protocol.py b/python/qemu/qmp/protocol.py
index 753182131f..a4ffdfad51 100644
--- a/python/qemu/qmp/protocol.py
+++ b/python/qemu/qmp/protocol.py
@@ -495,7 +495,6 @@ class AsyncProtocol(Generic[T]):
         try:
             self.logger.debug("Stopping server.")
             self._server.close()
-            await self._server.wait_closed()
             self.logger.debug("Server stopped.")
         finally:
             self._server = None
diff --git a/python/qemu/qmp/qmp_shell.py b/python/qemu/qmp/qmp_shell.py
index 619ab42ced..98e684e9e8 100644
--- a/python/qemu/qmp/qmp_shell.py
+++ b/python/qemu/qmp/qmp_shell.py
@@ -91,14 +91,21 @@ from subprocess import Popen
 import sys
 from typing import (
     IO,
+    Dict,
     Iterator,
     List,
     NoReturn,
     Optional,
     Sequence,
+    cast,
 )
 
-from qemu.qmp import ConnectError, QMPError, SocketAddrT
+from qemu.qmp import (
+    ConnectError,
+    ExecuteError,
+    QMPError,
+    SocketAddrT,
+)
 from qemu.qmp.legacy import (
     QEMUMonitorProtocol,
     QMPBadPortError,
@@ -194,11 +201,12 @@ class QMPShell(QEMUMonitorProtocol):
         super().close()
 
     def _fill_completion(self) -> None:
-        cmds = self.cmd('query-commands')
-        if 'error' in cmds:
-            return
-        for cmd in cmds['return']:
-            self._completer.append(cmd['name'])
+        try:
+            cmds = cast(List[Dict[str, str]], self.cmd('query-commands'))
+            for cmd in cmds:
+                self._completer.append(cmd['name'])
+        except ExecuteError:
+            pass
 
     def _completer_setup(self) -> None:
         self._completer = QMPCompleter()
diff --git a/python/qemu/utils/qemu_ga_client.py b/python/qemu/utils/qemu_ga_client.py
index d8411bb2d0..9a665e6e99 100644
--- a/python/qemu/utils/qemu_ga_client.py
+++ b/python/qemu/utils/qemu_ga_client.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ from qemu.qmp.legacy import QEMUMonitorProtocol
 class QemuGuestAgent(QEMUMonitorProtocol):
     def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Callable[..., Any]:
         def wrapper(**kwds: object) -> object:
-            return self.command('guest-' + name.replace('_', '-'), **kwds)
+            return self.cmd('guest-' + name.replace('_', '-'), **kwds)
         return wrapper
 
 
diff --git a/python/qemu/utils/qom.py b/python/qemu/utils/qom.py
index bcf192f477..426a0f245f 100644
--- a/python/qemu/utils/qom.py
+++ b/python/qemu/utils/qom.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ class QOMSet(QOMCommand):
         self.value = args.value
 
     def run(self) -> int:
-        rsp = self.qmp.command(
+        rsp = self.qmp.cmd(
             'qom-set',
             path=self.path,
             property=self.prop,
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class QOMGet(QOMCommand):
         self.prop = tmp[1]
 
     def run(self) -> int:
-        rsp = self.qmp.command(
+        rsp = self.qmp.cmd(
             'qom-get',
             path=self.path,
             property=self.prop
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ class QOMTree(QOMCommand):
             if item.child:
                 continue
             try:
-                rsp = self.qmp.command('qom-get', path=path,
-                                       property=item.name)
+                rsp = self.qmp.cmd('qom-get', path=path,
+                                   property=item.name)
                 print(f"  {item.name}: {rsp} ({item.type})")
             except ExecuteError as err:
                 print(f"  {item.name}: <EXCEPTION: {err!s}> ({item.type})")
diff --git a/python/qemu/utils/qom_common.py b/python/qemu/utils/qom_common.py
index 80da1b2304..dd2c8b1908 100644
--- a/python/qemu/utils/qom_common.py
+++ b/python/qemu/utils/qom_common.py
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ class QOMCommand:
         """
         :return: a strongly typed list from the 'qom-list' command.
         """
-        rsp = self.qmp.command('qom-list', path=path)
+        rsp = self.qmp.cmd('qom-list', path=path)
         # qom-list returns List[ObjectPropertyInfo]
         assert isinstance(rsp, list)
         return [ObjectPropertyInfo.make(x) for x in rsp]
diff --git a/python/qemu/utils/qom_fuse.py b/python/qemu/utils/qom_fuse.py
index 8dcd59fcde..cf7e344bd5 100644
--- a/python/qemu/utils/qom_fuse.py
+++ b/python/qemu/utils/qom_fuse.py
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class QOMFuse(QOMCommand, Operations):
         if path == '':
             path = '/'
         try:
-            data = str(self.qmp.command('qom-get', path=path, property=prop))
+            data = str(self.qmp.cmd('qom-get', path=path, property=prop))
             data += '\n'  # make values shell friendly
         except ExecuteError as err:
             raise FuseOSError(EPERM) from err
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ class QOMFuse(QOMCommand, Operations):
             return False
         path, prop = path.rsplit('/', 1)
         prefix = '/'.join(['..'] * (len(path.split('/')) - 1))
-        return prefix + str(self.qmp.command('qom-get', path=path,
-                                             property=prop))
+        return prefix + str(self.qmp.cmd('qom-get', path=path,
+                                         property=prop))
 
     def getattr(self, path: str,
                 fh: Optional[IO[bytes]] = None) -> Mapping[str, object]:
diff --git a/python/setup.cfg b/python/setup.cfg
index 8c67dce457..48668609d3 100644
--- a/python/setup.cfg
+++ b/python/setup.cfg
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ classifiers =
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
     Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+    Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
     Typing :: Typed
 
 [options]
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@ multi_line_output=3
 # of python available on your system to run this test.
 
 [tox:tox]
-envlist = py38, py39, py310, py311
+envlist = py38, py39, py310, py311, py312
 skip_missing_interpreters = true
 
 [testenv]
diff --git a/qemu-img.c b/qemu-img.c
index 6068ab0d27..585b65640f 100644
--- a/qemu-img.c
+++ b/qemu-img.c
@@ -3165,7 +3165,9 @@ static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
     has_offset = !!(ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID);
 
     if (file && has_offset) {
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         bdrv_refresh_filename(file);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         filename = file->filename;
     }
 
@@ -3470,7 +3472,10 @@ static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
         sn.date_sec = rt / G_USEC_PER_SEC;
         sn.date_nsec = (rt % G_USEC_PER_SEC) * 1000;
 
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
         if (ret) {
             error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %s",
                 snapshot_name, strerror(-ret));
@@ -3486,6 +3491,7 @@ static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
         break;
 
     case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
+        bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
         ret = bdrv_snapshot_find(bs, &sn, snapshot_name);
         if (ret < 0) {
             error_report("Could not delete snapshot '%s': snapshot not "
@@ -3499,6 +3505,7 @@ static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
                 ret = 1;
             }
         }
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         break;
     }
 
@@ -3683,7 +3690,9 @@ static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
                 qdict_put_bool(options, BDRV_OPT_FORCE_SHARE, true);
             }
 
+            bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
             bdrv_refresh_filename(bs);
+            bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
             overlay_filename = bs->exact_filename[0] ? bs->exact_filename
                                                      : bs->filename;
             out_real_path =
@@ -4120,6 +4129,8 @@ static int print_amend_option_help(const char *format)
 {
     BlockDriver *drv;
 
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     /* Find driver and parse its options */
     drv = bdrv_find_format(format);
     if (!drv) {
@@ -4258,9 +4269,11 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
         goto out;
     }
 
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     if (!bs->drv->bdrv_amend_options) {
         error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support option amendment",
                      fmt);
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         ret = -1;
         goto out;
     }
@@ -4280,6 +4293,7 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
                               "This option is only supported for image creation\n");
         }
 
+        bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
         error_report_err(err);
         ret = -1;
         goto out;
@@ -4289,6 +4303,8 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
     qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
     ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL, force, &err);
     qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
+
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report_err(err);
         goto out;
diff --git a/qemu-io-cmds.c b/qemu-io-cmds.c
index 3f75d2f5a6..f5d7202a13 100644
--- a/qemu-io-cmds.c
+++ b/qemu-io-cmds.c
@@ -2037,6 +2037,9 @@ static int info_f(BlockBackend *blk, int argc, char **argv)
     char s1[64], s2[64];
     int ret;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     if (bs->drv && bs->drv->format_name) {
         printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->format_name);
     }
diff --git a/scripts/block-coroutine-wrapper.py b/scripts/block-coroutine-wrapper.py
index 685d0b4ed4..a601c3c672 100644
--- a/scripts/block-coroutine-wrapper.py
+++ b/scripts/block-coroutine-wrapper.py
@@ -87,8 +87,9 @@ class FuncDecl:
                 raise ValueError(f"Invalid no_co function name: {self.name}")
             if not self.create_only_co:
                 raise ValueError(f"no_co function can't be mixed: {self.name}")
-            if self.graph_rdlock:
-                raise ValueError(f"no_co function can't be rdlock: {self.name}")
+            if self.graph_rdlock and self.graph_wrlock:
+                raise ValueError("function can't be both rdlock and wrlock: "
+                                 f"{self.name}")
             self.target_name = f'{subsystem}_{subname}'
 
         self.ctx = self.gen_ctx()
@@ -256,7 +257,10 @@ def gen_no_co_wrapper(func: FuncDecl) -> str:
 
     graph_lock=''
     graph_unlock=''
-    if func.graph_wrlock:
+    if func.graph_rdlock:
+        graph_lock='    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();'
+        graph_unlock='    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();'
+    elif func.graph_wrlock:
         graph_lock='    bdrv_graph_wrlock(NULL);'
         graph_unlock='    bdrv_graph_wrunlock();'
 
diff --git a/scripts/cpu-x86-uarch-abi.py b/scripts/cpu-x86-uarch-abi.py
index 82ff07582f..f6baeeff24 100644
--- a/scripts/cpu-x86-uarch-abi.py
+++ b/scripts/cpu-x86-uarch-abi.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ skip = [
 
 names = []
 
-for model in models["return"]:
+for model in models:
     if "alias-of" in model:
         continue
     names.append(model["name"])
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ models = {}
 
 for name in sorted(names):
     cpu = shell.cmd("query-cpu-model-expansion",
-                     { "type": "static",
-                       "model": { "name": name }})
+                    { "type": "static",
+                      "model": { "name": name }})
 
     got = {}
-    for (feature, present) in cpu["return"]["model"]["props"].items():
+    for (feature, present) in cpu["model"]["props"].items():
         if present and feature not in skip:
             got[feature] = True
 
diff --git a/scripts/device-crash-test b/scripts/device-crash-test
index 353aa575d7..da8b56edd9 100755
--- a/scripts/device-crash-test
+++ b/scripts/device-crash-test
@@ -269,14 +269,14 @@ def formatTestCase(t):
 
 def qomListTypeNames(vm, **kwargs):
     """Run qom-list-types QMP command, return type names"""
-    types = vm.command('qom-list-types', **kwargs)
+    types = vm.cmd('qom-list-types', **kwargs)
     return [t['name'] for t in types]
 
 
 def infoQDM(vm):
     """Parse 'info qdm' output"""
     args = {'command-line': 'info qdm'}
-    devhelp = vm.command('human-monitor-command', **args)
+    devhelp = vm.cmd('human-monitor-command', **args)
     for l in devhelp.split('\n'):
         l = l.strip()
         if l == '' or l.endswith(':'):
@@ -304,9 +304,9 @@ class QemuBinaryInfo(object):
             # there's no way to query DeviceClass::user_creatable using QMP,
             # so use 'info qdm':
             self.no_user_devs = set([d['name'] for d in infoQDM(vm, ) if d['no-user']])
-            self.machines = list(m['name'] for m in vm.command('query-machines'))
+            self.machines = list(m['name'] for m in vm.cmd('query-machines'))
             self.user_devs = self.alldevs.difference(self.no_user_devs)
-            self.kvm_available = vm.command('query-kvm')['enabled']
+            self.kvm_available = vm.cmd('query-kvm')['enabled']
         finally:
             vm.shutdown()
 
diff --git a/scripts/python_qmp_updater.py b/scripts/python_qmp_updater.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..494a169812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/python_qmp_updater.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Intended usage:
+#
+# git grep -l '\.qmp(' | xargs ./scripts/python_qmp_updater.py
+#
+
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import Optional
+
+start_reg = re.compile(r'^(?P<padding> *)(?P<res>\w+) = (?P<vm>.*).qmp\(',
+                       flags=re.MULTILINE)
+
+success_reg_templ = re.sub('\n *', '', r"""
+    (\n*{padding}(?P<comment>\#.*$))?
+    \n*{padding}
+    (
+        self.assert_qmp\({res},\ 'return',\ {{}}\)
+    |
+        assert\ {res}\['return'\]\ ==\ {{}}
+    |
+        assert\ {res}\ ==\ {{'return':\ {{}}}}
+    |
+        self.assertEqual\({res}\['return'\],\ {{}}\)
+    )""")
+
+some_check_templ = re.sub('\n *', '', r"""
+    (\n*{padding}(?P<comment>\#.*$))?
+    \s*self.assert_qmp\({res},""")
+
+
+def tmatch(template: str, text: str,
+           padding: str, res: str) -> Optional[re.Match[str]]:
+    return re.match(template.format(padding=padding, res=res), text,
+                    flags=re.MULTILINE)
+
+
+def find_closing_brace(text: str, start: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Having '(' at text[start] search for pairing ')' and return its index.
+    """
+    assert text[start] == '('
+
+    height = 1
+
+    for i in range(start + 1, len(text)):
+        if text[i] == '(':
+            height += 1
+        elif text[i] == ')':
+            height -= 1
+        if height == 0:
+            return i
+
+    raise ValueError
+
+
+def update(text: str) -> str:
+    result = ''
+
+    while True:
+        m = start_reg.search(text)
+        if m is None:
+            result += text
+            break
+
+        result += text[:m.start()]
+
+        args_ind = m.end()
+        args_end = find_closing_brace(text, args_ind - 1)
+
+        all_args = text[args_ind:args_end].split(',', 1)
+
+        name = all_args[0]
+        args = None if len(all_args) == 1 else all_args[1]
+
+        unchanged_call = text[m.start():args_end+1]
+        text = text[args_end+1:]
+
+        padding, res, vm = m.group('padding', 'res', 'vm')
+
+        m = tmatch(success_reg_templ, text, padding, res)
+
+        if m is None:
+            result += unchanged_call
+
+            if ('query-' not in name and
+                    'x-debug-block-dirty-bitmap-sha256' not in name and
+                    not tmatch(some_check_templ, text, padding, res)):
+                print(unchanged_call + text[:200] + '...\n\n')
+
+            continue
+
+        if m.group('comment'):
+            result += f'{padding}{m.group("comment")}\n'
+
+        result += f'{padding}{vm}.cmd({name}'
+
+        if args:
+            result += ','
+
+            if '\n' in args:
+                m_args = re.search('(?P<pad> *).*$', args)
+                assert m_args is not None
+
+                cur_padding = len(m_args.group('pad'))
+                expected = len(f'{padding}{res} = {vm}.qmp(')
+                drop = len(f'{res} = ')
+                if cur_padding == expected - 1:
+                    # tolerate this bad style
+                    drop -= 1
+                elif cur_padding < expected - 1:
+                    # assume nothing to do
+                    drop = 0
+
+                if drop:
+                    args = re.sub('\n' + ' ' * drop, '\n', args)
+
+            result += args
+
+        result += ')'
+
+        text = text[m.end():]
+
+    return result
+
+
+for fname in sys.argv[1:]:
+    print(fname)
+    with open(fname) as f:
+        t = f.read()
+
+    t = update(t)
+
+    with open(fname, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(t)
diff --git a/scripts/render_block_graph.py b/scripts/render_block_graph.py
index 8f731a5cfe..3e1a2e3fa7 100755
--- a/scripts/render_block_graph.py
+++ b/scripts/render_block_graph.py
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ def render_block_graph(qmp, filename, format='png'):
     representation in @format into "@filename.@format"
     '''
 
-    bds_nodes = qmp.command('query-named-block-nodes')
+    bds_nodes = qmp.cmd('query-named-block-nodes')
     bds_nodes = {n['node-name']: n for n in bds_nodes}
 
-    job_nodes = qmp.command('query-block-jobs')
+    job_nodes = qmp.cmd('query-block-jobs')
     job_nodes = {n['device']: n for n in job_nodes}
 
-    block_graph = qmp.command('x-debug-query-block-graph')
+    block_graph = qmp.cmd('x-debug-query-block-graph')
 
     graph = Digraph(comment='Block Nodes Graph')
     graph.format = format
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class LibvirtGuest():
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
-    def command(self, cmd):
+    def cmd(self, cmd):
         # only supports qmp commands without parameters
         m = {'execute': cmd}
         ar = ['virsh', 'qemu-monitor-command', self.name, json.dumps(m)]
diff --git a/stubs/qmp_memory_device.c b/stubs/memory_device.c
index e75cac62dc..15fd93ff67 100644
--- a/stubs/qmp_memory_device.c
+++ b/stubs/memory_device.c
@@ -10,3 +10,13 @@ uint64_t get_plugged_memory_size(void)
 {
     return (uint64_t)-1;
 }
+
+unsigned int memory_devices_get_reserved_memslots(void)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool memory_devices_memslot_auto_decision_active(void)
+{
+    return false;
+}
diff --git a/stubs/meson.build b/stubs/meson.build
index ef6e39a64d..cde44972bf 100644
--- a/stubs/meson.build
+++ b/stubs/meson.build
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ stub_ss.add(files('monitor.c'))
 stub_ss.add(files('monitor-core.c'))
 stub_ss.add(files('physmem.c'))
 stub_ss.add(files('qemu-timer-notify-cb.c'))
-stub_ss.add(files('qmp_memory_device.c'))
+stub_ss.add(files('memory_device.c'))
 stub_ss.add(files('qmp-command-available.c'))
 stub_ss.add(files('qmp-quit.c'))
 stub_ss.add(files('qtest.c'))
diff --git a/subprojects/libvduse/libvduse.c b/subprojects/libvduse/libvduse.c
index 377959a0b4..21ffbb5b8d 100644
--- a/subprojects/libvduse/libvduse.c
+++ b/subprojects/libvduse/libvduse.c
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ int vduse_dev_handler(VduseDev *dev)
         /* The iova will be updated by iova_to_va() later, so just remove it */
         vduse_iova_remove_region(dev, req.iova.start, req.iova.last);
         for (i = 0; i < dev->num_queues; i++) {
-            VduseVirtq *vq = &dev->vqs[i];
+            vq = &dev->vqs[i];
             if (vq->ready) {
                 if (vduse_queue_update_vring(vq, vq->vring.desc_addr,
                                              vq->vring.avail_addr,
diff --git a/subprojects/libvhost-user/libvhost-user.c b/subprojects/libvhost-user/libvhost-user.c
index ac6d5d01d3..6684057370 100644
--- a/subprojects/libvhost-user/libvhost-user.c
+++ b/subprojects/libvhost-user/libvhost-user.c
@@ -870,10 +870,10 @@ vu_rem_mem_reg(VuDev *dev, VhostUserMsg *vmsg) {
     for (i = 0; i < dev->nregions; i++) {
         if (reg_equal(&dev->regions[i], msg_region)) {
             VuDevRegion *r = &dev->regions[i];
-            void *m = (void *) (uintptr_t) r->mmap_addr;
+            void *ma = (void *) (uintptr_t) r->mmap_addr;
 
-            if (m) {
-                munmap(m, r->size + r->mmap_offset);
+            if (ma) {
+                munmap(ma, r->size + r->mmap_offset);
             }
 
             /*
@@ -1005,10 +1005,10 @@ vu_set_mem_table_exec(VuDev *dev, VhostUserMsg *vmsg)
 
     for (i = 0; i < dev->nregions; i++) {
         VuDevRegion *r = &dev->regions[i];
-        void *m = (void *) (uintptr_t) r->mmap_addr;
+        void *ma = (void *) (uintptr_t) r->mmap_addr;
 
-        if (m) {
-            munmap(m, r->size + r->mmap_offset);
+        if (ma) {
+            munmap(ma, r->size + r->mmap_offset);
         }
     }
     dev->nregions = memory->nregions;
diff --git a/system/memory.c b/system/memory.c
index fa1c99f9ba..a800fbc9e5 100644
--- a/system/memory.c
+++ b/system/memory.c
@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ struct FlatRange {
     bool romd_mode;
     bool readonly;
     bool nonvolatile;
+    bool unmergeable;
 };
 
 #define FOR_EACH_FLAT_RANGE(var, view)          \
@@ -240,6 +241,7 @@ section_from_flat_range(FlatRange *fr, FlatView *fv)
         .offset_within_address_space = int128_get64(fr->addr.start),
         .readonly = fr->readonly,
         .nonvolatile = fr->nonvolatile,
+        .unmergeable = fr->unmergeable,
     };
 }
 
@@ -250,7 +252,8 @@ static bool flatrange_equal(FlatRange *a, FlatRange *b)
         && a->offset_in_region == b->offset_in_region
         && a->romd_mode == b->romd_mode
         && a->readonly == b->readonly
-        && a->nonvolatile == b->nonvolatile;
+        && a->nonvolatile == b->nonvolatile
+        && a->unmergeable == b->unmergeable;
 }
 
 static FlatView *flatview_new(MemoryRegion *mr_root)
@@ -323,7 +326,8 @@ static bool can_merge(FlatRange *r1, FlatRange *r2)
         && r1->dirty_log_mask == r2->dirty_log_mask
         && r1->romd_mode == r2->romd_mode
         && r1->readonly == r2->readonly
-        && r1->nonvolatile == r2->nonvolatile;
+        && r1->nonvolatile == r2->nonvolatile
+        && !r1->unmergeable && !r2->unmergeable;
 }
 
 /* Attempt to simplify a view by merging adjacent ranges */
@@ -599,7 +603,8 @@ static void render_memory_region(FlatView *view,
                                  Int128 base,
                                  AddrRange clip,
                                  bool readonly,
-                                 bool nonvolatile)
+                                 bool nonvolatile,
+                                 bool unmergeable)
 {
     MemoryRegion *subregion;
     unsigned i;
@@ -616,6 +621,7 @@ static void render_memory_region(FlatView *view,
     int128_addto(&base, int128_make64(mr->addr));
     readonly |= mr->readonly;
     nonvolatile |= mr->nonvolatile;
+    unmergeable |= mr->unmergeable;
 
     tmp = addrrange_make(base, mr->size);
 
@@ -629,14 +635,14 @@ static void render_memory_region(FlatView *view,
         int128_subfrom(&base, int128_make64(mr->alias->addr));
         int128_subfrom(&base, int128_make64(mr->alias_offset));
         render_memory_region(view, mr->alias, base, clip,
-                             readonly, nonvolatile);
+                             readonly, nonvolatile, unmergeable);
         return;
     }
 
     /* Render subregions in priority order. */
     QTAILQ_FOREACH(subregion, &mr->subregions, subregions_link) {
         render_memory_region(view, subregion, base, clip,
-                             readonly, nonvolatile);
+                             readonly, nonvolatile, unmergeable);
     }
 
     if (!mr->terminates) {
@@ -652,6 +658,7 @@ static void render_memory_region(FlatView *view,
     fr.romd_mode = mr->romd_mode;
     fr.readonly = readonly;
     fr.nonvolatile = nonvolatile;
+    fr.unmergeable = unmergeable;
 
     /* Render the region itself into any gaps left by the current view. */
     for (i = 0; i < view->nr && int128_nz(remain); ++i) {
@@ -753,7 +760,7 @@ static FlatView *generate_memory_topology(MemoryRegion *mr)
     if (mr) {
         render_memory_region(view, mr, int128_zero(),
                              addrrange_make(int128_zero(), int128_2_64()),
-                             false, false);
+                             false, false, false);
     }
     flatview_simplify(view);
 
@@ -2085,7 +2092,7 @@ int memory_region_iommu_num_indexes(IOMMUMemoryRegion *iommu_mr)
 
 RamDiscardManager *memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(MemoryRegion *mr)
 {
-    if (!memory_region_is_mapped(mr) || !memory_region_is_ram(mr)) {
+    if (!memory_region_is_ram(mr)) {
         return NULL;
     }
     return mr->rdm;
@@ -2094,7 +2101,7 @@ RamDiscardManager *memory_region_get_ram_discard_manager(MemoryRegion *mr)
 void memory_region_set_ram_discard_manager(MemoryRegion *mr,
                                            RamDiscardManager *rdm)
 {
-    g_assert(memory_region_is_ram(mr) && !memory_region_is_mapped(mr));
+    g_assert(memory_region_is_ram(mr));
     g_assert(!rdm || !mr->rdm);
     mr->rdm = rdm;
 }
@@ -2755,6 +2762,18 @@ void memory_region_set_alias_offset(MemoryRegion *mr, hwaddr offset)
     memory_region_transaction_commit();
 }
 
+void memory_region_set_unmergeable(MemoryRegion *mr, bool unmergeable)
+{
+    if (unmergeable == mr->unmergeable) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    memory_region_transaction_begin();
+    mr->unmergeable = unmergeable;
+    memory_region_update_pending |= mr->enabled;
+    memory_region_transaction_commit();
+}
+
 uint64_t memory_region_get_alignment(const MemoryRegion *mr)
 {
     return mr->align;
diff --git a/system/physmem.c b/system/physmem.c
index edc3ed8ab9..fc2b0fee01 100644
--- a/system/physmem.c
+++ b/system/physmem.c
@@ -2221,23 +2221,6 @@ ram_addr_t qemu_ram_block_host_offset(RAMBlock *rb, void *host)
     return res;
 }
 
-/*
- * Translates a host ptr back to a RAMBlock, a ram_addr and an offset
- * in that RAMBlock.
- *
- * ptr: Host pointer to look up
- * round_offset: If true round the result offset down to a page boundary
- * *ram_addr: set to result ram_addr
- * *offset: set to result offset within the RAMBlock
- *
- * Returns: RAMBlock (or NULL if not found)
- *
- * By the time this function returns, the returned pointer is not protected
- * by RCU anymore.  If the caller is not within an RCU critical section and
- * does not hold the iothread lock, it must have other means of protecting the
- * pointer, such as a reference to the region that includes the incoming
- * ram_addr_t.
- */
 RAMBlock *qemu_ram_block_from_host(void *ptr, bool round_offset,
                                    ram_addr_t *offset)
 {
diff --git a/target/i386/tcg/seg_helper.c b/target/i386/tcg/seg_helper.c
index 2b92aee207..eb29a1fd4e 100644
--- a/target/i386/tcg/seg_helper.c
+++ b/target/i386/tcg/seg_helper.c
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ static void tss_load_seg(CPUX86State *env, X86Seg seg_reg, int selector,
 static void tss_set_busy(CPUX86State *env, int tss_selector, bool value,
                          uintptr_t retaddr)
 {
-    target_ulong ptr = env->gdt.base + (env->tr.selector & ~7);
+    target_ulong ptr = env->gdt.base + (tss_selector & ~7);
     uint32_t e2 = cpu_ldl_kernel_ra(env, ptr + 4, retaddr);
 
     if (value) {
diff --git a/target/loongarch/cpu.h b/target/loongarch/cpu.h
index 40e70a8119..8b54cf109c 100644
--- a/target/loongarch/cpu.h
+++ b/target/loongarch/cpu.h
@@ -458,11 +458,11 @@ static inline void set_pc(CPULoongArchState *env, uint64_t value)
  * LoongArch CPUs hardware flags.
  */
 #define HW_FLAGS_PLV_MASK   R_CSR_CRMD_PLV_MASK  /* 0x03 */
-#define HW_FLAGS_CRMD_PG    R_CSR_CRMD_PG_MASK   /* 0x10 */
 #define HW_FLAGS_EUEN_FPE   0x04
 #define HW_FLAGS_EUEN_SXE   0x08
-#define HW_FLAGS_EUEN_ASXE  0x10
+#define HW_FLAGS_CRMD_PG    R_CSR_CRMD_PG_MASK   /* 0x10 */
 #define HW_FLAGS_VA32       0x20
+#define HW_FLAGS_EUEN_ASXE  0x40
 
 static inline void cpu_get_tb_cpu_state(CPULoongArchState *env, vaddr *pc,
                                         uint64_t *cs_base, uint32_t *flags)
diff --git a/target/loongarch/disas.c b/target/loongarch/disas.c
index c8a29eac2b..2040f3e44d 100644
--- a/target/loongarch/disas.c
+++ b/target/loongarch/disas.c
@@ -190,6 +190,12 @@ static void output_hint_r_i(DisasContext *ctx, arg_hint_r_i *a,
     output(ctx, mnemonic, "%d, r%d, %d", a->hint, a->rj, a->imm);
 }
 
+static void output_hint_rr(DisasContext *ctx, arg_hint_rr *a,
+                           const char *mnemonic)
+{
+    output(ctx, mnemonic, "%d, r%d, r%d", a->hint, a->rj, a->rk);
+}
+
 static void output_i(DisasContext *ctx, arg_i *a, const char *mnemonic)
 {
     output(ctx, mnemonic, "%d", a->imm);
@@ -549,6 +555,7 @@ INSN(ld_bu,        rr_i)
 INSN(ld_hu,        rr_i)
 INSN(ld_wu,        rr_i)
 INSN(preld,        hint_r_i)
+INSN(preldx,       hint_rr)
 INSN(fld_s,        fr_i)
 INSN(fst_s,        fr_i)
 INSN(fld_d,        fr_i)
diff --git a/target/loongarch/insn_trans/trans_memory.c.inc b/target/loongarch/insn_trans/trans_memory.c.inc
index c3de1404ea..42f4e74012 100644
--- a/target/loongarch/insn_trans/trans_memory.c.inc
+++ b/target/loongarch/insn_trans/trans_memory.c.inc
@@ -110,6 +110,11 @@ static bool trans_preld(DisasContext *ctx, arg_preld *a)
     return true;
 }
 
+static bool trans_preldx(DisasContext *ctx, arg_preldx * a)
+{
+    return true;
+}
+
 static bool trans_dbar(DisasContext *ctx, arg_dbar * a)
 {
     tcg_gen_mb(TCG_BAR_SC | TCG_MO_ALL);
diff --git a/target/loongarch/insns.decode b/target/loongarch/insns.decode
index 64b308f9fb..62f58cc541 100644
--- a/target/loongarch/insns.decode
+++ b/target/loongarch/insns.decode
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 &rrr          rd rj rk
 &rr_i         rd rj imm
 &hint_r_i     hint rj imm
+&hint_rr      hint rj rk
 &rrr_sa       rd rj rk sa
 &rr_ms_ls     rd rj ms ls
 &ff           fd fj
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@
 @rr_i16                     .... .. imm:s16 rj:5 rd:5    &rr_i
 @rr_i16s2         .... ..  ................ rj:5 rd:5    &rr_i imm=%offs16
 @hint_r_i12           .... ...... imm:s12 rj:5 hint:5    &hint_r_i
+@hint_rr         .... ........ ..... rk:5 rj:5 hint:5    &hint_rr
 @rrr_sa2p1        .... ........ ... .. rk:5 rj:5 rd:5    &rrr_sa  sa=%sa2p1
 @rrr_sa2        .... ........ ... sa:2 rk:5 rj:5 rd:5    &rrr_sa
 @rrr_sa3         .... ........ .. sa:3 rk:5 rj:5 rd:5    &rrr_sa
@@ -228,6 +230,7 @@ ldx_bu          0011 10000010 00000 ..... ..... .....    @rrr
 ldx_hu          0011 10000010 01000 ..... ..... .....    @rrr
 ldx_wu          0011 10000010 10000 ..... ..... .....    @rrr
 preld           0010 101011 ............ ..... .....     @hint_r_i12
+preldx          0011 10000010 11000 ..... ..... .....    @hint_rr
 dbar            0011 10000111 00100 ...............      @i15
 ibar            0011 10000111 00101 ...............      @i15
 ldptr_w         0010 0100 .............. ..... .....     @rr_i14s2
diff --git a/tests/avocado/acpi-bits.py b/tests/avocado/acpi-bits.py
index bb3f818689..eca13dc518 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/acpi-bits.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/acpi-bits.py
@@ -92,17 +92,14 @@ class QEMUBitsMachine(QEMUMachine): # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
                  base_temp_dir: str = "/var/tmp",
                  debugcon_log: str = "debugcon-log.txt",
                  debugcon_addr: str = "0x403",
-                 sock_dir: Optional[str] = None,
                  qmp_timer: Optional[float] = None):
         # pylint: disable=too-many-arguments
 
         if name is None:
             name = "qemu-bits-%d" % os.getpid()
-        if sock_dir is None:
-            sock_dir = base_temp_dir
         super().__init__(binary, args, wrapper=wrapper, name=name,
                          base_temp_dir=base_temp_dir,
-                         sock_dir=sock_dir, qmp_timer=qmp_timer)
+                         qmp_timer=qmp_timer)
         self.debugcon_log = debugcon_log
         self.debugcon_addr = debugcon_addr
         self.base_temp_dir = base_temp_dir
diff --git a/tests/avocado/avocado_qemu/__init__.py b/tests/avocado/avocado_qemu/__init__.py
index 0172a359b7..d71e989db6 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/avocado_qemu/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/avocado_qemu/__init__.py
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ class QemuSystemTest(QemuBaseTest):
     def _new_vm(self, name, *args):
         self._sd = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="qemu_")
         vm = QEMUMachine(self.qemu_bin, base_temp_dir=self.workdir,
-                         sock_dir=self._sd.name, log_dir=self.logdir)
+                         log_dir=self.logdir)
         self.log.debug('QEMUMachine "%s" created', name)
         self.log.debug('QEMUMachine "%s" temp_dir: %s', name, vm.temp_dir)
         self.log.debug('QEMUMachine "%s" log_dir: %s', name, vm.log_dir)
@@ -408,8 +408,8 @@ class LinuxSSHMixIn:
 
     def ssh_connect(self, username, credential, credential_is_key=True):
         self.ssh_logger = logging.getLogger('ssh')
-        res = self.vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                              command_line='info usernet')
+        res = self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                          command_line='info usernet')
         port = get_info_usernet_hostfwd_port(res)
         self.assertIsNotNone(port)
         self.assertGreater(port, 0)
diff --git a/tests/avocado/cpu_queries.py b/tests/avocado/cpu_queries.py
index cf69f69b11..86c2d5c92d 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/cpu_queries.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/cpu_queries.py
@@ -23,12 +23,13 @@ class QueryCPUModelExpansion(QemuSystemTest):
         self.vm.add_args('-S')
         self.vm.launch()
 
-        cpus = self.vm.command('query-cpu-definitions')
+        cpus = self.vm.cmd('query-cpu-definitions')
         for c in cpus:
             self.log.info("Checking CPU: %s", c)
             self.assertNotIn('', c['unavailable-features'], c['name'])
 
         for c in cpus:
             model = {'name': c['name']}
-            e = self.vm.command('query-cpu-model-expansion', model=model, type='full')
+            e = self.vm.cmd('query-cpu-model-expansion', model=model,
+                            type='full')
             self.assertEquals(e['model']['name'], c['name'])
diff --git a/tests/avocado/hotplug_cpu.py b/tests/avocado/hotplug_cpu.py
index 6374bf1b54..292bb43e4d 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/hotplug_cpu.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/hotplug_cpu.py
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ class HotPlugCPU(LinuxTest):
         with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
             self.ssh_command('test -e /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu1')
 
-        self.vm.command('device_add',
-                        driver='Haswell-x86_64-cpu',
-                        socket_id=0,
-                        core_id=1,
-                        thread_id=0)
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add',
+                    driver='Haswell-x86_64-cpu',
+                    socket_id=0,
+                    core_id=1,
+                    thread_id=0)
         self.ssh_command('test -e /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu1')
diff --git a/tests/avocado/info_usernet.py b/tests/avocado/info_usernet.py
index fdc4d90c42..e1aa7a6e0a 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/info_usernet.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/info_usernet.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class InfoUsernet(QemuSystemTest):
         self.require_netdev('user')
         self.vm.add_args('-netdev', 'user,id=vnet,hostfwd=:127.0.0.1:0-:22')
         self.vm.launch()
-        res = self.vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                              command_line='info usernet')
+        res = self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                          command_line='info usernet')
         port = get_info_usernet_hostfwd_port(res)
         self.assertIsNotNone(port,
                              ('"info usernet" output content does not seem to '
diff --git a/tests/avocado/machine_arm_integratorcp.py b/tests/avocado/machine_arm_integratorcp.py
index 1ffe1073ef..87f5cf3953 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/machine_arm_integratorcp.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/machine_arm_integratorcp.py
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ class IntegratorMachine(QemuSystemTest):
         self.boot_integratorcp()
         framebuffer_ready = 'Console: switching to colour frame buffer device'
         wait_for_console_pattern(self, framebuffer_ready)
-        self.vm.command('human-monitor-command', command_line='stop')
-        self.vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                        command_line='screendump %s' % screendump_path)
+        self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command', command_line='stop')
+        self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                    command_line='screendump %s' % screendump_path)
         logger = logging.getLogger('framebuffer')
 
         cpu_count = 1
diff --git a/tests/avocado/machine_aspeed.py b/tests/avocado/machine_aspeed.py
index 90f1b7cb77..df31b2a8a8 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/machine_aspeed.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/machine_aspeed.py
@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ class AST2x00Machine(QemuSystemTest):
              'i2c i2c-3: new_device: Instantiated device lm75 at 0x4d');
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self,
                              'cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon1/temp1_input', '0')
-        self.vm.command('qom-set', path='/machine/peripheral/tmp-test',
-                        property='temperature', value=18000);
+        self.vm.cmd('qom-set', path='/machine/peripheral/tmp-test',
+                    property='temperature', value=18000);
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self,
                              'cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon1/temp1_input', '18000')
 
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ class AST2x00Machine(QemuSystemTest):
              'i2c i2c-3: new_device: Instantiated device lm75 at 0x4d');
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self,
                              'cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon0/temp1_input', '0')
-        self.vm.command('qom-set', path='/machine/peripheral/tmp-test',
-                        property='temperature', value=18000);
+        self.vm.cmd('qom-set', path='/machine/peripheral/tmp-test',
+                    property='temperature', value=18000);
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self,
                              'cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon0/temp1_input', '18000')
 
@@ -247,7 +247,10 @@ class AST2x00Machine(QemuSystemTest):
         image_path = self.fetch_asset(image_url, asset_hash=image_hash,
                                       algorithm='sha256')
 
-        socket = os.path.join(self.vm.sock_dir, 'swtpm-socket')
+        # force creation of VM object, which also defines self._sd
+        vm = self.vm
+
+        socket = os.path.join(self._sd.name, 'swtpm-socket')
 
         subprocess.run(['swtpm', 'socket', '-d', '--tpm2',
                         '--tpmstate', f'dir={self.vm.temp_dir}',
@@ -357,8 +360,8 @@ class AST2x00MachineSDK(QemuSystemTest, LinuxSSHMixIn):
              'i2c i2c-5: new_device: Instantiated device lm75 at 0x4d');
         self.ssh_command_output_contains(
                              'cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon19/temp1_input', '0')
-        self.vm.command('qom-set', path='/machine/peripheral/tmp-test',
-                        property='temperature', value=18000);
+        self.vm.cmd('qom-set', path='/machine/peripheral/tmp-test',
+                    property='temperature', value=18000);
         self.ssh_command_output_contains(
                              'cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon19/temp1_input', '18000')
 
diff --git a/tests/avocado/machine_m68k_nextcube.py b/tests/avocado/machine_m68k_nextcube.py
index 6790e7d9cd..d6da2fbb01 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/machine_m68k_nextcube.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/machine_m68k_nextcube.py
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ class NextCubeMachine(QemuSystemTest):
         #       'displaysurface_create 1120x832' trace-event.
         time.sleep(2)
 
-        self.vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                        command_line='screendump %s' % screenshot_path)
+        self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                    command_line='screendump %s' % screenshot_path)
 
     @skipUnless(PIL_AVAILABLE, 'Python PIL not installed')
     def test_bootrom_framebuffer_size(self):
diff --git a/tests/avocado/machine_mips_malta.py b/tests/avocado/machine_mips_malta.py
index 92233451c5..9bd54518bf 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/machine_mips_malta.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/machine_mips_malta.py
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ class MaltaMachineFramebuffer(QemuSystemTest):
         framebuffer_ready = 'Console: switching to colour frame buffer device'
         wait_for_console_pattern(self, framebuffer_ready,
                                  failure_message='Kernel panic - not syncing')
-        self.vm.command('human-monitor-command', command_line='stop')
-        self.vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                        command_line='screendump %s' % screendump_path)
+        self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command', command_line='stop')
+        self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                    command_line='screendump %s' % screendump_path)
         logger = logging.getLogger('framebuffer')
 
         match_threshold = 0.95
diff --git a/tests/avocado/machine_s390_ccw_virtio.py b/tests/avocado/machine_s390_ccw_virtio.py
index e7a2a20ba6..e1f493bc44 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/machine_s390_ccw_virtio.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/machine_s390_ccw_virtio.py
@@ -107,10 +107,10 @@ class S390CCWVirtioMachine(QemuSystemTest):
                         'dd if=/dev/hwrng of=/dev/null bs=1k count=10',
                         '10+0 records out')
         self.clear_guest_dmesg()
-        self.vm.command('device_del', id='rn1')
+        self.vm.cmd('device_del', id='rn1')
         self.wait_for_crw_reports()
         self.clear_guest_dmesg()
-        self.vm.command('device_del', id='rn2')
+        self.vm.cmd('device_del', id='rn2')
         self.wait_for_crw_reports()
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self,
                         'dd if=/dev/hwrng of=/dev/null bs=1k count=10',
@@ -132,8 +132,8 @@ class S390CCWVirtioMachine(QemuSystemTest):
                         '0x0000000c')
         # add another device
         self.clear_guest_dmesg()
-        self.vm.command('device_add', driver='virtio-net-ccw',
-                        devno='fe.0.4711', id='net_4711')
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add', driver='virtio-net-ccw',
+                    devno='fe.0.4711', id='net_4711')
         self.wait_for_crw_reports()
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self, 'for i in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ; do '
                     'if [ -e /sys/bus/ccw/devices/*4711 ]; then break; fi ;'
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class S390CCWVirtioMachine(QemuSystemTest):
                     '0.0.4711')
         # and detach it again
         self.clear_guest_dmesg()
-        self.vm.command('device_del', id='net_4711')
+        self.vm.cmd('device_del', id='net_4711')
         self.vm.event_wait(name='DEVICE_DELETED',
                            match={'data': {'device': 'net_4711'}})
         self.wait_for_crw_reports()
@@ -151,10 +151,10 @@ class S390CCWVirtioMachine(QemuSystemTest):
         # test the virtio-balloon device
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self, 'head -n 1 /proc/meminfo',
                                           'MemTotal:         115640 kB')
-        self.vm.command('human-monitor-command', command_line='balloon 96')
+        self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command', command_line='balloon 96')
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self, 'head -n 1 /proc/meminfo',
                                           'MemTotal:          82872 kB')
-        self.vm.command('human-monitor-command', command_line='balloon 128')
+        self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command', command_line='balloon 128')
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self, 'head -n 1 /proc/meminfo',
                                           'MemTotal:         115640 kB')
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class S390CCWVirtioMachine(QemuSystemTest):
                 '12+0 records out')
             with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.ppm',
                                              prefix='qemu-scrdump-') as ppmfile:
-                self.vm.command('screendump', filename=ppmfile.name)
+                self.vm.cmd('screendump', filename=ppmfile.name)
                 ppmfile.seek(0)
                 line = ppmfile.readline()
                 self.assertEqual(line, b"P6\n")
@@ -261,16 +261,16 @@ class S390CCWVirtioMachine(QemuSystemTest):
         # Hot-plug a virtio-crypto device and see whether it gets accepted
         self.log.info("Test hot-plug virtio-crypto device")
         self.clear_guest_dmesg()
-        self.vm.command('object-add', qom_type='cryptodev-backend-builtin',
-                        id='cbe0')
-        self.vm.command('device_add', driver='virtio-crypto-ccw', id='crypdev0',
-                        cryptodev='cbe0', devno='fe.0.2342')
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', qom_type='cryptodev-backend-builtin',
+                    id='cbe0')
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add', driver='virtio-crypto-ccw', id='crypdev0',
+                    cryptodev='cbe0', devno='fe.0.2342')
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self,
                         'while ! (dmesg -c | grep Accelerator.device) ; do'
                         ' sleep 1 ; done', 'Accelerator device is ready')
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self, 'lscss', '0.0.2342')
-        self.vm.command('device_del', id='crypdev0')
-        self.vm.command('object-del', id='cbe0')
+        self.vm.cmd('device_del', id='crypdev0')
+        self.vm.cmd('object-del', id='cbe0')
         exec_command_and_wait_for_pattern(self,
                         'while ! (dmesg -c | grep Start.virtcrypto_remove) ; do'
                         ' sleep 1 ; done', 'Start virtcrypto_remove.')
diff --git a/tests/avocado/migration.py b/tests/avocado/migration.py
index fdc1d234fb..09b62f813e 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/migration.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/migration.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class MigrationTest(QemuSystemTest):
 
     @staticmethod
     def migration_finished(vm):
-        return vm.command('query-migrate')['status'] in ('completed', 'failed')
+        return vm.cmd('query-migrate')['status'] in ('completed', 'failed')
 
     def assert_migration(self, src_vm, dst_vm):
         wait.wait_for(self.migration_finished,
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ class MigrationTest(QemuSystemTest):
                       timeout=self.timeout,
                       step=0.1,
                       args=(dst_vm,))
-        self.assertEqual(src_vm.command('query-migrate')['status'], 'completed')
-        self.assertEqual(dst_vm.command('query-migrate')['status'], 'completed')
-        self.assertEqual(dst_vm.command('query-status')['status'], 'running')
-        self.assertEqual(src_vm.command('query-status')['status'],'postmigrate')
+        self.assertEqual(src_vm.cmd('query-migrate')['status'], 'completed')
+        self.assertEqual(dst_vm.cmd('query-migrate')['status'], 'completed')
+        self.assertEqual(dst_vm.cmd('query-status')['status'], 'running')
+        self.assertEqual(src_vm.cmd('query-status')['status'],'postmigrate')
 
     def do_migrate(self, dest_uri, src_uri=None):
         dest_vm = self.get_vm('-incoming', dest_uri)
diff --git a/tests/avocado/pc_cpu_hotplug_props.py b/tests/avocado/pc_cpu_hotplug_props.py
index 52b878188e..b56f51d02a 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/pc_cpu_hotplug_props.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/pc_cpu_hotplug_props.py
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ class OmittedCPUProps(QemuSystemTest):
         self.vm.add_args('-smp', '1,sockets=2,cores=2,threads=2,maxcpus=8')
         self.vm.add_args('-device', 'qemu64-x86_64-cpu,socket-id=1,core-id=0,thread-id=0')
         self.vm.launch()
-        self.assertEquals(len(self.vm.command('query-cpus-fast')), 2)
+        self.assertEquals(len(self.vm.cmd('query-cpus-fast')), 2)
diff --git a/tests/avocado/version.py b/tests/avocado/version.py
index dd775955eb..93ffdf3d97 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/version.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/version.py
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ class Version(QemuSystemTest):
     def test_qmp_human_info_version(self):
         self.vm.add_args('-nodefaults')
         self.vm.launch()
-        res = self.vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                              command_line='info version')
+        res = self.vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                          command_line='info version')
         self.assertRegexpMatches(res, r'^(\d+\.\d+\.\d)')
diff --git a/tests/avocado/virtio_check_params.py b/tests/avocado/virtio_check_params.py
index 4093da8a67..f4314ef824 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/virtio_check_params.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/virtio_check_params.py
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ class VirtioMaxSegSettingsCheck(QemuSystemTest):
         error = None
         props = None
 
-        output = vm.command('human-monitor-command',
-                            command_line = 'info qtree')
+        output = vm.cmd('human-monitor-command',
+                        command_line = 'info qtree')
         props_list = DEV_TYPES[dev_type_name].values();
         pattern = self.make_pattern(props_list)
         res = re.findall(pattern, output)
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class VirtioMaxSegSettingsCheck(QemuSystemTest):
         # collect all machine types except 'none', 'isapc', 'microvm'
         with QEMUMachine(self.qemu_bin) as vm:
             vm.launch()
-            machines = [m['name'] for m in vm.command('query-machines')]
+            machines = [m['name'] for m in vm.cmd('query-machines')]
             vm.shutdown()
         machines.remove('none')
         machines.remove('isapc')
diff --git a/tests/avocado/virtio_version.py b/tests/avocado/virtio_version.py
index c84e48813a..afe5e828b5 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/virtio_version.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/virtio_version.py
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ def pci_modern_device_id(virtio_devid):
     return virtio_devid + 0x1040
 
 def devtype_implements(vm, devtype, implements):
-    return devtype in [d['name'] for d in vm.command('qom-list-types', implements=implements)]
+    return devtype in [d['name'] for d in
+                       vm.cmd('qom-list-types', implements=implements)]
 
 def get_pci_interfaces(vm, devtype):
     interfaces = ('pci-express-device', 'conventional-pci-device')
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ class VirtioVersionCheck(QemuSystemTest):
             vm.add_args('-S')
             vm.launch()
 
-            pcibuses = vm.command('query-pci')
+            pcibuses = vm.cmd('query-pci')
             alldevs = [dev for bus in pcibuses for dev in bus['devices']]
             devfortest = [dev for dev in alldevs
                           if dev['qdev_id'] == 'devfortest']
diff --git a/tests/avocado/vnc.py b/tests/avocado/vnc.py
index aeeefc70be..862c8996a8 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/vnc.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/vnc.py
@@ -88,9 +88,8 @@ class Vnc(QemuSystemTest):
         self.vm.add_args('-nodefaults', '-S', '-vnc', ':0,password=on')
         self.vm.launch()
         self.assertTrue(self.vm.qmp('query-vnc')['return']['enabled'])
-        set_password_response = self.vm.qmp('change-vnc-password',
-                                            password='new_password')
-        self.assertEqual(set_password_response['return'], {})
+        self.vm.cmd('change-vnc-password',
+                    password='new_password')
 
     def test_change_listen(self):
         a, b, c = find_free_ports(3)
@@ -105,12 +104,11 @@ class Vnc(QemuSystemTest):
         self.assertFalse(check_connect(b))
         self.assertFalse(check_connect(c))
 
-        res = self.vm.qmp('display-update', type='vnc',
-                          addresses=[{'type': 'inet', 'host': VNC_ADDR,
-                                      'port': str(b)},
-                                     {'type': 'inet', 'host': VNC_ADDR,
-                                      'port': str(c)}])
-        self.assertEqual(res['return'], {})
+        self.vm.cmd('display-update', type='vnc',
+                    addresses=[{'type': 'inet', 'host': VNC_ADDR,
+                                'port': str(b)},
+                               {'type': 'inet', 'host': VNC_ADDR,
+                                'port': str(c)}])
         self.assertEqual(self.vm.qmp('query-vnc')['return']['service'], str(b))
         self.assertFalse(check_connect(a))
         self.assertTrue(check_connect(b))
diff --git a/tests/avocado/x86_cpu_model_versions.py b/tests/avocado/x86_cpu_model_versions.py
index a6edf74c1c..9e07b8a55d 100644
--- a/tests/avocado/x86_cpu_model_versions.py
+++ b/tests/avocado/x86_cpu_model_versions.py
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ class X86CPUModelAliases(avocado_qemu.QemuSystemTest):
         # with older QEMU versions that didn't have the versioned CPU model
         self.vm.add_args('-S')
         self.vm.launch()
-        cpus = dict((m['name'], m) for m in self.vm.command('query-cpu-definitions'))
+        cpus = dict((m['name'], m) for m in
+                    self.vm.cmd('query-cpu-definitions'))
 
         self.assertFalse(cpus['Cascadelake-Server']['static'],
                          'unversioned Cascadelake-Server CPU model must not be static')
@@ -115,7 +116,8 @@ class X86CPUModelAliases(avocado_qemu.QemuSystemTest):
         self.vm.add_args('-S')
         self.vm.launch()
 
-        cpus = dict((m['name'], m) for m in self.vm.command('query-cpu-definitions'))
+        cpus = dict((m['name'], m) for m in
+                    self.vm.cmd('query-cpu-definitions'))
 
         self.assertFalse(cpus['Cascadelake-Server']['static'],
                          'unversioned Cascadelake-Server CPU model must not be static')
@@ -220,7 +222,8 @@ class X86CPUModelAliases(avocado_qemu.QemuSystemTest):
         self.vm.add_args('-S')
         self.vm.launch()
 
-        cpus = dict((m['name'], m) for m in self.vm.command('query-cpu-definitions'))
+        cpus = dict((m['name'], m) for m in
+                    self.vm.cmd('query-cpu-definitions'))
 
         self.assertFalse(cpus['Cascadelake-Server']['static'],
                          'unversioned Cascadelake-Server CPU model must not be static')
@@ -246,8 +249,8 @@ class CascadelakeArchCapabilities(avocado_qemu.QemuSystemTest):
     :avocado: tags=arch:x86_64
     """
     def get_cpu_prop(self, prop):
-        cpu_path = self.vm.command('query-cpus-fast')[0].get('qom-path')
-        return self.vm.command('qom-get', path=cpu_path, property=prop)
+        cpu_path = self.vm.cmd('query-cpus-fast')[0].get('qom-path')
+        return self.vm.cmd('qom-get', path=cpu_path, property=prop)
 
     def test_4_1(self):
         """
diff --git a/tests/docker/dockerfiles/python.docker b/tests/docker/dockerfiles/python.docker
index 383ccbdc3a..a3c1321190 100644
--- a/tests/docker/dockerfiles/python.docker
+++ b/tests/docker/dockerfiles/python.docker
@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ ENV PACKAGES \
     python3-pip \
     python3-tox \
     python3-virtualenv \
-    python3.10
+    python3.10 \
+    python3.11 \
+    python3.12 \
+    python3.8 \
+    python3.9
 
 RUN dnf install -y $PACKAGES
 RUN rpm -q $PACKAGES | sort > /packages.txt
diff --git a/tests/migration/guestperf/engine.py b/tests/migration/guestperf/engine.py
index e69d16a62c..da96ca034a 100644
--- a/tests/migration/guestperf/engine.py
+++ b/tests/migration/guestperf/engine.py
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Engine(object):
             return TimingRecord(pid, now, 1000 * (stime + utime) / jiffies_per_sec)
 
     def _migrate_progress(self, vm):
-        info = vm.command("query-migrate")
+        info = vm.cmd("query-migrate")
 
         if "ram" not in info:
             info["ram"] = {}
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class Engine(object):
         src_vcpu_time = []
         src_pid = src.get_pid()
 
-        vcpus = src.command("query-cpus-fast")
+        vcpus = src.cmd("query-cpus-fast")
         src_threads = []
         for vcpu in vcpus:
             src_threads.append(vcpu["thread-id"])
@@ -128,82 +128,82 @@ class Engine(object):
         if self._verbose:
             print("Starting migration")
         if scenario._auto_converge:
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "auto-converge",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                               cpu_throttle_increment=scenario._auto_converge_step)
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "auto-converge",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                           cpu_throttle_increment=scenario._auto_converge_step)
 
         if scenario._post_copy:
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "postcopy-ram",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = dst.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "postcopy-ram",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-
-        resp = src.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                           max_bandwidth=scenario._bandwidth * 1024 * 1024)
-
-        resp = src.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                           downtime_limit=scenario._downtime)
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "postcopy-ram",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = dst.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "postcopy-ram",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+
+        resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                       max_bandwidth=scenario._bandwidth * 1024 * 1024)
+
+        resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                       downtime_limit=scenario._downtime)
 
         if scenario._compression_mt:
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "compress",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                               compress_threads=scenario._compression_mt_threads)
-            resp = dst.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "compress",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = dst.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                               decompress_threads=scenario._compression_mt_threads)
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "compress",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                           compress_threads=scenario._compression_mt_threads)
+            resp = dst.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "compress",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = dst.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                           decompress_threads=scenario._compression_mt_threads)
 
         if scenario._compression_xbzrle:
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "xbzrle",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = dst.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "xbzrle",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                               xbzrle_cache_size=(
-                                   hardware._mem *
-                                   1024 * 1024 * 1024 / 100 *
-                                   scenario._compression_xbzrle_cache))
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "xbzrle",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = dst.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "xbzrle",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                           xbzrle_cache_size=(
+                               hardware._mem *
+                               1024 * 1024 * 1024 / 100 *
+                               scenario._compression_xbzrle_cache))
 
         if scenario._multifd:
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "multifd",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = src.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                               multifd_channels=scenario._multifd_channels)
-            resp = dst.command("migrate-set-capabilities",
-                               capabilities = [
-                                   { "capability": "multifd",
-                                     "state": True }
-                               ])
-            resp = dst.command("migrate-set-parameters",
-                               multifd_channels=scenario._multifd_channels)
-
-        resp = src.command("migrate", uri=connect_uri)
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "multifd",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = src.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                           multifd_channels=scenario._multifd_channels)
+            resp = dst.cmd("migrate-set-capabilities",
+                           capabilities = [
+                               { "capability": "multifd",
+                                 "state": True }
+                           ])
+            resp = dst.cmd("migrate-set-parameters",
+                           multifd_channels=scenario._multifd_channels)
+
+        resp = src.cmd("migrate", uri=connect_uri)
 
         post_copy = False
         paused = False
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class Engine(object):
 
             if progress._status in ("completed", "failed", "cancelled"):
                 if progress._status == "completed" and paused:
-                    dst.command("cont")
+                    dst.cmd("cont")
                 if progress_history[-1] != progress:
                     progress_history.append(progress)
 
@@ -256,13 +256,13 @@ class Engine(object):
             if progress._ram._iterations > scenario._max_iters:
                 if self._verbose:
                     print("No completion after %d iterations over RAM" % scenario._max_iters)
-                src.command("migrate_cancel")
+                src.cmd("migrate_cancel")
                 continue
 
             if time.time() > (start + scenario._max_time):
                 if self._verbose:
                     print("No completion after %d seconds" % scenario._max_time)
-                src.command("migrate_cancel")
+                src.cmd("migrate_cancel")
                 continue
 
             if (scenario._post_copy and
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ class Engine(object):
                 not post_copy):
                 if self._verbose:
                     print("Switching to post-copy after %d iterations" % scenario._post_copy_iters)
-                resp = src.command("migrate-start-postcopy")
+                resp = src.cmd("migrate-start-postcopy")
                 post_copy = True
 
             if (scenario._pause and
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class Engine(object):
                 not paused):
                 if self._verbose:
                     print("Pausing VM after %d iterations" % scenario._pause_iters)
-                resp = src.command("stop")
+                resp = src.cmd("stop")
                 paused = True
 
     def _is_ppc64le(self):
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/030 b/tests/qemu-iotests/030
index 98595d47fe..0e6a39d103 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/030
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/030
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_stream(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -77,8 +76,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             qemu_io('-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-rU', '-c', 'map', mid_img).stdout,
             'image file map matches backing file before streaming')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='mid', job_id='stream-mid')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='mid', job_id='stream-mid')
 
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='stream-mid')
 
@@ -94,8 +92,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
         self.pause_job('drive0', wait=False)
         self.vm.resume_drive('drive0')
@@ -108,8 +105,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', offset)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -129,8 +125,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             '-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-rU', '-c', 'map', test_img).stdout
 
         # This is a no-op: no data should ever be copied from the base image
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0', base=mid_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0', base=mid_img)
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -144,8 +139,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_stream_partial(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0', base=backing_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0', base=backing_img)
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -172,24 +166,22 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt, ro_top_path,
                      str(self.image_len))
 
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                                 node_name='ro-top',
-                                 driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                                 read_only=True,
-                                 file={
-                                     'driver': 'file',
-                                     'filename': ro_top_path,
-                                     'read-only': True
-                                 },
-                                 backing='mid')
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                        node_name='ro-top',
+                        driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                        read_only=True,
+                        file={
+                            'driver': 'file',
+                            'filename': ro_top_path,
+                            'read-only': True
+                        },
+                        backing='mid')
 
             result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', job_id='stream',
                                  device='ro-top', base_node='base')
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', 'Block node is read-only')
 
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='ro-top')
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='ro-top')
 
 
 class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
@@ -254,10 +246,9 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             node_name = 'node%d' % i
             job_id = 'stream-%s' % node_name
             pending_jobs.append(job_id)
-            result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device=node_name,
-                                 job_id=job_id, bottom=f'node{i-1}',
-                                 speed=1024)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device=node_name,
+                        job_id=job_id, bottom=f'node{i-1}',
+                        speed=1024)
 
         # Do this in reverse: After unthrottling them, some jobs may finish
         # before we have unthrottled all of them.  This will drain their
@@ -269,8 +260,7 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # Starting from the top (i.e. in reverse) does not have this problem:
         # When a job finishes, the ones below it are not advanced.
         for job in reversed(pending_jobs):
-            result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device=job, speed=0)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device=job, speed=0)
 
         # Wait for all jobs to be finished.
         while len(pending_jobs) > 0:
@@ -297,10 +287,9 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # Set a speed limit to make sure that this job blocks the rest
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node4',
-                             job_id='stream-node4', base=self.imgs[1],
-                             filter_node_name='stream-filter', speed=1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='node4',
+                    job_id='stream-node4', base=self.imgs[1],
+                    filter_node_name='stream-filter', speed=1024*1024)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node5', job_id='stream-node5', base=self.imgs[2])
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc',
@@ -328,8 +317,7 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc',
             "Node 'node2' is busy: block device is in use by block job: stream")
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='stream-node4', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='stream-node4', speed=0)
 
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='stream-node4')
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
@@ -341,8 +329,7 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # Set a speed limit to make sure that this job blocks the rest
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', top=self.imgs[5], base=self.imgs[3], job_id='commit-node3', speed=1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', top=self.imgs[5], base=self.imgs[3], job_id='commit-node3', speed=1024*1024)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node3', job_id='stream-node3')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc',
@@ -365,8 +352,7 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc',
             "Node 'drive0' is busy: block device is in use by block job: commit")
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='commit-node3', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='commit-node3', speed=0)
 
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='commit-node3')
 
@@ -377,23 +363,20 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # Set a speed limit to make sure that this job blocks the rest
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', base=self.imgs[3], job_id='commit-drive0', speed=1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', base=self.imgs[3], job_id='commit-drive0', speed=1024*1024)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node5', base=self.imgs[3], job_id='stream-node6')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc',
             "Node 'node5' is busy: block device is in use by block job: commit")
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='commit-drive0', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='commit-drive0', speed=0)
 
         event = self.vm.event_wait(name='BLOCK_JOB_READY')
         self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/device', 'commit-drive0')
         self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/type', 'commit')
         self.assert_qmp_absent(event, 'data/error')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device='commit-drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-complete', device='commit-drive0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='commit-drive0')
 
@@ -404,18 +387,16 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # Commit from node2 into node0
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0',
-                             top=self.imgs[2], base=self.imgs[0],
-                             filter_node_name='commit-filter', speed=1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0',
+                    top=self.imgs[2], base=self.imgs[0],
+                    filter_node_name='commit-filter', speed=1024*1024)
 
         # Stream from node2 into node4
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node4', base_node='node2', job_id='node4')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc',
             "Cannot freeze 'backing' link to 'commit-filter'")
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
@@ -428,18 +409,15 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # Commit from node2 into node0
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0',
-                             top_node='node2', base_node='node0',
-                             filter_node_name='commit-filter', speed=1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0',
+                    top_node='node2', base_node='node0',
+                    filter_node_name='commit-filter', speed=1024*1024)
 
         # Stream from node2 into node4
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node4',
-                             base_node='commit-filter', job_id='node4')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='node4',
+                    base_node='commit-filter', job_id='node4')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
 
         self.vm.run_job(job='drive0', auto_dismiss=True)
         self.vm.run_job(job='node4', auto_dismiss=True)
@@ -458,12 +436,10 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # Stream from node0 into node2
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node2', base_node='node0', job_id='node2')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='node2', base_node='node0', job_id='node2')
 
         # Commit from the active layer into node3
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', base=self.imgs[3])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', base=self.imgs[3])
 
         # Wait for all jobs to be finished.
         pending_jobs = ['node2', 'drive0']
@@ -490,16 +466,13 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # Stream from node0 into node4
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node4', base_node='node0', job_id='node4', speed=1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='node4', base_node='node0', job_id='node4', speed=1024*1024)
 
         # Commit from the active layer into node5
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', base=self.imgs[5], speed=1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', base=self.imgs[5], speed=1024*1024)
 
         for job in ['drive0', 'node4']:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device=job, speed=0)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device=job, speed=0)
 
         # Wait for all jobs to be finished.
         pending_jobs = ['node4', 'drive0']
@@ -549,8 +522,7 @@ class TestParallelOps(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             "'base' and 'base-node' cannot be specified at the same time")
 
         # Success: the base node is a backing file of the top node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node4', base_node='node2', job_id='stream')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='node4', base_node='node2', job_id='stream')
 
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='stream')
 
@@ -606,8 +578,7 @@ class TestQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='node0', job_id='stream-node0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='node0', job_id='stream-node0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='stream-node0')
 
@@ -636,8 +607,7 @@ class TestSmallerBackingFile(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_stream(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -694,8 +664,7 @@ class TestEIO(TestErrors):
     def test_report(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
         completed = False
         error = False
@@ -722,8 +691,7 @@ class TestEIO(TestErrors):
     def test_ignore(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='ignore')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='ignore')
 
         error = False
         completed = False
@@ -756,8 +724,7 @@ class TestEIO(TestErrors):
     def test_stop(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='stop')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='stop')
 
         error = False
         completed = False
@@ -779,8 +746,7 @@ class TestEIO(TestErrors):
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', self.STREAM_BUFFER_SIZE)
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/io-status', 'failed')
 
-                    result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-                    self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+                    self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
                     result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
                     if result == {'return': []}:
@@ -806,8 +772,7 @@ class TestEIO(TestErrors):
     def test_enospc(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='enospc')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='enospc')
 
         completed = False
         error = False
@@ -852,8 +817,7 @@ class TestENOSPC(TestErrors):
     def test_enospc(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='enospc')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0', on_error='enospc')
 
         error = False
         completed = False
@@ -875,8 +839,7 @@ class TestENOSPC(TestErrors):
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', self.STREAM_BUFFER_SIZE)
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/io-status', 'nospace')
 
-                    result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-                    self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+                    self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
                     result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
                     if result == {'return': []}:
@@ -921,8 +884,7 @@ class TestStreamStop(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
         time.sleep(0.1)
         events = self.vm.get_qmp_events(wait=False)
@@ -955,11 +917,9 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def perf_test_throughput(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -969,16 +929,14 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
         # Default speed is 0
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/device', 'drive0')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/speed', 0)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
 
         # Ensure the speed we set was accepted
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
@@ -989,8 +947,7 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
 
         # Check setting speed in block-stream works
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0', speed=4 * 1024 * 1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0', speed=4 * 1024 * 1024)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/device', 'drive0')
@@ -1007,8 +964,7 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', device='drive0')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=-1)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', "Parameter 'speed' expects a non-negative value")
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/040 b/tests/qemu-iotests/040
index 5601a4873c..5c18e413ec 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/040
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/040
@@ -61,16 +61,14 @@ class ImageCommitTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def run_commit_test(self, top, base, need_ready=False, node_names=False):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
         if node_names:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', top_node=top, base_node=base)
+            self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', top_node=top, base_node=base)
         else:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', top=top, base=base)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', top=top, base=base)
         self.wait_for_complete(need_ready)
 
     def run_default_commit_test(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0')
         self.wait_for_complete()
 
 class TestSingleDrive(ImageCommitTestCase):
@@ -117,38 +115,30 @@ class TestSingleDrive(ImageCommitTestCase):
 
     @iotests.skip_if_unsupported(['throttle'])
     def test_commit_with_filter_and_quit(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg')
 
         # Add a filter outside of the backing chain
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', driver='throttle', node_name='filter', throttle_group='tg', file='mid')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='throttle', node_name='filter', throttle_group='tg', file='mid')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0')
 
         # Quit immediately, thus forcing a simultaneous cancel of the
         # block job and a bdrv_drain_all()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('quit')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('quit')
 
     # Same as above, but this time we add the filter after starting the job
     @iotests.skip_if_unsupported(['throttle'])
     def test_commit_plus_filter_and_quit(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0')
 
         # Add a filter outside of the backing chain
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', driver='throttle', node_name='filter', throttle_group='tg', file='mid')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='throttle', node_name='filter', throttle_group='tg', file='mid')
 
         # Quit immediately, thus forcing a simultaneous cancel of the
         # block job and a bdrv_drain_all()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('quit')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('quit')
 
     def test_device_not_found(self):
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='nonexistent', top='%s' % mid_img)
@@ -225,8 +215,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(ImageCommitTestCase):
     def test_top_node_in_wrong_chain(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', driver='null-co', node_name='null')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='null-co', node_name='null')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', top_node='null', base_node='base')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
@@ -239,11 +228,9 @@ class TestSingleDrive(ImageCommitTestCase):
             return
 
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', top=mid_img,
-                             base=backing_img, speed=(self.image_len // 4))
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_del', id='scsi0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', top=mid_img,
+                    base=backing_img, speed=(self.image_len // 4))
+        self.vm.cmd('device_del', id='scsi0')
 
         cancelled = False
         deleted = False
@@ -269,9 +256,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(ImageCommitTestCase):
             return
 
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', top=mid_img,
-                             base=backing_img, speed=(self.image_len // 4))
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', top=mid_img,
+                    base=backing_img, speed=(self.image_len // 4))
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/file', test_img)
@@ -406,8 +392,7 @@ class TestSetSpeed(ImageCommitTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0', top=mid_img, speed=1024 * 1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0', top=mid_img, speed=1024 * 1024)
 
         # Ensure the speed we set was accepted
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
@@ -480,8 +465,7 @@ class TestErrorHandling(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         os.remove(backing_img)
 
     def blockdev_add(self, **kwargs):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **kwargs)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', **kwargs)
 
     def add_block_nodes(self, base_debug=None, mid_debug=None, top_debug=None):
         self.blockdev_add(node_name='base-file', driver='file',
@@ -527,11 +511,9 @@ class TestErrorHandling(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 completed = True
             elif ev['event'] == 'BLOCK_JOB_ERROR':
                 if error_pauses_job:
-                    result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='job0')
-                    self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+                    self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='job0')
             elif ev['event'] == 'BLOCK_JOB_READY':
-                result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device='job0')
-                self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+                self.vm.cmd('block-job-complete', device='job0')
             else:
                 self.fail("Unexpected event: %s" % ev)
             log.append(iotests.filter_qmp_event(ev))
@@ -594,11 +576,10 @@ class TestErrorHandling(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.add_block_nodes(top_debug=top_debug, mid_debug=mid_debug,
                              base_debug=base_debug)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', job_id='job0', device='top-fmt',
-                             top_node='top-fmt' if active else 'mid-fmt',
-                             base_node='mid-fmt' if active else 'base-fmt',
-                             on_error=on_error)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', job_id='job0', device='top-fmt',
+                    top_node='top-fmt' if active else 'mid-fmt',
+                    base_node='mid-fmt' if active else 'base-fmt',
+                    on_error=on_error)
 
     def testActiveReadErrorReport(self):
         self.prepare_and_start_job('report', top_event='read_aio')
@@ -770,10 +751,9 @@ class TestCommitWithFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm = iotests.VM().add_device('virtio-scsi,id=vio-scsi')
         self.vm.launch()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
                 'node-name': 'top-filter',
                 'driver': 'throttle',
                 'throttle-group': 'tg',
@@ -815,7 +795,6 @@ class TestCommitWithFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                     }
                 }
             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -832,13 +811,12 @@ class TestCommitWithFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         return self.vm.node_info(node)['image']['filename']
 
     def test_filterless_commit(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit',
-                             job_id='commit',
-                             device='top-filter',
-                             top_node='cow-2',
-                             base_node='cow-1',
-                             backing_file=self.img1)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit',
+                    job_id='commit',
+                    device='top-filter',
+                    top_node='cow-2',
+                    base_node='cow-1',
+                    backing_file=self.img1)
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='commit')
 
         self.assertIsNotNone(self.vm.node_info('cow-3'))
@@ -849,13 +827,12 @@ class TestCommitWithFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.pattern_files[2] = self.img1
 
     def test_commit_through_filter(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit',
-                             job_id='commit',
-                             device='top-filter',
-                             top_node='cow-1',
-                             base_node='cow-0',
-                             backing_file=self.img0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit',
+                    job_id='commit',
+                    device='top-filter',
+                    top_node='cow-1',
+                    base_node='cow-0',
+                    backing_file=self.img0)
         self.wait_until_completed(drive='commit')
 
         self.assertIsNotNone(self.vm.node_info('cow-2'))
@@ -870,9 +847,8 @@ class TestCommitWithFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # Add a device, so the commit job finds a parent it can change
         # to point to the base node (so we can test that top-filter is
         # dropped from the graph)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_add', id='drv0', driver='scsi-hd',
-                             bus='vio-scsi.0', drive='top-filter')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add', id='drv0', driver='scsi-hd',
+                    bus='vio-scsi.0', drive='top-filter')
 
         # Try to release our reference to top-filter; that should not
         # work because drv0 uses it
@@ -880,16 +856,14 @@ class TestCommitWithFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', 'Node top-filter is in use')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit',
-                             job_id='commit',
-                             device='top-filter',
-                             base_node='cow-2')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit',
+                    job_id='commit',
+                    device='top-filter',
+                    base_node='cow-2')
         self.complete_and_wait(drive='commit')
 
         # Try to release our reference to top-filter again
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='top-filter')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='top-filter')
 
         self.assertIsNone(self.vm.node_info('top-filter'))
         self.assertIsNone(self.vm.node_info('cow-3'))
@@ -904,12 +878,11 @@ class TestCommitWithFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.pattern_files[3] = self.img2
 
     def test_filtered_active_commit_without_filter(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit',
-                             job_id='commit',
-                             device='top-filter',
-                             top_node='cow-3',
-                             base_node='cow-2')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit',
+                    job_id='commit',
+                    device='top-filter',
+                    top_node='cow-3',
+                    base_node='cow-2')
         self.complete_and_wait(drive='commit')
 
         self.assertIsNotNone(self.vm.node_info('top-filter'))
@@ -934,23 +907,22 @@ class TestCommitWithOverriddenBacking(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm.launch()
 
         # Use base_b instead of base_a as the backing of top
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
-                                'node-name': 'top',
-                                'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
-                                'file': {
-                                    'driver': 'file',
-                                    'filename': self.img_top
-                                },
-                                'backing': {
-                                    'node-name': 'base',
-                                    'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
-                                    'file': {
-                                        'driver': 'file',
-                                        'filename': self.img_base_b
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
+                        'node-name': 'top',
+                        'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                        'file': {
+                            'driver': 'file',
+                            'filename': self.img_top
+                        },
+                        'backing': {
+                            'node-name': 'base',
+                            'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                            'file': {
+                                'driver': 'file',
+                                'filename': self.img_base_b
+                            }
+                        }
+                    })
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -970,11 +942,10 @@ class TestCommitWithOverriddenBacking(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_commit_to_b(self):
         # Try committing to base_b (which should work, since that is
         # actually top's backing image)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit',
-                             job_id='commit',
-                             device='top',
-                             base=self.img_base_b)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit',
+                    job_id='commit',
+                    device='top',
+                    base=self.img_base_b)
 
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_READY')
         self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device='commit')
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/041 b/tests/qemu-iotests/041
index 8429958bf0..98d17b1388 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/041
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/041
@@ -65,9 +65,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_complete(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=self.qmp_target)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -79,9 +78,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_cancel(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=self.qmp_target)
 
         self.cancel_and_wait(force=True)
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -90,9 +88,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_cancel_after_ready(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=self.qmp_target)
 
         self.wait_ready_and_cancel()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -104,9 +101,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_pause(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=self.qmp_target)
 
         self.pause_job('drive0')
 
@@ -117,8 +113,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', offset)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -129,9 +124,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         # A small buffer is rounded up automatically
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             buf_size=4096, target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    buf_size=4096, target=self.qmp_target)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -145,9 +139,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-o', 'cluster_size=%d,size=%d'
                         % (self.image_len, self.image_len), target_img)
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             buf_size=65536, mode='existing', target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    buf_size=65536, mode='existing', target=self.qmp_target)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -162,9 +155,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt, '-o', 'cluster_size=%d,backing_file=%s'
                         % (self.image_len, backing_img),
                  '-F', 'raw', target_img)
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             mode='existing', target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    mode='existing', target=self.qmp_target)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -178,9 +170,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_implicit_node(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=self.qmp_target)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/file', test_img)
@@ -236,8 +227,7 @@ class TestSingleBlockdev(TestSingleDrive):
         args = {'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
                 'node-name': self.qmp_target,
                 'file': { 'filename': target_img, 'driver': 'file' } }
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-add", **args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-add", args)
 
     def test_mirror_to_self(self):
         result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, job_id='job0',
@@ -254,10 +244,9 @@ class TestSingleBlockdev(TestSingleDrive):
             result = self.vm.qmp('block_resize', node_name=node, size=65536)
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, job_id='job0', device='drive0',
-                             sync='full', target=self.qmp_target,
-                             auto_finalize=False, auto_dismiss=False)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, job_id='job0', device='drive0',
+                    sync='full', target=self.qmp_target,
+                    auto_finalize=False, auto_dismiss=False)
 
         result = self.vm.run_job('job0', auto_finalize=False,
                                  pre_finalize=pre_finalize)
@@ -270,14 +259,12 @@ class TestSingleBlockdev(TestSingleDrive):
         self.do_test_resize(None, self.qmp_target)
 
     def do_test_target_size(self, size):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block_resize', node_name=self.qmp_target,
-                             size=size)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block_resize', node_name=self.qmp_target,
+                    size=size)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(self.qmp_cmd, job_id='job0',
-                             device='drive0', sync='full', auto_dismiss=False,
-                             target=self.qmp_target)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(self.qmp_cmd, job_id='job0',
+                    device='drive0', sync='full', auto_dismiss=False,
+                    target=self.qmp_target)
 
         result = self.vm.run_job('job0')
         self.assertEqual(result, 'Source and target image have different sizes')
@@ -337,9 +324,8 @@ class TestMirrorNoBacking(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt,
                  '-o', 'backing_file=%s' % backing_img, '-F', 'raw', target_img)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             mode='existing', target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    mode='existing', target=target_img)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -353,9 +339,8 @@ class TestMirrorNoBacking(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt,
                  '-o', 'backing_file=%s' % backing_img, '-F', 'raw', target_img)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             mode='existing', target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    mode='existing', target=target_img)
 
         self.wait_ready_and_cancel()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -374,9 +359,8 @@ class TestMirrorNoBacking(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                         % (TestMirrorNoBacking.image_len, target_backing_img),
                  '-F', iotests.imgfmt, target_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             mode='existing', target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    mode='existing', target=target_img)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -409,9 +393,8 @@ class TestMirrorResized(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_complete_top(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='top',
-                             target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='top',
+                    target=target_img)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -423,9 +406,8 @@ class TestMirrorResized(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_complete_full(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img)
 
         self.complete_and_wait()
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
@@ -488,9 +470,8 @@ new_state = "1"
     def test_report_read(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img)
 
         completed = False
         error = False
@@ -516,9 +497,8 @@ new_state = "1"
     def test_ignore_read(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img, on_source_error='ignore')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img, on_source_error='ignore')
 
         event = self.vm.get_qmp_event(wait=True)
         while event['event'] == 'JOB_STATUS_CHANGE':
@@ -541,10 +521,9 @@ new_state = "1"
         qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt,
                  '-ocluster_size=131072,backing_file=%s' %(backing_img),
                  '-F', 'raw', target_img)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='top',
-                             on_source_error='ignore',
-                             mode='existing', target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='top',
+                    on_source_error='ignore',
+                    mode='existing', target=target_img)
 
         event = self.vm.get_qmp_event(wait=True)
         while event['event'] == 'JOB_STATUS_CHANGE':
@@ -568,9 +547,8 @@ new_state = "1"
     def test_stop_read(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img, on_source_error='stop')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img, on_source_error='stop')
 
         error = False
         ready = False
@@ -590,8 +568,7 @@ new_state = "1"
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/status', 'paused')
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/io-status', 'failed')
 
-                    result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-                    self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+                    self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
                     error = True
                 elif event['event'] == 'BLOCK_JOB_READY':
                     self.assertTrue(error, 'job completed unexpectedly')
@@ -656,9 +633,8 @@ new_state = "1"
     def test_report_write(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             mode='existing', target=self.target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    mode='existing', target=self.target_img)
 
         completed = False
         error = False
@@ -682,10 +658,9 @@ new_state = "1"
     def test_ignore_write(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             mode='existing', target=self.target_img,
-                             on_target_error='ignore')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    mode='existing', target=self.target_img,
+                    on_target_error='ignore')
 
         event = self.vm.event_wait(name='BLOCK_JOB_ERROR')
         self.assertEqual(event['event'], 'BLOCK_JOB_ERROR')
@@ -698,10 +673,9 @@ new_state = "1"
     def test_stop_write(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             mode='existing', target=self.target_img,
-                             on_target_error='stop')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    mode='existing', target=self.target_img,
+                    on_target_error='stop')
 
         error = False
         ready = False
@@ -721,8 +695,7 @@ new_state = "1"
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/status', 'paused')
                     self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/io-status', 'failed')
 
-                    result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-                    self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+                    self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
                     result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
                     self.assertIn(result['return'][0]['status'], ['running', 'ready'])
@@ -755,17 +728,15 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_set_speed(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img)
 
         # Default speed is 0
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/device', 'drive0')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/speed', 0)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
 
         # Ensure the speed we set was accepted
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
@@ -775,9 +746,8 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.wait_ready_and_cancel()
 
         # Check setting speed in drive-mirror works
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img, speed=4*1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img, speed=4*1024*1024)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/device', 'drive0')
@@ -794,9 +764,8 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=-1)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
@@ -811,13 +780,12 @@ class TestUnbackedSource(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                  str(TestUnbackedSource.image_len))
         self.vm = iotests.VM()
         self.vm.launch()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', node_name='drive0',
-                             driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             file={
-                                 'driver': 'file',
-                                 'filename': test_img,
-                             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', node_name='drive0',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    file={
+                        'driver': 'file',
+                        'filename': test_img,
+                    })
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -826,28 +794,25 @@ class TestUnbackedSource(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def test_absolute_paths_full(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
-                             sync='full', target=target_img,
-                             mode='absolute-paths')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
+                    sync='full', target=target_img,
+                    mode='absolute-paths')
         self.complete_and_wait()
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
     def test_absolute_paths_top(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
-                             sync='top', target=target_img,
-                             mode='absolute-paths')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
+                    sync='top', target=target_img,
+                    mode='absolute-paths')
         self.complete_and_wait()
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
     def test_absolute_paths_none(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
-                             sync='none', target=target_img,
-                             mode='absolute-paths')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
+                    sync='none', target=target_img,
+                    mode='absolute-paths')
         self.complete_and_wait()
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
@@ -857,14 +822,12 @@ class TestUnbackedSource(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         qemu_io('-c', 'write -P 42 0 64k', target_img)
 
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
-                             sync='full', target=target_img, mode='existing')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
+                    sync='full', target=target_img, mode='existing')
         self.complete_and_wait()
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='drive0')
 
         self.assertTrue(iotests.compare_images(test_img, target_img),
                         'target image does not match source after mirroring')
@@ -874,26 +837,22 @@ class TestUnbackedSource(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                  str(self.image_len))
         qemu_io('-c', 'write -P 42 0 64k', target_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', node_name='target',
-                             driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             file={
-                                 'driver': 'file',
-                                 'filename': target_img,
-                             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', node_name='target',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    file={
+                        'driver': 'file',
+                        'filename': target_img,
+                    })
 
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
-                             sync='full', target='target')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror', job_id='drive0', device='drive0',
+                    sync='full', target='target')
         self.complete_and_wait()
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='drive0')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='target')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='target')
 
         self.assertTrue(iotests.compare_images(test_img, target_img),
                         'target image does not match source after mirroring')
@@ -918,10 +877,9 @@ class TestGranularity(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def test_granularity(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0',
-                             sync='full', target=target_img,
-                             mode='absolute-paths', granularity=8192)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0',
+                    sync='full', target=target_img,
+                    mode='absolute-paths', granularity=8192)
 
         event = self.vm.get_qmp_event(wait=60.0)
         while event['event'] == 'JOB_STATUS_CHANGE':
@@ -963,8 +921,7 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         #assemble the quorum block device from the individual files
         args = { "driver": "quorum", "node-name": "quorum0",
                  "vote-threshold": 2, "children": [ "img0", "img1", "img2" ] }
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-add", **args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-add", args)
 
 
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -978,10 +935,9 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 pass
 
     def test_complete(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
-                             sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
-                             target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
+                    sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
+                    target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.complete_and_wait(drive="job0")
         self.assert_has_block_node("repair0", quorum_repair_img)
@@ -991,10 +947,9 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                         'target image does not match source after mirroring')
 
     def test_cancel(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
-                             sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
-                             target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
+                    sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
+                    target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.cancel_and_wait(drive="job0", force=True)
         # here we check that the last registered quorum file has not been
@@ -1002,10 +957,9 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_has_block_node(None, quorum_img3)
 
     def test_cancel_after_ready(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
-                             sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
-                             target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
+                    sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
+                    target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.wait_ready_and_cancel(drive="job0")
         # here we check that the last registered quorum file has not been
@@ -1016,10 +970,9 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                         'target image does not match source after mirroring')
 
     def test_pause(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
-                             sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
-                             target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
+                    sync='full', node_name="repair0", replaces="img1",
+                    target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.pause_job('job0')
 
@@ -1030,8 +983,7 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', offset)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='job0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='job0')
 
         self.complete_and_wait(drive="job0")
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -1084,19 +1036,18 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
 
     def test_after_a_quorum_snapshot(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-snapshot-sync', node_name='img1',
-                             snapshot_file=quorum_snapshot_file,
-                             snapshot_node_name="snap1");
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-snapshot-sync', node_name='img1',
+                    snapshot_file=quorum_snapshot_file,
+                    snapshot_node_name="snap1")
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
                              sync='full', node_name='repair0', replaces="img1",
                              target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
-                             sync='full', node_name='repair0', replaces="snap1",
-                             target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='job0', device='quorum0',
+                    sync='full', node_name='repair0', replaces="snap1",
+                    target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.complete_and_wait('job0')
         self.assert_has_block_node("repair0", quorum_repair_img)
@@ -1107,15 +1058,13 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         Check that we cannot replace a Quorum child when it has other
         parents.
         """
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-start',
-                             addr={
-                                 'type': 'unix',
-                                 'data': {'path': nbd_sock_path}
-                             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-start',
+                    addr={
+                        'type': 'unix',
+                        'data': {'path': nbd_sock_path}
+                    })
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-add', device='img1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-add', device='img1')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='mirror', device='quorum0',
                              sync='full', node_name='repair0', replaces='img1',
@@ -1130,20 +1079,17 @@ class TestRepairQuorum(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         The same as test_with_other_parent(), but add the NBD server
         only when the mirror job is already running.
         """
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-start',
-                             addr={
-                                 'type': 'unix',
-                                 'data': {'path': nbd_sock_path}
-                             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-start',
+                    addr={
+                        'type': 'unix',
+                        'data': {'path': nbd_sock_path}
+                    })
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', job_id='mirror', device='quorum0',
-                             sync='full', node_name='repair0', replaces='img1',
-                             target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', job_id='mirror', device='quorum0',
+                    sync='full', node_name='repair0', replaces='img1',
+                    target=quorum_repair_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-add', device='img1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-add', device='img1')
 
         # The full error message goes to stderr, we will check it later
         self.complete_and_wait('mirror',
@@ -1199,9 +1145,8 @@ class TestOrphanedSource(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_success(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror', job_id='job', device='src',
-                             sync='full', target='dest')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror', job_id='job', device='src',
+                    sync='full', target='dest')
 
         self.complete_and_wait('job')
 
@@ -1217,27 +1162,24 @@ class TestOrphanedSource(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         # Unshare consistent-read on the target
         # (The mirror job does not care)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             driver='blkdebug',
-                             node_name='dest-perm',
-                             image='dest',
-                             unshare_child_perms=['consistent-read'])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror', job_id='job', device='src',
-                             sync='full', target='dest',
-                             filter_node_name='mirror-filter')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    driver='blkdebug',
+                    node_name='dest-perm',
+                    image='dest',
+                    unshare_child_perms=['consistent-read'])
+
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror', job_id='job', device='src',
+                    sync='full', target='dest',
+                    filter_node_name='mirror-filter')
 
         # Require consistent-read on the source
         # (We can only add this node once the job has started, or it
         # will complain that it does not want to run on non-root nodes)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             driver='blkdebug',
-                             node_name='src-perm',
-                             image='src',
-                             take_child_perms=['consistent-read'])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    driver='blkdebug',
+                    node_name='src-perm',
+                    image='src',
+                    take_child_perms=['consistent-read'])
 
         # While completing, mirror will attempt to replace src by
         # dest, which must fail because src-perm requires
@@ -1277,26 +1219,23 @@ class TestReplaces(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         """
         Check that we can replace filter nodes.
         """
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
-                                 'driver': 'copy-on-read',
-                                 'node-name': 'filter0',
-                                 'file': {
-                                     'driver': 'copy-on-read',
-                                     'node-name': 'filter1',
-                                     'file': {
-                                         'driver': 'null-co'
-                                     }
-                                 }
-                             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             node_name='target', driver='null-co')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror', job_id='mirror', device='filter0',
-                             target='target', sync='full', replaces='filter1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
+                        'driver': 'copy-on-read',
+                        'node-name': 'filter0',
+                        'file': {
+                            'driver': 'copy-on-read',
+                            'node-name': 'filter1',
+                            'file': {
+                                'driver': 'null-co'
+                            }
+                        }
+                    })
+
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name='target', driver='null-co')
+
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror', job_id='mirror', device='filter0',
+                    target='target', sync='full', replaces='filter1')
 
         self.complete_and_wait('mirror')
 
@@ -1318,16 +1257,15 @@ class TestFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm = iotests.VM().add_device('virtio-scsi,id=vio-scsi')
         self.vm.launch()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
-                                'node-name': 'target',
-                                'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
-                                'file': {
-                                    'driver': 'file',
-                                    'filename': target_img
-                                },
-                                'backing': None
-                            })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
+                        'node-name': 'target',
+                        'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                        'file': {
+                            'driver': 'file',
+                            'filename': target_img
+                        },
+                        'backing': None
+                    })
 
         self.filterless_chain = {
                 'node-name': 'source',
@@ -1354,19 +1292,17 @@ class TestFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         os.remove(backing_img)
 
     def test_cor(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
-                                'node-name': 'filter',
-                                'driver': 'copy-on-read',
-                                'file': self.filterless_chain
-                            })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             device='filter',
-                             target='target',
-                             sync='top')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
+                        'node-name': 'filter',
+                        'driver': 'copy-on-read',
+                        'file': self.filterless_chain
+                    })
+
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    device='filter',
+                    target='target',
+                    sync='top')
 
         self.complete_and_wait('mirror')
 
@@ -1383,23 +1319,20 @@ class TestFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         assert target_map[1]['depth'] == 0
 
     def test_implicit_mirror_filter(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **self.filterless_chain)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', self.filterless_chain)
 
         # We need this so we can query from above the mirror node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_add',
-                             driver='scsi-hd',
-                             id='virtio',
-                             bus='vio-scsi.0',
-                             drive='source')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             device='source',
-                             target='target',
-                             sync='top')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add',
+                    driver='scsi-hd',
+                    id='virtio',
+                    bus='vio-scsi.0',
+                    drive='source')
+
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    device='source',
+                    target='target',
+                    sync='top')
 
         # The mirror filter is now an implicit node, so it should be
         # invisible when querying the backing chain
@@ -1417,24 +1350,21 @@ class TestFilters(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_explicit_mirror_filter(self):
         # Same test as above, but this time we give the mirror filter
         # a node-name so it will not be invisible
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **self.filterless_chain)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', self.filterless_chain)
 
         # We need this so we can query from above the mirror node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_add',
-                             driver='scsi-hd',
-                             id='virtio',
-                             bus='vio-scsi.0',
-                             drive='source')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             device='source',
-                             target='target',
-                             sync='top',
-                             filter_node_name='mirror-filter')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add',
+                    driver='scsi-hd',
+                    id='virtio',
+                    bus='vio-scsi.0',
+                    drive='source')
+
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    device='source',
+                    target='target',
+                    sync='top',
+                    filter_node_name='mirror-filter')
 
         # With a node-name given to it, the mirror filter should now
         # be visible
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/045 b/tests/qemu-iotests/045
index 45eb239baa..a341f21cd7 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/045
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/045
@@ -77,8 +77,7 @@ class TestFdSets(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm.shutdown()
 
     def test_remove_fdset(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('remove-fd', fdset_id=2)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('remove-fd', fdset_id=2)
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-fdsets')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/fdset-id', 1)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[1]/fdset-id', 0)
@@ -90,8 +89,7 @@ class TestFdSets(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_remove_fd(self):
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-fdsets')
         fd_image3 = result['return'][0]['fds'][0]['fd']
-        result = self.vm.qmp('remove-fd', fdset_id=2, fd=fd_image3)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('remove-fd', fdset_id=2, fd=fd_image3)
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-fdsets')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/fdset-id', 2)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[1]/fdset-id', 1)
@@ -151,8 +149,7 @@ class TestSCMFd(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def test_getfd(self):
         self._send_fd_by_SCM()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('getfd', fdname='image0:r')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('getfd', fdname='image0:r')
 
     def test_getfd_invalid_fdname(self):
         self._send_fd_by_SCM()
@@ -163,10 +160,8 @@ class TestSCMFd(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def test_closefd(self):
         self._send_fd_by_SCM()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('getfd', fdname='image0:r')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('closefd', fdname='image0:r')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('getfd', fdname='image0:r')
+        self.vm.cmd('closefd', fdname='image0:r')
 
     def test_closefd_fd_not_found(self):
         fdname = 'image0:r'
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/055 b/tests/qemu-iotests/055
index 5d6b607051..d8372b5598 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/055
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/055
@@ -69,8 +69,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0', target=target, sync='full')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0', target=target, sync='full')
 
         event = self.cancel_and_wait(resume=True)
         self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/type', 'backup')
@@ -85,9 +84,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0',
-                             target=target, sync='full')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0',
+                    target=target, sync='full')
 
         self.pause_job('drive0', wait=False)
         self.vm.resume_drive('drive0')
@@ -100,8 +98,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', offset)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -123,10 +120,9 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             result = self.vm.qmp('block_resize', node_name=node, size=65536)
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-backup', job_id='job0', device='drive0',
-                             target='drive1', sync='full', auto_finalize=False,
-                             auto_dismiss=False)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-backup', job_id='job0', device='drive0',
+                    target='drive1', sync='full', auto_finalize=False,
+                    auto_dismiss=False)
 
         self.vm.run_job('job0', auto_finalize=False, pre_finalize=pre_finalize)
 
@@ -137,8 +133,7 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.do_test_resize_blockdev_backup('drive1', 'target')
 
     def do_test_target_size(self, size):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block_resize', device='drive1', size=size)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block_resize', device='drive1', size=size)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-backup', job_id='job0', device='drive0',
                              target='drive1', sync='full')
@@ -219,16 +214,14 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0', target=target, sync='full')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0', target=target, sync='full')
 
         # Default speed is 0
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/device', 'drive0')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/speed', 0)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=8 * 1024 * 1024)
 
         # Ensure the speed we set was accepted
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
@@ -240,9 +233,8 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         # Check setting speed option works
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0',
-                             target=target, sync='full', speed=4*1024*1024)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0',
+                    target=target, sync='full', speed=4*1024*1024)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/device', 'drive0')
@@ -267,9 +259,8 @@ class TestSetSpeed(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0',
-                             target=target, sync='full')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0',
+                    target=target, sync='full')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=-1)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
@@ -306,7 +297,7 @@ class TestSingleTransaction(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def do_test_cancel(self, cmd, target):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('transaction', actions=[{
+        self.vm.cmd('transaction', actions=[{
                 'type': cmd,
                 'data': { 'device': 'drive0',
                           'target': target,
@@ -315,8 +306,6 @@ class TestSingleTransaction(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             }
         ])
 
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
         event = self.cancel_and_wait()
         self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/type', 'backup')
 
@@ -329,7 +318,7 @@ class TestSingleTransaction(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def do_test_pause(self, cmd, target, image):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('transaction', actions=[{
+        self.vm.cmd('transaction', actions=[{
                 'type': cmd,
                 'data': { 'device': 'drive0',
                           'target': target,
@@ -337,12 +326,10 @@ class TestSingleTransaction(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                           'speed': 64 * 1024 },
             }
         ])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         self.pause_job('drive0', wait=False)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
 
         self.pause_wait('drive0')
 
@@ -353,8 +340,7 @@ class TestSingleTransaction(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', offset)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -519,8 +505,7 @@ class TestCompressedToQcow2(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0', sync='full', compress=True, **args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0', sync='full', compress=True, **args)
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
@@ -545,8 +530,7 @@ class TestCompressedToQcow2(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0', sync='full', compress=True, **args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0', sync='full', compress=True, **args)
 
         event = self.cancel_and_wait(resume=True)
         self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/type', 'backup')
@@ -568,8 +552,7 @@ class TestCompressedToQcow2(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
         self.vm.pause_drive('drive0')
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, device='drive0', sync='full', compress=True, **args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, device='drive0', sync='full', compress=True, **args)
 
         self.pause_job('drive0', wait=False)
         self.vm.resume_drive('drive0')
@@ -582,8 +565,7 @@ class TestCompressedToQcow2(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/offset', offset)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed()
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/056 b/tests/qemu-iotests/056
index bef865eec4..808ea6b48a 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/056
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/056
@@ -75,9 +75,8 @@ class TestSyncModesNoneAndTop(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def test_complete_top(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', device='drive0', sync='top',
-                             format=iotests.imgfmt, target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-backup', device='drive0', sync='top',
+                    format=iotests.imgfmt, target=target_img)
 
         self.wait_until_completed(check_offset=False)
 
@@ -89,9 +88,8 @@ class TestSyncModesNoneAndTop(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_cancel_sync_none(self):
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', device='drive0',
-                             sync='none', target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-backup', device='drive0',
+                    sync='none', target=target_img)
         time.sleep(1)
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'write -P0x5e 0 512')
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'aio_flush')
@@ -115,18 +113,15 @@ class TestBeforeWriteNotifier(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def test_before_write_notifier(self):
         self.vm.pause_drive("drive0")
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', device='drive0',
-                             sync='full', target=target_img,
-                             format="file", speed=1)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-pause', device="drive0")
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-backup', device='drive0',
+                    sync='full', target=target_img,
+                    format="file", speed=1)
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-pause', device="drive0")
         # Speed is low enough that this must be an uncopied range, which will
         # trigger the before write notifier
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'aio_write -P 1 512512 512')
         self.vm.resume_drive("drive0")
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device="drive0")
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device="drive0")
         event = self.cancel_and_wait()
         self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/type', 'backup')
 
@@ -191,8 +186,7 @@ class BackupTest(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.qmp_backup_and_wait(device='drive0', format=iotests.imgfmt,
                                  sync='full', target=self.ref_img,
                                  auto_dismiss=False)
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
 
         # Now to the test backup: We simulate the following guest
         # writes:
@@ -211,11 +205,9 @@ class BackupTest(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                                       ('66', '1M', '1M')])
 
         # Let the job complete
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
         self.qmp_backup_wait('drive0')
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
 
         self.assertTrue(iotests.compare_images(self.ref_img, self.dest_img),
                         'target image does not match reference image')
@@ -237,8 +229,7 @@ class BackupTest(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                                  auto_dismiss=False)
         res = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(res, 'return[0]/status', 'concluded')
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
         res = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', [])
 
@@ -263,8 +254,7 @@ class BackupTest(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                                        auto_dismiss=False)
         self.assertEqual(res, False)
         # OK, dismiss the zombie.
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
         res = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', [])
         # Ensure it's really gone.
@@ -281,23 +271,22 @@ class BackupTest(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                            ('0x55', '8M', '352k'),
                            ('0x78', '15872k', '1M')))
         # Add destination node via blkdebug
-        res = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                          node_name='target0',
-                          driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                          file={
-                              'driver': 'blkdebug',
-                              'image': {
-                                  'driver': 'file',
-                                  'filename': self.dest_img
-                              },
-                              'inject-error': [{
-                                  'event': 'write_aio',
-                                  'errno': 5,
-                                  'immediately': False,
-                                  'once': True
-                              }],
-                          })
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name='target0',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    file={
+                        'driver': 'blkdebug',
+                        'image': {
+                            'driver': 'file',
+                            'filename': self.dest_img
+                        },
+                        'inject-error': [{
+                            'event': 'write_aio',
+                            'errno': 5,
+                            'immediately': False,
+                            'once': True
+                        }],
+                    })
 
         res = self.qmp_backup(cmd='blockdev-backup',
                               device='drive0', target='target0',
@@ -323,8 +312,7 @@ class BackupTest(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         res = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(res, 'return[0]/status', 'paused')
         # OK, unstick job and move forward.
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device='drive0')
         # And now we need to wait for it to conclude;
         res = self.qmp_backup_wait(device='drive0')
         self.assertTrue(res)
@@ -332,8 +320,7 @@ class BackupTest(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             # Job should now be languishing:
             res = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
             self.assert_qmp(res, 'return[0]/status', 'concluded')
-            res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
-            self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('block-job-dismiss', id='drive0')
             res = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
             self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', [])
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/093 b/tests/qemu-iotests/093
index 93274dc8cb..4f9e224e8a 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/093
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/093
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@ class ThrottleTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # Set the I/O throttling parameters to all drives
         for i in range(0, ndrives):
             params['device'] = 'drive%d' % i
-            result = self.vm.qmp("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **params)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **params)
 
     def do_test_throttle(self, ndrives, seconds, params, first_drive = 0):
         def check_limit(limit, num):
@@ -253,8 +252,7 @@ class ThrottleTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # drive1 remains in the group with a throttled request.
         params['bps_rd'] = 0
         params['device'] = 'drive0'
-        result = self.vm.qmp("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **params)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **params)
 
         # Removing the I/O limits from drive0 drains its two pending requests.
         # The read request in drive1 is still throttled.
@@ -286,8 +284,7 @@ class ThrottleTestGroupNames(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def set_io_throttle(self, device, params):
         params["device"] = device
-        result = self.vm.qmp("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **params)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **params)
 
     def verify_name(self, device, name):
         result = self.vm.qmp("query-block")
@@ -379,23 +376,19 @@ class ThrottleTestRemovableMedia(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def test_removable_media(self):
         # Add a couple of dummy nodes named cd0 and cd1
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-add", driver="null-co",
-                             read_zeroes=True, node_name="cd0")
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-add", driver="null-co",
-                             read_zeroes=True, node_name="cd1")
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-add", driver="null-co",
+                    read_zeroes=True, node_name="cd0")
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-add", driver="null-co",
+                    read_zeroes=True, node_name="cd1")
 
         # Attach a CD drive with cd0 inserted
-        result = self.vm.qmp("device_add", driver="scsi-cd",
-                             id="dev0", drive="cd0")
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("device_add", driver="scsi-cd",
+                    id="dev0", drive="cd0")
 
         # Set I/O limits
         args = { "id": "dev0", "iops": 100, "iops_rd": 0, "iops_wr": 0,
                                 "bps":  50,  "bps_rd": 0,  "bps_wr": 0 }
-        result = self.vm.qmp("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **args)
 
         # Check that the I/O limits have been set
         result = self.vm.qmp("query-block")
@@ -403,12 +396,9 @@ class ThrottleTestRemovableMedia(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/bps',   50)
 
         # Now eject cd0 and insert cd1
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-open-tray", id='dev0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-remove-medium", id='dev0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-insert-medium", id='dev0', node_name='cd1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-open-tray", id='dev0')
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-remove-medium", id='dev0')
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-insert-medium", id='dev0', node_name='cd1')
 
         # Check that the I/O limits are still the same
         result = self.vm.qmp("query-block")
@@ -416,16 +406,14 @@ class ThrottleTestRemovableMedia(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/bps',   50)
 
         # Eject cd1
-        result = self.vm.qmp("blockdev-remove-medium", id='dev0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("blockdev-remove-medium", id='dev0')
 
         # Check that we can't set limits if the device has no medium
         result = self.vm.qmp("block_set_io_throttle", conv_keys=False, **args)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/class', 'GenericError')
 
         # Remove the CD drive
-        result = self.vm.qmp("device_del", id='dev0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("device_del", id='dev0')
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/118 b/tests/qemu-iotests/118
index cae52ffa5e..10dc47459f 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/118
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/118
@@ -74,11 +74,9 @@ class ChangeBaseClass(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
 
     def test_blockdev_change_medium(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium',
-                             id=self.device_name, filename=new_img,
-                             format=iotests.imgfmt)
-
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium',
+                    id=self.device_name, filename=new_img,
+                    format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
         self.wait_for_close()
@@ -89,8 +87,7 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', new_img)
 
     def test_eject(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('eject', id=self.device_name, force=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('eject', id=self.device_name, force=True)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
@@ -100,8 +97,7 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp_absent(result, 'return[0]/inserted')
 
     def test_tray_eject_change(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('eject', id=self.device_name, force=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('eject', id=self.device_name, force=True)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
@@ -110,9 +106,8 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/tray_open', True)
         self.assert_qmp_absent(result, 'return[0]/inserted')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
-                             filename=new_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
+                    filename=new_img, format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.wait_for_close()
 
@@ -122,9 +117,8 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', new_img)
 
     def test_tray_open_close(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-open-tray',
-                             id=self.device_name, force=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-open-tray',
+                    id=self.device_name, force=True)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
@@ -136,8 +130,7 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         else:
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
 
         if self.has_real_tray or not self.was_empty:
             self.wait_for_close()
@@ -151,8 +144,7 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
     def test_tray_eject_close(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('eject', id=self.device_name, force=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('eject', id=self.device_name, force=True)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
@@ -161,8 +153,7 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/tray_open', True)
         self.assert_qmp_absent(result, 'return[0]/inserted')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
 
         self.wait_for_close()
 
@@ -172,9 +163,8 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp_absent(result, 'return[0]/inserted')
 
     def test_tray_open_change(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-open-tray', id=self.device_name,
-                                                   force=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-open-tray', id=self.device_name,
+                                          force=True)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
@@ -186,10 +176,9 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         else:
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
-                                                       filename=new_img,
-                                                       format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
+                                              filename=new_img,
+                                              format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         self.wait_for_close()
 
@@ -199,17 +188,15 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', new_img)
 
     def test_cycle(self, read_only_node=False):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             node_name='new',
-                             driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             read_only=read_only_node,
-                             file={'filename': new_img,
-                                    'driver': 'file'})
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-open-tray',
-                             id=self.device_name, force=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name='new',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    read_only=read_only_node,
+                    file={'filename': new_img,
+                           'driver': 'file'})
+
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-open-tray',
+                    id=self.device_name, force=True)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
@@ -221,26 +208,23 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         else:
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-remove-medium',
-                             id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-remove-medium',
+                    id=self.device_name)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         if self.has_real_tray:
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/tray_open', True)
         self.assert_qmp_absent(result, 'return[0]/inserted')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-insert-medium',
-                             id=self.device_name, node_name='new')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-insert-medium',
+                    id=self.device_name, node_name='new')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         if self.has_real_tray:
             self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/tray_open', True)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', new_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
 
         self.wait_for_close()
 
@@ -253,9 +237,8 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.test_cycle(True)
 
     def test_close_on_closed(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
         # Should be a no-op
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-close-tray', id=self.device_name)
         self.assertEqual(self.vm.get_qmp_events(wait=False), [])
 
     def test_remove_on_closed(self):
@@ -269,12 +252,11 @@ class GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass(ChangeBaseClass):
         if not self.has_real_tray:
             return
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             node_name='new',
-                             driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             file={'filename': new_img,
-                                   'driver': 'file'})
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name='new',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    file={'filename': new_img,
+                          'driver': 'file'})
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-insert-medium', id=self.device_name,
                                                        node_name='new')
@@ -307,15 +289,13 @@ class TestInitiallyFilled(GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass):
         os.remove(new_img)
 
     def test_insert_on_filled(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             node_name='new',
-                             driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             file={'filename': new_img,
-                                   'driver': 'file'})
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name='new',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    file={'filename': new_img,
+                          'driver': 'file'})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-open-tray', id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-open-tray', id=self.device_name)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
@@ -344,14 +324,12 @@ class TestInitiallyEmpty(GeneralChangeTestsBaseClass):
         os.remove(new_img)
 
     def test_remove_on_empty(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-open-tray', id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-open-tray', id=self.device_name)
 
         self.wait_for_open()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-remove-medium', id=self.device_name)
         # Should be a no-op
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-remove-medium', id=self.device_name)
 
 # Do this in a function to avoid leaking variables like case into the global
 # name space (otherwise tests would be run for the abstract base classes)
@@ -399,11 +377,10 @@ class TestChangeReadOnly(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
-                                                       filename=new_img,
-                                                       format=iotests.imgfmt,
-                                                       read_only_mode='retain')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
+                                              filename=new_img,
+                                              format=iotests.imgfmt,
+                                              read_only_mode='retain')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
@@ -419,11 +396,10 @@ class TestChangeReadOnly(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
-                                                       filename=new_img,
-                                                       format=iotests.imgfmt,
-                                                       read_only_mode='retain')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
+                                              filename=new_img,
+                                              format=iotests.imgfmt,
+                                              read_only_mode='retain')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
@@ -462,12 +438,11 @@ class TestChangeReadOnly(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium',
-                             id=self.device_name,
-                             filename=new_img,
-                             format=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             read_only_mode='read-write')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium',
+                    id=self.device_name,
+                    filename=new_img,
+                    format=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    read_only_mode='read-write')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', False)
@@ -483,12 +458,11 @@ class TestChangeReadOnly(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', False)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium',
-                             id=self.device_name,
-                             filename=new_img,
-                             format=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             read_only_mode='read-only')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium',
+                    id=self.device_name,
+                    filename=new_img,
+                    format=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    read_only_mode='read-only')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
@@ -503,12 +477,11 @@ class TestChangeReadOnly(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', False)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium',
-                             id=self.device_name,
-                             filename=new_img,
-                             format=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             read_only_mode='read-only')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium',
+                    id=self.device_name,
+                    filename=new_img,
+                    format=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    read_only_mode='read-only')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
@@ -546,11 +519,10 @@ class TestChangeReadOnly(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
-                                                       filename=new_img,
-                                                       format=iotests.imgfmt,
-                                                       read_only_mode='retain')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-change-medium', id=self.device_name,
+                                              filename=new_img,
+                                              format=iotests.imgfmt,
+                                              read_only_mode='retain')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
@@ -587,27 +559,24 @@ class TestChangeReadOnly(ChangeBaseClass):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', False)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             node_name='new',
-                             driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             read_only=True,
-                             file={'filename': new_img,
-                                    'driver': 'file'})
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name='new',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    read_only=True,
+                    file={'filename': new_img,
+                           'driver': 'file'})
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', False)
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-remove-medium', id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-remove-medium', id=self.device_name)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp_absent(result, 'return[0]/inserted')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-insert-medium', id=self.device_name,
-                                                       node_name='new')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-insert-medium', id=self.device_name,
+                                              node_name='new')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/ro', True)
@@ -638,22 +607,19 @@ class TestBlockJobsAfterCycle(ChangeBaseClass):
 
         # For device-less BBs, calling blockdev-open-tray or blockdev-close-tray
         # is not necessary
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-remove-medium', id=self.device_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-remove-medium', id=self.device_name)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp_absent(result, 'return[0]/inserted')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             node_name='node0',
-                             driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                             file={'filename': old_img,
-                                   'driver': 'file'})
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name='node0',
+                    driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                    file={'filename': old_img,
+                          'driver': 'file'})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-insert-medium', id=self.device_name,
-                                                       node_name='node0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-insert-medium', id=self.device_name,
+                                              node_name='node0')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', old_img)
@@ -670,10 +636,9 @@ class TestBlockJobsAfterCycle(ChangeBaseClass):
     @iotests.skip_for_formats(('vpc', 'parallels', 'qcow', 'vdi', 'vmdk', 'raw',
                                'vhdx'))
     def test_snapshot_and_commit(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-snapshot-sync', device='drive0',
-                                                       snapshot_file=new_img,
-                                                       format=iotests.imgfmt)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-snapshot-sync', device='drive0',
+                                              snapshot_file=new_img,
+                                              format=iotests.imgfmt)
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/inserted/image/filename', new_img)
@@ -681,16 +646,14 @@ class TestBlockJobsAfterCycle(ChangeBaseClass):
                         'return[0]/inserted/image/backing-image/filename',
                         old_img)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='drive0')
 
         self.vm.event_wait(name='BLOCK_JOB_READY')
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/device', 'drive0')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-complete', device='drive0')
 
         self.vm.event_wait(name='BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED')
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/124 b/tests/qemu-iotests/124
index 845ab5303c..b2f4328e34 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/124
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/124
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import os
 import iotests
 from iotests import try_remove
+from qemu.qmp.qmp_client import ExecuteError
 
 
 def io_write_patterns(img, patterns):
@@ -141,8 +142,7 @@ class TestIncrementalBackupBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
 
     def do_qmp_backup(self, error='Input/output error', **kwargs):
-        res = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup', **kwargs)
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-backup', **kwargs)
         return self.wait_qmp_backup(kwargs['device'], error)
 
 
@@ -201,9 +201,8 @@ class TestIncrementalBackupBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def add_bitmap(self, name, drive, **kwargs):
         bitmap = Bitmap(name, drive)
         self.bitmaps.append(bitmap)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-add', node=drive['id'],
-                             name=bitmap.name, **kwargs)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-add', node=drive['id'],
+                    name=bitmap.name, **kwargs)
         return bitmap
 
 
@@ -388,13 +387,12 @@ class TestIncrementalBackup(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
                                           ('0x64', '32736k', '64k')))
         bitmap1 = self.add_bitmap('bitmap1', drive0)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('transaction', actions=[
+        self.vm.cmd('transaction', actions=[
             transaction_bitmap_clear(bitmap0.drive['id'], bitmap0.name),
             transaction_bitmap_clear(bitmap1.drive['id'], bitmap1.name),
             transaction_drive_backup(drive0['id'], drive0['backup'],
                                      sync='full', format=drive0['fmt'])
         ])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
         self.wait_until_completed(drive0['id'])
         self.files.append(drive0['backup'])
 
@@ -417,7 +415,7 @@ class TestIncrementalBackup(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
                                            ('0xcd', '32M', '124k')))
 
         # Create a blkdebug interface to this img as 'drive1'
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
             node_name=drive1['id'],
             driver=drive1['fmt'],
             file={
@@ -440,7 +438,6 @@ class TestIncrementalBackup(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
                 }],
             }
         )
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         # Create bitmaps and full backups for both drives
         drive0 = self.drives[0]
@@ -475,9 +472,8 @@ class TestIncrementalBackup(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
                                      format=drive1['fmt'], mode='existing',
                                      bitmap=dr1bm0.name)
         ]
-        result = self.vm.qmp('transaction', actions=transaction,
-                             properties={'completion-mode': 'grouped'} )
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('transaction', actions=transaction,
+                    properties={'completion-mode': 'grouped'} )
 
         # Observe that drive0's backup is cancelled and drive1 completes with
         # an error.
@@ -504,9 +500,8 @@ class TestIncrementalBackup(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
         target1 = self.prepare_backup(dr1bm0)
 
         # Re-run the exact same transaction.
-        result = self.vm.qmp('transaction', actions=transaction,
-                             properties={'completion-mode':'grouped'})
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('transaction', actions=transaction,
+                    properties={'completion-mode':'grouped'})
 
         # Both should complete successfully this time.
         self.assertTrue(self.wait_qmp_backup(drive0['id']))
@@ -567,7 +562,7 @@ class TestIncrementalBackup(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
         The granularity must always be a power of 2.
         '''
         self.assert_no_active_block_jobs()
-        self.assertRaises(AssertionError, self.add_bitmap,
+        self.assertRaises(ExecuteError, self.add_bitmap,
                           'bitmap0', self.drives[0],
                           granularity=64000)
 
@@ -585,9 +580,8 @@ class TestIncrementalBackup(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
 
         self.add_bitmap('bitmap0', self.drives[0])
 
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block_resize', device=self.drives[0]['id'],
-                          size=(65 * 1048576))
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block_resize', device=self.drives[0]['id'],
+                    size=(65 * 1048576))
 
         # Dirty the image past the old end
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io(self.drives[0]['id'], 'write 64M 64k')
@@ -617,7 +611,7 @@ class TestIncrementalBackupBlkdebug(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
         '''
 
         drive0 = self.drives[0]
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
             node_name=drive0['id'],
             driver=drive0['fmt'],
             file={
@@ -640,7 +634,6 @@ class TestIncrementalBackupBlkdebug(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
                 }],
             }
         )
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         self.create_anchor_backup(drive0)
         self.add_bitmap('bitmap0', drive0)
@@ -668,29 +661,28 @@ class TestIncrementalBackupBlkdebug(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
         drive0 = self.drives[0]
         # NB: The blkdebug script here looks for a "flush, read" pattern.
         # The flush occurs in hmp_io_writes, and the read during the block job.
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                             node_name=drive0['id'],
-                             driver=drive0['fmt'],
-                             file={
-                                 'driver': 'blkdebug',
-                                 'image': {
-                                     'driver': 'file',
-                                     'filename': drive0['file']
-                                 },
-                                 'set-state': [{
-                                     'event': 'flush_to_disk',
-                                     'state': 1,
-                                     'new_state': 2
-                                 }],
-                                 'inject-error': [{
-                                     'event': 'read_aio',
-                                     'errno': 5,
-                                     'state': 2,
-                                     'immediately': False,
-                                     'once': True
-                                 }],
-                             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    node_name=drive0['id'],
+                    driver=drive0['fmt'],
+                    file={
+                        'driver': 'blkdebug',
+                        'image': {
+                            'driver': 'file',
+                            'filename': drive0['file']
+                        },
+                        'set-state': [{
+                            'event': 'flush_to_disk',
+                            'state': 1,
+                            'new_state': 2
+                        }],
+                        'inject-error': [{
+                            'event': 'read_aio',
+                            'errno': 5,
+                            'state': 2,
+                            'immediately': False,
+                            'once': True
+                        }],
+                    })
         self.create_anchor_backup(drive0)
         bitmap = self.add_bitmap('bitmap0', drive0)
 
@@ -711,16 +703,15 @@ class TestIncrementalBackupBlkdebug(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
         # Start backup
         parent, _ = bitmap.last_target()
         target = self.prepare_backup(bitmap, parent)
-        res = self.vm.qmp('drive-backup',
-                          job_id=bitmap.drive['id'],
-                          device=bitmap.drive['id'],
-                          sync='incremental',
-                          bitmap=bitmap.name,
-                          format=bitmap.drive['fmt'],
-                          target=target,
-                          mode='existing',
-                          on_source_error='stop')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-backup',
+                    job_id=bitmap.drive['id'],
+                    device=bitmap.drive['id'],
+                    sync='incremental',
+                    bitmap=bitmap.name,
+                    format=bitmap.drive['fmt'],
+                    target=target,
+                    mode='existing',
+                    on_source_error='stop')
 
         # Wait for the error
         event = self.vm.event_wait(name="BLOCK_JOB_ERROR",
@@ -739,8 +730,7 @@ class TestIncrementalBackupBlkdebug(TestIncrementalBackupBase):
             }))
 
         # Resume and check incremental backup for consistency
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-resume', device=bitmap.drive['id'])
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-resume', device=bitmap.drive['id'])
         self.wait_qmp_backup(bitmap.drive['id'])
 
         # Bitmap Status Check
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/129 b/tests/qemu-iotests/129
index c75ec62ecf..97773cd96d 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/129
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/129
@@ -55,11 +55,9 @@ class TestStopWithBlockJob(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def do_test_stop(self, cmd, **args):
         """Test 'stop' while block job is running on a throttled drive.
         The 'stop' command shouldn't drain the job"""
-        result = self.vm.qmp(cmd, **args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd(cmd, **args)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp("stop")
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd("stop")
         result = self.vm.qmp("query-block-jobs")
 
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return[0]/status', 'running')
@@ -87,7 +85,7 @@ class TestStopWithBlockJob(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         iotests.qemu_img('create', '-f', iotests.imgfmt, self.overlay_img,
                          '1G')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'node-name': 'overlay',
             'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
             'file': {
@@ -95,11 +93,9 @@ class TestStopWithBlockJob(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'filename': self.overlay_img
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-snapshot',
-                             node='source', overlay='overlay')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-snapshot',
+                    node='source', overlay='overlay')
 
         self.do_test_stop('block-commit', device='drive0', top_node='source')
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/132 b/tests/qemu-iotests/132
index 367ea08036..12a64b3d95 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/132
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/132
@@ -47,9 +47,8 @@ class TestSingleDrive(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             pass
 
     def test_mirror_discard(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             target=target_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    target=target_img)
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'discard 0 64k')
         self.complete_and_wait('drive0')
         self.vm.shutdown()
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/139 b/tests/qemu-iotests/139
index 178b1ee230..ebb4cd62b6 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/139
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/139
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'file': {'driver': 'file',
                          'node-name': file_node,
                          'filename': base_img}}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(file_node)
 
@@ -73,8 +72,7 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'backing': None,
                 'file': {'driver': 'file',
                          'filename': new_img}}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
 
     # Delete a BlockDriverState
@@ -89,17 +87,14 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     # Add a device model
     def addDeviceModel(self, device, backend, driver = 'virtio-blk'):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_add', id = device,
-                             driver = driver, drive = backend)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add', id = device,
+                    driver = driver, drive = backend)
 
     # Delete a device model
     def delDeviceModel(self, device, is_virtio_blk = True):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_del', id = device)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('device_del', id = device)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('system_reset')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('system_reset')
 
         if is_virtio_blk:
             device_path = '/machine/peripheral/%s/virtio-backend' % device
@@ -126,9 +121,8 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     # Insert a BlockDriverState
     def insertDrive(self, device, node):
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-insert-medium',
-                             id = device, node_name = node)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-insert-medium',
+                    id = device, node_name = node)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
 
     # Create a snapshot using 'blockdev-snapshot-sync'
@@ -139,8 +133,7 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'snapshot-file': new_img,
                 'snapshot-node-name': overlay,
                 'format': iotests.imgfmt}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-snapshot-sync', conv_keys=False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-snapshot-sync', conv_keys=False, **opts)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(overlay)
 
@@ -148,9 +141,8 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def createSnapshot(self, node, overlay):
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(overlay)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-snapshot',
-                             node = node, overlay = overlay)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-snapshot',
+                    node = node, overlay = overlay)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(overlay)
 
@@ -163,14 +155,12 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'node-name': new_node,
                 'sync': 'top',
                 'format': iotests.imgfmt}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', conv_keys=False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', conv_keys=False, **opts)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(new_node)
 
     # Complete an existing block job
     def completeBlockJob(self, id, node_before, node_after):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device=id)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-complete', device=id)
         self.wait_until_completed(id)
 
     # Add a BlkDebug node
@@ -186,8 +176,7 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts = {'driver': 'blkdebug',
                 'node-name': debug,
                 'image': image}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(node)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(debug)
 
@@ -211,8 +200,7 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'node-name': blkverify,
                 'test': node_0,
                 'raw': node_1}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(test)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(raw)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(blkverify)
@@ -235,8 +223,7 @@ class TestBlockdevDel(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'node-name': quorum,
                 'vote-threshold': 1,
                 'children': [ child_0, child_1 ]}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(child0)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(child1)
         self.checkBlockDriverState(quorum)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/147 b/tests/qemu-iotests/147
index 47dfa62e6b..6d6f077a14 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/147
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/147
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@ class NBDBlockdevAddBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def client_test(self, filename, address, export=None,
                     node_name='nbd-blockdev', delete=True):
         bao = self.blockdev_add_options(address, export, node_name)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **bao)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', bao)
 
         found = False
         result = self.vm.qmp('query-named-block-nodes')
@@ -75,8 +74,7 @@ class NBDBlockdevAddBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(found)
 
         if delete:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name=node_name)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name=node_name)
 
 
 class QemuNBD(NBDBlockdevAddBase):
@@ -158,16 +156,14 @@ class BuiltinNBD(NBDBlockdevAddBase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         if export_name is None:
-            result = self.server.qmp('nbd-server-add', device='nbd-export')
+            self.server.cmd('nbd-server-add', device='nbd-export')
         else:
-            result = self.server.qmp('nbd-server-add', device='nbd-export',
-                                     name=export_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.server.cmd('nbd-server-add', device='nbd-export',
+                            name=export_name)
 
         if export_name2 is not None:
-            result = self.server.qmp('nbd-server-add', device='nbd-export',
-                                     name=export_name2)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.server.cmd('nbd-server-add', device='nbd-export',
+                            name=export_name2)
 
         return True
 
@@ -175,8 +171,7 @@ class BuiltinNBD(NBDBlockdevAddBase):
         self.assertTrue(self._try_server_up(address, export_name, export_name2))
 
     def _server_down(self):
-        result = self.server.qmp('nbd-server-stop')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.server.cmd('nbd-server-stop')
 
     def do_test_inet(self, export_name=None):
         while True:
@@ -218,10 +213,8 @@ class BuiltinNBD(NBDBlockdevAddBase):
                          flatten_sock_addr(address), 'exp1', 'node1', False)
         self.client_test('nbd://localhost:%i/%s' % (nbd_port, 'exp2'),
                          flatten_sock_addr(address), 'exp2', 'node2', False)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='node1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='node2')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='node1')
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='node2')
         self._server_down()
 
     def test_inet6(self):
@@ -272,8 +265,7 @@ class BuiltinNBD(NBDBlockdevAddBase):
         result = self.vm.send_fd_scm(fd=sockfd.fileno())
         self.assertEqual(result, 0, 'Failed to send socket FD')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('getfd', fdname='nbd-fifo')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('getfd', fdname='nbd-fifo')
 
         address = { 'type': 'fd',
                     'data': { 'str': 'nbd-fifo' } }
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/151 b/tests/qemu-iotests/151
index b4d1bc2553..f2ff9c5dac 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/151
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/151
@@ -79,14 +79,13 @@ class TestActiveMirror(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('source', 'aio_write -z %i 1M' % offset)
 
         # Start the block job
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             filter_node_name='mirror-node',
-                             device='source-node',
-                             target='target-node',
-                             sync='full',
-                             copy_mode='write-blocking')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    filter_node_name='mirror-node',
+                    device='source-node',
+                    target='target-node',
+                    sync='full',
+                    copy_mode='write-blocking')
 
         # Start some more requests
         for offset in range(3 * self.image_len // 8, 5 * self.image_len // 8, 1024 * 1024):
@@ -125,23 +124,21 @@ class TestActiveMirror(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('source', 'write -P 1 0 2M')
 
         # Start the block job (very slowly)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             filter_node_name='mirror-node',
-                             device='source-node',
-                             target='target-node',
-                             sync='full',
-                             copy_mode='write-blocking',
-                             buf_size=(1048576 // 4),
-                             speed=1)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    filter_node_name='mirror-node',
+                    device='source-node',
+                    target='target-node',
+                    sync='full',
+                    copy_mode='write-blocking',
+                    buf_size=(1048576 // 4),
+                    speed=1)
 
         # Start an unaligned request to a dirty area
         result = self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('source', 'write -P 2 %i 1' % (1048576 + 42))
 
         # Let the job finish
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='mirror', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='mirror', speed=0)
         self.complete_and_wait(drive='mirror')
 
         self.potential_writes_in_flight = False
@@ -151,14 +148,14 @@ class TestActiveMirror(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         result = self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('source', 'write -P 1 0 2M')
 
         # Start the block job (very slowly)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             filter_node_name='mirror-node',
-                             device='source-node',
-                             target='target-node',
-                             sync='full',
-                             copy_mode='write-blocking',
-                             speed=1)
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    filter_node_name='mirror-node',
+                    device='source-node',
+                    target='target-node',
+                    sync='full',
+                    copy_mode='write-blocking',
+                    speed=1)
 
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('source', 'break write_aio A')
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('source', 'aio_write 0 1M')  # 1
@@ -189,8 +186,7 @@ class TestActiveMirror(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # After resuming 4, one of 2 and 3 goes first and set in_flight_bitmap,
         # so the other will wait for it.
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='mirror', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='mirror', speed=0)
         self.complete_and_wait(drive='mirror')
 
         self.potential_writes_in_flight = False
@@ -211,7 +207,7 @@ class TestThrottledWithNbdExportBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm = iotests.VM()
         self.vm.launch()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', **{
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', **{
             'qom-type': 'throttle-group',
             'id': 'thrgr',
             'limits': {
@@ -219,9 +215,8 @@ class TestThrottledWithNbdExportBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'iops-total-max': self.iops
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', **{
             'node-name': 'source-node',
             'driver': 'throttle',
             'throttle-group': 'thrgr',
@@ -233,9 +228,8 @@ class TestThrottledWithNbdExportBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 }
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **{
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', **{
             'node-name': 'target-node',
             'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
             'file': {
@@ -243,23 +237,20 @@ class TestThrottledWithNbdExportBase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'filename': target_img
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         self.nbd_sock = iotests.file_path('nbd.sock',
                                           base_dir=iotests.sock_dir)
         self.nbd_url = f'nbd+unix:///source-node?socket={self.nbd_sock}'
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-start', addr={
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-start', addr={
             'type': 'unix',
             'data': {
                 'path': self.nbd_sock
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-export-add', id='exp0', type='nbd',
-                             node_name='source-node', writable=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-export-add', id='exp0', type='nbd',
+                    node_name='source-node', writable=True)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         # Wait for background requests to settle
@@ -312,15 +303,14 @@ class TestLowThrottledWithNbdExport(TestThrottledWithNbdExportBase):
 
         # Launch the mirror job
         mirror_buf_size = 65536
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             filter_node_name='mirror-node',
-                             device='source-node',
-                             target='target-node',
-                             sync='full',
-                             copy_mode='write-blocking',
-                             buf_size=mirror_buf_size)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    filter_node_name='mirror-node',
+                    device='source-node',
+                    target='target-node',
+                    sync='full',
+                    copy_mode='write-blocking',
+                    buf_size=mirror_buf_size)
 
         # We create the external requests via qemu-io processes on the NBD
         # server.  Have their offset start in the middle of the image so they
@@ -408,13 +398,12 @@ class TestHighThrottledWithNbdExport(TestThrottledWithNbdExportBase):
         # start blockdev-mirror
         self.vm.qtest(f'clock_step {1 * 1000 * 1000 * 1000}')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             device='source-node',
-                             target='target-node',
-                             sync='full',
-                             copy_mode='write-blocking')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    device='source-node',
+                    target='target-node',
+                    sync='full',
+                    copy_mode='write-blocking')
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/152 b/tests/qemu-iotests/152
index 4e179c340f..197bea9e77 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/152
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/152
@@ -41,16 +41,16 @@ class TestUnaligned(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             pass
 
     def test_unaligned(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             granularity=65536, target=target_img)
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    granularity=65536, target=target_img)
         self.complete_and_wait()
         self.vm.shutdown()
         self.assertEqual(iotests.image_size(test_img), iotests.image_size(target_img),
                          "Target size doesn't match source when granularity when unaligend")
 
     def test_unaligned_with_update(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
-                             granularity=65536, target=target_img)
+        self.vm.cmd('drive-mirror', device='drive0', sync='full',
+                    granularity=65536, target=target_img)
         self.wait_ready()
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'write 0 512')
         self.complete_and_wait(wait_ready=False)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/155 b/tests/qemu-iotests/155
index eadda52615..38eacb4127 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/155
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/155
@@ -110,8 +110,7 @@ class BaseClass(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 elif self.target_blockdev_backing:
                         options['backing'] = self.target_blockdev_backing
 
-                result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **options)
-                self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+                self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', options)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -178,20 +177,18 @@ class MirrorBaseClass(BaseClass):
 
     def runMirror(self, sync):
         if self.cmd == 'blockdev-mirror':
-            result = self.vm.qmp(self.cmd, job_id='mirror-job', device='source',
-                                 sync=sync, target='target',
-                                 auto_finalize=False)
+            self.vm.cmd(self.cmd, job_id='mirror-job', device='source',
+                        sync=sync, target='target',
+                        auto_finalize=False)
         else:
             if self.existing:
                 mode = 'existing'
             else:
                 mode = 'absolute-paths'
-            result = self.vm.qmp(self.cmd, job_id='mirror-job', device='source',
-                                 sync=sync, target=target_img,
-                                 format=iotests.imgfmt, mode=mode,
-                                 node_name='target', auto_finalize=False)
-
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd(self.cmd, job_id='mirror-job', device='source',
+                        sync=sync, target=target_img,
+                        format=iotests.imgfmt, mode=mode,
+                        node_name='target', auto_finalize=False)
 
         self.vm.run_job('mirror-job', auto_finalize=False,
                         pre_finalize=self.openBacking, auto_dismiss=True)
@@ -258,16 +255,14 @@ class TestBlockdevMirrorReopen(MirrorBaseClass):
 
     def openBacking(self):
         if not self.target_open_with_backing:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', node_name="backing",
-                                 driver="null-co")
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
-                                     'node-name': "target",
-                                     'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
-                                     'file': "target-file",
-                                     'backing': "backing"
-                                 }])
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', node_name="backing",
+                        driver="null-co")
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
+                            'node-name': "target",
+                            'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                            'file': "target-file",
+                            'backing': "backing"
+                        }])
 
 class TestBlockdevMirrorReopenIothread(TestBlockdevMirrorReopen):
     use_iothread = True
@@ -281,12 +276,10 @@ class TestBlockdevMirrorSnapshot(MirrorBaseClass):
 
     def openBacking(self):
         if not self.target_open_with_backing:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', node_name="backing",
-                                 driver="null-co")
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-snapshot', node="backing",
-                                 overlay="target")
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', node_name="backing",
+                        driver="null-co")
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-snapshot', node="backing",
+                        overlay="target")
 
 class TestBlockdevMirrorSnapshotIothread(TestBlockdevMirrorSnapshot):
     use_iothread = True
@@ -295,14 +288,12 @@ class TestCommit(BaseClass):
     existing = False
 
     def testCommit(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', job_id='commit-job',
-                             device='source', base=back1_img)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', job_id='commit-job',
+                    device='source', base=back1_img)
 
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_READY')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device='commit-job')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-complete', device='commit-job')
 
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED')
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/165 b/tests/qemu-iotests/165
index e3ef28e2ee..b24907a62f 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/165
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/165
@@ -116,9 +116,8 @@ class TestPersistentDirtyBitmap(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         sha256_2 = self.getSha256()
         assert sha256_1 != sha256_2 # Otherwise, it's not very interesting.
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-clear', node='drive0',
-                             name='bitmap0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-clear', node='drive0',
+                    name='bitmap0')
 
         # Start with regions1
 
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ class TestPersistentDirtyBitmap(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         assert sha256_1 == self.getSha256()
 
         # Reopen to RW
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
             'node-name': 'node0',
             'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
             'file': {
@@ -146,7 +145,6 @@ class TestPersistentDirtyBitmap(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             },
             'read-only': False
         }])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         # Check that bitmap is reopened to RW and we can write to it.
         self.writeRegions(regions2)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/196 b/tests/qemu-iotests/196
index 76509a5ad1..e5105b1354 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/196
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/196
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ class TestInvalidateAutoclear(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm_b.add_incoming("exec: cat '" + migfile + "'")
 
     def test_migration(self):
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate', uri='exec:cat>' + migfile)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {});
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate', uri='exec:cat>' + migfile)
         self.assertNotEqual(self.vm_a.event_wait("STOP"), None)
 
         with open(disk, 'r+b') as f:
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/205 b/tests/qemu-iotests/205
index 15f798288a..2370e1a138 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/205
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/205
@@ -44,10 +44,8 @@ class TestNbdServerRemove(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             }
         }
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-start', addr=address)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-add', device='drive0', name='exp')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-start', addr=address)
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-add', device='drive0', name='exp')
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.vm.shutdown()
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/218 b/tests/qemu-iotests/218
index 6320c4cb56..81aa68806f 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/218
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/218
@@ -41,34 +41,30 @@ iotests.script_initialize(supported_fmts=['qcow2', 'raw'])
 def start_mirror(vm, speed=None, buf_size=None):
     vm.launch()
 
-    ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                     node_name='source',
-                     driver='null-co',
-                     size=1048576)
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
-
-    ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                     node_name='target',
-                     driver='null-co',
-                     size=1048576)
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
+    vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+               node_name='source',
+               driver='null-co',
+               size=1048576)
+
+    vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+               node_name='target',
+               driver='null-co',
+               size=1048576)
 
     if speed is not None:
-        ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                         job_id='mirror',
-                         device='source',
-                         target='target',
-                         sync='full',
-                         speed=speed,
-                         buf_size=buf_size)
+        vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                   job_id='mirror',
+                   device='source',
+                   target='target',
+                   sync='full',
+                   speed=speed,
+                   buf_size=buf_size)
     else:
-        ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                         job_id='mirror',
-                         device='source',
-                         target='target',
-                         sync='full')
-
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
+        vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                   job_id='mirror',
+                   device='source',
+                   target='target',
+                   sync='full')
 
 
 log('')
@@ -150,38 +146,33 @@ with iotests.VM() as vm, \
 
     vm.launch()
 
-    ret = vm.qmp('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg',
-                 limits={'bps-read': 4096})
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
-
-    ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                 node_name='source',
-                 driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                 file={
-                     'driver': 'file',
-                     'filename': src_img_path
-                 })
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
-
-    ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                 node_name='throttled-source',
-                 driver='throttle',
-                 throttle_group='tg',
-                 file='source')
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
-
-    ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                 node_name='target',
-                 driver='null-co',
-                 size=(64 * 1048576))
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
-
-    ret = vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                 job_id='mirror',
-                 device='throttled-source',
-                 target='target',
-                 sync='full')
-    assert ret['return'] == {}
+    vm.cmd('object-add', qom_type='throttle-group', id='tg',
+           limits={'bps-read': 4096})
+
+    vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+           node_name='source',
+           driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+           file={
+               'driver': 'file',
+               'filename': src_img_path
+           })
+
+    vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+           node_name='throttled-source',
+           driver='throttle',
+           throttle_group='tg',
+           file='source')
+
+    vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+           node_name='target',
+           driver='null-co',
+           size=(64 * 1048576))
+
+    vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+           job_id='mirror',
+           device='throttled-source',
+           target='target',
+           sync='full')
 
     log(vm.qmp('quit'))
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/245 b/tests/qemu-iotests/245
index 92b28c79be..a934c9d1e6 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/245
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/245
@@ -136,8 +136,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_incorrect_parameters_single_file(self):
         # Open 'hd0' only (no backing files)
         opts = hd_opts(0)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         original_graph = self.vm.qmp('query-named-block-nodes')
 
         # We can reopen the image passing the same options
@@ -171,8 +170,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.check_node_graph(original_graph)
 
         # Remove the node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
 
     # This test opens an image with a backing file and tries to reopen
     # it with illegal / incorrect parameters.
@@ -180,8 +178,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # Open hd1 omitting the backing options (hd0 will be opened
         # with the default options)
         opts = hd_opts(1)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         original_graph = self.vm.qmp('query-named-block-nodes')
 
         # We can't reopen the image passing the same options, 'backing' is mandatory
@@ -213,8 +210,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.check_node_graph(original_graph)
 
         # Remove the node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd1')
 
     # Reopen an image several times changing some of its options
     def test_reopen(self):
@@ -230,8 +226,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # Open the hd1 image passing all backing options
         opts = hd_opts(1)
         opts['backing'] = hd_opts(0)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
         original_graph = self.vm.qmp('query-named-block-nodes')
 
         # We can reopen the image passing the same options
@@ -306,8 +301,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp_absent(self.get_node('hd1'), 'image/backing-image')
 
         # Open the 'hd0' image
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd_opts(0))
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd_opts(0))
 
         # Reopen the hd1 image setting 'hd0' as its backing image
         self.reopen(opts, {'backing': 'hd0'})
@@ -326,10 +320,8 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', "Node 'hd0' is busy: node is used as backing hd of 'hd1'")
 
         # But we can remove both nodes if done in the proper order
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd1')
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
 
     # Reopen a raw image and see the effect of changing the 'offset' option
     def test_reopen_raw(self):
@@ -345,8 +337,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         qemu_io('-f', 'raw', '-c', 'write -P 0xa1 1M 1M', hd_path[0])
 
         # Open the raw file with QEMU
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Read 1MB from offset 0
         self.run_qemu_io("hd0", "read -P 0xa0  0 1M")
@@ -362,8 +353,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.run_qemu_io("hd0", "read -P 0xa0  0 1M")
 
         # Remove the block device
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
 
     # Omitting an option should reset it to the default value, but if
     # an option cannot be changed it shouldn't be possible to reset it
@@ -377,8 +367,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                           'node-name': 'hd0-file' } }
 
         # Open the file with QEMU
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # file.x-check-cache-dropped can be changed...
         self.reopen(opts, { 'file.x-check-cache-dropped': False })
@@ -394,8 +383,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.reopen(opts, { 'file.locking': 'off' })
 
         # Remove the block device
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
 
     # This test modifies the node graph a few times by changing the
     # 'backing' option on reopen and verifies that the guest data that
@@ -407,8 +395,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         for i in range(3):
             opts.append(hd_opts(i))
             opts[i]['backing'] = None
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts[i])
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts[i])
 
         # hd0
         self.run_qemu_io("hd0", "read -P 0xa0  0 1M")
@@ -499,8 +486,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         for i in range(3):
             opts.append(hd_opts(i))
             opts[i]['backing'] = None
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts[i])
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts[i])
 
         # hd1 <- hd0, hd1 <- hd2
         self.reopen(opts[0], {'backing': 'hd1'})
@@ -532,8 +518,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                   'node-name': 'bv',
                   'test': 'hd0',
                   'raw': 'hd1'}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **bvopts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **bvopts)
 
         # blkverify doesn't currently allow reopening. TODO: implement this
         self.reopen(bvopts, {}, "Block format 'blkverify' used by node 'bv'" +
@@ -544,8 +529,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                     "Making 'bv' a backing child of 'hd0' would create a cycle")
 
         # Delete the blkverify node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'bv')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'bv')
 
     # Replace the protocol layer ('file' parameter) of a disk image
     def test_replace_file(self):
@@ -556,16 +540,13 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         hd0_opts = {'driver': 'file', 'node-name': 'hd0-file', 'filename':  hd_path[0] }
         hd1_opts = {'driver': 'file', 'node-name': 'hd1-file', 'filename':  hd_path[1] }
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd0_opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd1_opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd0_opts)
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd1_opts)
 
         # Add a raw format layer that uses hd0-file as its protocol layer
         opts = {'driver': 'raw', 'node-name': 'hd', 'file': 'hd0-file'}
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Fill the image with data
         self.run_qemu_io("hd", "read  -P 0 0 10k")
@@ -588,21 +569,18 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_insert_throttle_filter(self):
         # Add an image to the VM
         hd0_opts = hd_opts(0)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd0_opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **hd0_opts)
 
         # Create a throttle-group object
         opts = { 'qom-type': 'throttle-group', 'id': 'group0',
                  'limits': { 'iops-total': 1000 } }
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Add a throttle filter with the group that we just created.
         # The filter is not used by anyone yet
         opts = { 'driver': 'throttle', 'node-name': 'throttle0',
                  'throttle-group': 'group0', 'file': 'hd0-file' }
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Insert the throttle filter between hd0 and hd0-file
         self.reopen(hd0_opts, {'file': 'throttle0'})
@@ -615,15 +593,13 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_insert_compress_filter(self):
         # Add an image to the VM: hd (raw) -> hd0 (qcow2) -> hd0-file (file)
         opts = {'driver': 'raw', 'node-name': 'hd', 'file': hd_opts(0)}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Add a 'compress' filter
         filter_opts = {'driver': 'compress',
                        'node-name': 'compress0',
                        'file': 'hd0'}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **filter_opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **filter_opts)
 
         # Unmap the beginning of the image (we cannot write compressed
         # data to an allocated cluster)
@@ -659,12 +635,10 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_swap_files(self):
         # Add hd0 and hd2 (none of them with backing files)
         opts0 = hd_opts(0)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts0)
 
         opts2 = hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts2)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts2)
 
         # Write different data to both block devices
         self.run_qemu_io("hd0", "write -P 0xa0 0 1k")
@@ -712,15 +686,13 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             opts = hd_opts(i)
             # Open all three images without backing file
             opts['backing'] = None
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         opts = {'driver': 'quorum',
                 'node-name': 'quorum0',
                 'children': ['hd0', 'hd1', 'hd2'],
                 'vote-threshold': 2}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Quorum doesn't currently allow reopening. TODO: implement this
         self.reopen(opts, {}, "Block format 'quorum' used by node 'quorum0'" +
@@ -732,14 +704,12 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                     "Making 'quorum0' a backing child of 'hd0' would create a cycle")
 
         # Delete quorum0
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'quorum0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'quorum0')
 
         # Delete hd0, hd1 and hd2
         for i in range(3):
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True,
-                                 node_name = 'hd%d' % i)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True,
+                        node_name = 'hd%d' % i)
 
         ######################
         ###### blkdebug ######
@@ -748,8 +718,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'node-name': 'bd',
                 'config': '/dev/null',
                 'image': hd_opts(0)}
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # blkdebug allows reopening if we keep the same options
         self.reopen(opts)
@@ -762,16 +731,14 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.reopen(opts, {}, "Option 'config' cannot be reset to its default value")
 
         # Delete the blkdebug node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'bd')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'bd')
 
         ##################
         ###### null ######
         ##################
         opts = {'driver': 'null-co', 'node-name': 'root', 'size': 1024}
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # 1 << 30 is the default value, but we cannot change it explicitly
         self.reopen(opts, {'size': (1 << 30)}, "Cannot change the option 'size'")
@@ -780,16 +747,14 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         del opts['size']
         self.reopen(opts, {}, "Option 'size' cannot be reset to its default value")
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'root')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'root')
 
         ##################
         ###### file ######
         ##################
         opts = hd_opts(0)
         opts['file']['locking'] = 'on'
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # 'locking' cannot be changed
         del opts['file']['locking']
@@ -803,27 +768,23 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.reopen(opts, {'locking': 'off'}, "Cannot change the option 'locking'")
         self.reopen(opts, {}, "Option 'locking' cannot be reset to its default value")
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
 
         ######################
         ###### throttle ######
         ######################
         opts = { 'qom-type': 'throttle-group', 'id': 'group0',
                  'limits': { 'iops-total': 1000 } }
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         opts = { 'qom-type': 'throttle-group', 'id': 'group1',
                  'limits': { 'iops-total': 2000 } }
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Add a throttle filter with group = group0
         opts = { 'driver': 'throttle', 'node-name': 'throttle0',
                  'throttle-group': 'group0', 'file': hd_opts(0) }
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # We can reopen it if we keep the same options
         self.reopen(opts)
@@ -851,16 +812,13 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(result, 'error/desc', "object 'group0' is in use, can not be deleted")
 
         # But group1 is free this time, and it can be deleted
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-del', id = 'group1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-del', id = 'group1')
 
         # Let's delete the filter node
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'throttle0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'throttle0')
 
         # And we can finally get rid of group0
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-del', id = 'group0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-del', id = 'group0')
 
     # If an image has a backing file then the 'backing' option must be
     # passed on reopen. We don't allow leaving the option out in this
@@ -868,13 +826,11 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_missing_backing_options_1(self):
         # hd2
         opts = hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # hd0
         opts = hd_opts(0)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # hd0 has no backing file: we can omit the 'backing' option
         self.reopen(opts)
@@ -897,11 +853,9 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.reopen(opts)
 
         # Remove both hd0 and hd2
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd2')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd2')
 
     # If an image has default backing file (as part of its metadata)
     # then the 'backing' option must be passed on reopen. We don't
@@ -911,8 +865,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # hd0 <- hd1
         # (hd0 is hd1's default backing file)
         opts = hd_opts(1)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # hd1 has a backing file: we can't omit the 'backing' option
         self.reopen(opts, {}, "backing is missing for 'hd1'")
@@ -923,8 +876,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # No backing file attached to hd1 now, but we still can't omit the 'backing' option
         self.reopen(opts, {}, "backing is missing for 'hd1'")
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd1')
 
     # Test that making 'backing' a reference to an existing child
     # keeps its current options
@@ -937,8 +889,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts['detect-zeroes'] = 'on'
         opts['backing']['detect-zeroes'] = 'on'
         opts['backing']['backing']['detect-zeroes'] = 'on'
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Reopen the chain passing the minimum amount of required options.
         # By making 'backing' a reference to hd1 (instead of a sub-dict)
@@ -961,12 +912,10 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts = hd_opts(0)
         opts['backing'] = hd_opts(1)
         opts['backing']['backing'] = None
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Stream hd1 into hd0 and wait until it's done
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0', device = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0', device = 'hd0')
         self.wait_until_completed(drive = 'stream0')
 
         # Now we have only hd0
@@ -982,8 +931,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # We can also reopen hd0 if we set 'backing' to null
         self.reopen(opts, {'backing': None})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
 
     # Another block_stream test
     def test_block_stream_2(self):
@@ -991,13 +939,11 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts = hd_opts(0)
         opts['backing'] = hd_opts(1)
         opts['backing']['backing'] = hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Stream hd1 into hd0 and wait until it's done
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0',
-                             device = 'hd0', base_node = 'hd2')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0',
+                    device = 'hd0', base_node = 'hd2')
         self.wait_until_completed(drive = 'stream0')
 
         # The chain is hd2 <- hd0 now. hd1 is missing
@@ -1019,8 +965,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.reopen(opts, {}, "backing is missing for 'hd0'")
 
         # Now we can delete hd0 (and hd2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', conv_keys = True, node_name = 'hd0')
         self.assertEqual(self.get_node('hd2'), None)
 
     # Reopen the chain during a block-stream job (from hd1 to hd0)
@@ -1029,14 +974,12 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts = hd_opts(0)
         opts['backing'] = hd_opts(1)
         opts['backing']['backing'] = hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # hd2 <- hd0
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0',
-                             device = 'hd0', base_node = 'hd2',
-                             auto_finalize = False)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0',
+                    device = 'hd0', base_node = 'hd2',
+                    auto_finalize = False)
 
         # We can remove hd2 while the stream job is ongoing
         opts['backing']['backing'] = None
@@ -1054,14 +997,12 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts = hd_opts(0)
         opts['backing'] = hd_opts(1)
         opts['backing']['backing'] = hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # hd1 <- hd0
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0',
-                             device = 'hd1', filter_node_name='cor',
-                             auto_finalize = False)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'stream0',
+                    device = 'hd1', filter_node_name='cor',
+                    auto_finalize = False)
 
         # We can't reopen with the original options because there is a filter
         # inserted by stream job above hd1.
@@ -1090,12 +1031,10 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts = hd_opts(0)
         opts['backing'] = hd_opts(1)
         opts['backing']['backing'] = hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'commit0',
-                             device = 'hd0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'commit0',
+                    device = 'hd0')
 
         # We can't remove hd2 while the commit job is ongoing
         opts['backing']['backing'] = None
@@ -1110,8 +1049,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assert_qmp(event, 'data/type', 'commit')
         self.assert_qmp_absent(event, 'data/error')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device='commit0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-complete', device='commit0')
 
         self.wait_until_completed(drive = 'commit0')
 
@@ -1121,13 +1059,11 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         opts = hd_opts(0)
         opts['backing'] = hd_opts(1)
         opts['backing']['backing'] = hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'commit0',
-                             device = 'hd0', top_node = 'hd1',
-                             auto_finalize = False)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', conv_keys = True, job_id = 'commit0',
+                    device = 'hd0', top_node = 'hd1',
+                    auto_finalize = False)
 
         # We can't remove hd2 while the commit job is ongoing
         opts['backing']['backing'] = None
@@ -1147,36 +1083,28 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def run_test_iothreads(self, iothread_a, iothread_b, errmsg = None,
                            opts_a = None, opts_b = None):
         opts = opts_a or hd_opts(0)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         opts2 = opts_b or hd_opts(2)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts2)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', conv_keys = False, **opts2)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', qom_type='iothread', id='iothread0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', qom_type='iothread', id='iothread0')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', qom_type='iothread', id='iothread1')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', qom_type='iothread', id='iothread1')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_add', driver='virtio-scsi', id='scsi0',
-                             iothread=iothread_a)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add', driver='virtio-scsi', id='scsi0',
+                    iothread=iothread_a)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('device_add', driver='virtio-scsi', id='scsi1',
-                             iothread=iothread_b)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('device_add', driver='virtio-scsi', id='scsi1',
+                    iothread=iothread_b)
 
         if iothread_a:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('device_add', driver='scsi-hd', drive='hd0',
-                                 share_rw=True, bus="scsi0.0")
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('device_add', driver='scsi-hd', drive='hd0',
+                        share_rw=True, bus="scsi0.0")
 
         if iothread_b:
-            result = self.vm.qmp('device_add', driver='scsi-hd', drive='hd2',
-                                 share_rw=True, bus="scsi1.0")
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('device_add', driver='scsi-hd', drive='hd2',
+                        share_rw=True, bus="scsi1.0")
 
         # Attaching the backing file may or may not work
         self.reopen(opts, {'backing': 'hd2'}, errmsg)
@@ -1205,8 +1133,7 @@ class TestBlockdevReopen(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # Create a throttle-group object
         opts = { 'qom-type': 'throttle-group', 'id': 'group0',
                  'limits': { 'iops-total': 1000 } }
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', conv_keys = False, **opts)
 
         # Options with a throttle filter between format and protocol
         opts = [
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/256 b/tests/qemu-iotests/256
index d7e67f4a05..f34af6cef7 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/256
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/256
@@ -40,25 +40,25 @@ with iotests.FilePath('img0') as img0_path, \
     def create_target(filepath, name, size):
         basename = os.path.basename(filepath)
         nodename = "file_{}".format(basename)
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-create', job_id='job1',
-                       options={
-                           'driver': 'file',
-                           'filename': filepath,
-                           'size': 0,
-                       }))
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-create', job_id='job1',
+                   options={
+                       'driver': 'file',
+                       'filename': filepath,
+                       'size': 0,
+                   }))
         vm.run_job('job1')
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-add', driver='file',
-                       node_name=nodename, filename=filepath))
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-create', job_id='job2',
-                       options={
-                           'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
-                           'file': nodename,
-                           'size': size,
-                       }))
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='file',
+                   node_name=nodename, filename=filepath))
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-create', job_id='job2',
+                   options={
+                       'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                       'file': nodename,
+                       'size': size,
+                   }))
         vm.run_job('job2')
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-add', driver=iotests.imgfmt,
-                       node_name=name,
-                       file=nodename))
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver=iotests.imgfmt,
+                   node_name=name,
+                   file=nodename))
 
     log('--- Preparing images & VM ---\n')
     vm.add_object('iothread,id=iothread0')
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/257 b/tests/qemu-iotests/257
index e7e7a2317e..7d3720b8e5 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/257
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/257
@@ -160,26 +160,26 @@ class Drive:
         file_node_name = "file_{}".format(basename)
         vm = self.vm
 
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-create', job_id='bdc-file-job',
-                       options={
-                           'driver': 'file',
-                           'filename': self.path,
-                           'size': 0,
-                       }))
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-create', job_id='bdc-file-job',
+                   options={
+                       'driver': 'file',
+                       'filename': self.path,
+                       'size': 0,
+                   }))
         vm.run_job('bdc-file-job')
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-add', driver='file',
-                       node_name=file_node_name, filename=self.path))
-
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-create', job_id='bdc-fmt-job',
-                       options={
-                           'driver': fmt,
-                           'file': file_node_name,
-                           'size': size,
-                       }))
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver='file',
+                   node_name=file_node_name, filename=self.path))
+
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-create', job_id='bdc-fmt-job',
+                   options={
+                       'driver': fmt,
+                       'file': file_node_name,
+                       'size': size,
+                   }))
         vm.run_job('bdc-fmt-job')
-        log(vm.command('blockdev-add', driver=fmt,
-                       node_name=name,
-                       file=file_node_name))
+        log(vm.cmd('blockdev-add', driver=fmt,
+                   node_name=name,
+                   file=file_node_name))
         self.fmt = fmt
         self.size = size
         self.node = name
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/264 b/tests/qemu-iotests/264
index 289381e315..c532ccd809 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/264
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/264
@@ -48,18 +48,16 @@ class TestNbdReconnect(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         """Stat job with nbd target and kill the server"""
         assert job in ('blockdev-backup', 'blockdev-mirror')
         with qemu_nbd_popen('-k', nbd_sock, '-f', iotests.imgfmt, disk_b):
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                                 **{'node_name': 'backup0',
-                                    'driver': 'raw',
-                                    'file': {'driver': 'nbd',
-                                             'server': {'type': 'unix',
-                                                        'path': nbd_sock},
-                                             'reconnect-delay': 10}})
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-            result = self.vm.qmp(job, device='drive0',
-                                 sync='full', target='backup0',
-                                 speed=(1 * 1024 * 1024))
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                        {'node-name': 'backup0',
+                         'driver': 'raw',
+                         'file': {'driver': 'nbd',
+                                  'server': {'type': 'unix',
+                                             'path': nbd_sock},
+                                  'reconnect-delay': 10}})
+            self.vm.cmd(job, device='drive0',
+                        sync='full', target='backup0',
+                        speed=(1 * 1024 * 1024))
 
             # Wait for some progress
             t = 0.0
@@ -77,8 +75,7 @@ class TestNbdReconnect(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.assertTrue(jobs)
         self.assertTrue(jobs[0]['offset'] < jobs[0]['len'])
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0', speed=0)
 
         # Emulate server down time for 1 second
         time.sleep(1)
@@ -91,12 +88,10 @@ class TestNbdReconnect(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         with qemu_nbd_popen('-k', nbd_sock, '-f', iotests.imgfmt, disk_b):
             e = self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED')
             self.assertEqual(e['data']['offset'], size)
-            result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='backup0')
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='backup0')
 
     def cancel_job(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-cancel', device='drive0', force=True)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-cancel', device='drive0', force=True)
 
         start_t = time.time()
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_CANCELLED')
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/281 b/tests/qemu-iotests/281
index 5e1339bd75..f6746a12e8 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/281
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/281
@@ -56,15 +56,13 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapIOThread(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             os.remove(self.images[name])
 
     def test_add_dirty_bitmap(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp(
+        self.vm.cmd(
             'block-dirty-bitmap-add',
             node='drive0',
             name='bitmap1',
             persistent=True,
         )
 
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
 
 # Test for RHBZ#1746217 & RHBZ#1773517
 class TestNBDMirrorIOThread(iotests.QMPTestCase):
@@ -105,23 +103,21 @@ class TestNBDMirrorIOThread(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             os.remove(self.images[name])
 
     def test_nbd_mirror(self):
-        result = self.vm_tgt.qmp(
+        self.vm_tgt.cmd(
             'nbd-server-start',
             addr={
                 'type': 'unix',
                 'data': { 'path': self.nbd_sock }
             }
         )
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm_tgt.qmp(
+        self.vm_tgt.cmd(
             'nbd-server-add',
             device='drive0',
             writable=True
         )
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm_src.qmp(
+        self.vm_src.cmd(
             'drive-mirror',
             device='drive0',
             target='nbd+unix:///drive0?socket=' + self.nbd_sock,
@@ -130,7 +126,6 @@ class TestNBDMirrorIOThread(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             speed=64*1024*1024,
             job_id='j1'
         )
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         self.vm_src.event_wait(name="BLOCK_JOB_READY")
 
@@ -290,8 +285,7 @@ class TestYieldingAndTimers(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # they will remain active, fire later, and then access freed data.
         # (Or, with "block/nbd: Assert there are no timers when closed"
         # applied, the assertions added in that patch will fail.)
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', node_name='nbd')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', node_name='nbd')
 
         # Give the timers some time to fire (both have a timeout of 1 s).
         # (Sleeping in an iotest may ring some alarm bells, but note that if
@@ -303,9 +297,8 @@ class TestYieldingAndTimers(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def test_yield_in_iothread(self):
         # Move the NBD node to the I/O thread; the NBD block driver should
         # attach the connection's QIOChannel to that thread's AioContext, too
-        result = self.vm.qmp('x-blockdev-set-iothread',
-                             node_name='nbd', iothread='iothr')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('x-blockdev-set-iothread',
+                    node_name='nbd', iothread='iothr')
 
         # Do some I/O that will be throttled by the QSD, so that the network
         # connection hopefully will yield here.  When it is resumed, it must
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/295 b/tests/qemu-iotests/295
index 270ad3999f..04818af264 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/295
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/295
@@ -57,8 +57,7 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # create the secrets and load 'em into the VM
         self.secrets = [ Secret(i) for i in range(0, 6) ]
         for secret in self.secrets:
-            result = self.vm.qmp("object-add", **secret.to_qmp_object())
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm.cmd("object-add", **secret.to_qmp_object())
 
         if iotests.imgfmt == "qcow2":
             self.pfx = "encrypt."
@@ -102,8 +101,7 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 }
             }
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **
-            {
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
                 'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
                 'node-name': id,
                 'read-only': read_only,
@@ -116,12 +114,10 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 }
             }
         )
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
     # close the encrypted block device
     def closeImageQmp(self, id):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', **{ 'node-name': id })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-del', {'node-name': id})
 
     ###########################################################################
     # add a key to an encrypted block device
@@ -160,8 +156,7 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             args['force'] = True
 
         #TODO: check what jobs return
-        result = self.vm.qmp('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
-        assert result['return'] == {}
+        self.vm.cmd('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
         self.vm.run_job('job_add_key')
 
     # erase a key from an encrypted block device
@@ -194,8 +189,7 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         if force == True:
             args['force'] = True
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
-        assert result['return'] == {}
+        self.vm.cmd('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
         self.vm.run_job('job_erase_key')
 
     ###########################################################################
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/296 b/tests/qemu-iotests/296
index 0d21b740a7..2b63cefff0 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/296
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/296
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class Secret:
         return  [ "secret,id=" + self._id + ",data=" + self._secret]
 
     def to_qmp_object(self):
-        return { "qom_type" : "secret", "id": self.id(),
+        return { "qom-type" : "secret", "id": self.id(),
                  "data": self.secret() }
 
 ################################################################################
@@ -61,10 +61,8 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # create the secrets and load 'em into the VMs
         self.secrets = [ Secret(i) for i in range(0, 4) ]
         for secret in self.secrets:
-            result = self.vm1.qmp("object-add", **secret.to_qmp_object())
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-            result = self.vm2.qmp("object-add", **secret.to_qmp_object())
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm1.cmd("object-add", secret.to_qmp_object())
+            self.vm2.cmd("object-add", secret.to_qmp_object())
 
     # test case shutdown
     def tearDown(self):
@@ -132,17 +130,15 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             }
 
         if reOpen:
-            result = vm.qmp(command, options=[opts])
+            vm.cmd(command, options=[opts])
         else:
-            result = vm.qmp(command, **opts)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            vm.cmd(command, opts)
 
 
     ###########################################################################
     # add virtio-blk consumer for a block device
     def addImageUser(self, vm, id, disk_id, share_rw=False):
-        result = vm.qmp('device_add', **
-            {
+        result = vm.qmp('device_add', {
                 'driver': 'virtio-blk',
                 'id': id,
                 'drive': disk_id,
@@ -154,8 +150,7 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     # close the encrypted block device
     def closeImageQmp(self, vm, id):
-        result = vm.qmp('blockdev-del', **{ 'node-name': id })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        vm.cmd('blockdev-del', {'node-name': id})
 
     ###########################################################################
 
@@ -173,7 +168,7 @@ class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             },
         }
 
-        result = vm.qmp('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
+        result = vm.qmp('x-blockdev-amend', args)
         iotests.log(result)
         # Run the job only if it was created
         event = ('JOB_STATUS_CHANGE',
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/298 b/tests/qemu-iotests/298
index 9e75ac6975..09c9290711 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/298
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/298
@@ -80,25 +80,23 @@ class TestPreallocateFilter(TestPreallocateBase):
     def test_external_snapshot(self):
         self.test_prealloc()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-snapshot-sync', node_name='disk',
-                             snapshot_file=overlay,
-                             snapshot_node_name='overlay')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-snapshot-sync', node_name='disk',
+                    snapshot_file=overlay,
+                    snapshot_node_name='overlay')
 
         # on reopen to  r-o base preallocation should be dropped
         self.check_small()
 
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'write 1M 1M')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-commit', device='overlay')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-commit', device='overlay')
         self.complete_and_wait()
 
         # commit of new megabyte should trigger preallocation
         self.check_big()
 
     def test_reopen_opts(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
             'node-name': 'disk',
             'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
             'file': {
@@ -113,7 +111,6 @@ class TestPreallocateFilter(TestPreallocateBase):
                 }
             }
         }])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         self.vm.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'write 0 1M')
         self.assertTrue(os.path.getsize(disk) == 25 * MiB)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/300 b/tests/qemu-iotests/300
index dbd28384ec..e46616d7b1 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/300
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/300
@@ -50,10 +50,9 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm_b.add_incoming(f'unix:{mig_sock}')
         self.vm_b.launch()
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
-                               node=self.src_node_name,
-                               name=self.src_bmap_name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
+                      node=self.src_node_name,
+                      name=self.src_bmap_name)
 
         # Dirty some random megabytes
         for _ in range(9):
@@ -69,8 +68,7 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 for name in ('dirty-bitmaps', 'events')]
 
         for vm in (self.vm_a, self.vm_b):
-            result = vm.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            vm.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
 
     def tearDown(self) -> None:
         self.vm_a.shutdown()
@@ -93,8 +91,7 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
     def migrate(self, bitmap_name_valid: bool = True,
                 migration_success: bool = True) -> None:
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate', uri=f'unix:{mig_sock}')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate', uri=f'unix:{mig_sock}')
 
         with iotests.Timeout(5, 'Timeout waiting for migration to complete'):
             self.assertEqual(self.vm_a.wait_migration('postmigrate'),
@@ -442,10 +439,9 @@ class TestBlockBitmapMappingErrors(TestDirtyBitmapMigration):
     def test_bitmap_name_too_long(self) -> None:
         name = 'a' * 256
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
-                               node=self.src_node_name,
-                               name=name)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
+                      node=self.src_node_name,
+                      name=name)
 
         self.migrate(False, False)
 
@@ -517,22 +513,19 @@ class TestCrossAliasMigration(TestDirtyBitmapMigration):
         TestDirtyBitmapMigration.setUp(self)
 
         # Now create another block device and let both have two bitmaps each
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                               node_name='node-b', driver='null-co')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                      node_name='node-b', driver='null-co')
 
-        result = self.vm_b.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                               node_name='node-a', driver='null-co')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_b.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                      node_name='node-a', driver='null-co')
 
         bmaps_to_add = (('node-a', 'bmap-b'),
                         ('node-b', 'bmap-a'),
                         ('node-b', 'bmap-b'))
 
         for (node, bmap) in bmaps_to_add:
-            result = self.vm_a.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
-                                   node=node, name=bmap)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm_a.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
+                          node=node, name=bmap)
 
     @staticmethod
     def cross_mapping() -> BlockBitmapMapping:
@@ -611,24 +604,21 @@ class TestAliasTransformMigration(TestDirtyBitmapMigration):
         TestDirtyBitmapMigration.setUp(self)
 
         # Now create another block device and let both have two bitmaps each
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                               node_name='node-b', driver='null-co',
-                               read_zeroes=False)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                      node_name='node-b', driver='null-co',
+                      read_zeroes=False)
 
-        result = self.vm_b.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                               node_name='node-a', driver='null-co',
-                               read_zeroes=False)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_b.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                      node_name='node-a', driver='null-co',
+                      read_zeroes=False)
 
         bmaps_to_add = (('node-a', 'bmap-b'),
                         ('node-b', 'bmap-a'),
                         ('node-b', 'bmap-b'))
 
         for (node, bmap) in bmaps_to_add:
-            result = self.vm_a.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
-                                   node=node, name=bmap)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm_a.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-add',
+                          node=node, name=bmap)
 
     @staticmethod
     def transform_mapping() -> BlockBitmapMapping:
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
index ef66fbd62b..e5c5798c71 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ import unittest
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from qemu.machine import qtest
-from qemu.qmp.legacy import QMPMessage, QEMUMonitorProtocol
+from qemu.qmp.legacy import QMPMessage, QMPReturnValue, QEMUMonitorProtocol
 from qemu.utils import VerboseProcessError
 
 # Use this logger for logging messages directly from the iotests module
@@ -460,12 +460,17 @@ class QemuStorageDaemon:
     def qmp(self, cmd: str, args: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None) \
             -> QMPMessage:
         assert self._qmp is not None
-        return self._qmp.cmd(cmd, args)
+        return self._qmp.cmd_raw(cmd, args)
 
     def get_qmp(self) -> QEMUMonitorProtocol:
         assert self._qmp is not None
         return self._qmp
 
+    def cmd(self, cmd: str, args: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None) \
+            -> QMPReturnValue:
+        assert self._qmp is not None
+        return self._qmp.cmd(cmd, **(args or {}))
+
     def stop(self, kill_signal=15):
         self._p.send_signal(kill_signal)
         self._p.wait()
@@ -823,7 +828,7 @@ class VM(qtest.QEMUQtestMachine):
         super().__init__(qemu_prog, qemu_opts, wrapper=wrapper,
                          name=name,
                          base_temp_dir=test_dir,
-                         sock_dir=sock_dir, qmp_timer=timer)
+                         qmp_timer=timer)
         self._num_drives = 0
 
     def _post_shutdown(self) -> None:
@@ -1247,8 +1252,7 @@ class QMPTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def cancel_and_wait(self, drive='drive0', force=False,
                         resume=False, wait=60.0):
         '''Cancel a block job and wait for it to finish, returning the event'''
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-cancel', device=drive, force=force)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-cancel', device=drive, force=force)
 
         if resume:
             self.vm.resume_drive(drive)
@@ -1310,8 +1314,7 @@ class QMPTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         if wait_ready:
             self.wait_ready(drive=drive)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-complete', device=drive)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-complete', device=drive)
 
         event = self.wait_until_completed(drive=drive, error=completion_error)
         self.assertTrue(event['data']['type'] in ['mirror', 'commit'])
@@ -1330,11 +1333,9 @@ class QMPTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 assert found
 
     def pause_job(self, job_id='job0', wait=True):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-pause', device=job_id)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-pause', device=job_id)
         if wait:
-            return self.pause_wait(job_id)
-        return result
+            self.pause_wait(job_id)
 
     def case_skip(self, reason):
         '''Skip this test case'''
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/backing-file-invalidation b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/backing-file-invalidation
index 4eccc80153..b0e19839db 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/backing-file-invalidation
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/backing-file-invalidation
@@ -129,12 +129,11 @@ class TestPostMigrateFilename(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         # For good measure, try creating an overlay and check its backing
         # chain below.  This is how the issue was originally found.
-        result = self.vm_d.qmp('blockdev-snapshot-sync',
-                               format=iotests.imgfmt,
-                               snapshot_file=imgs[3],
-                               node_name='node0',
-                               snapshot_node_name='node0-overlay')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_d.cmd('blockdev-snapshot-sync',
+                      format=iotests.imgfmt,
+                      snapshot_file=imgs[3],
+                      node_name='node0',
+                      snapshot_node_name='node0-overlay')
 
         self.vm_d.shutdown()
         self.vm_d = None
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/copy-before-write b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/copy-before-write
index 2ffe092b31..d33bea577d 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/copy-before-write
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/copy-before-write
@@ -44,12 +44,11 @@ class TestCbwError(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         opts = ['-nodefaults', '-display', 'none', '-machine', 'none']
         self.vm = QEMUMachine(iotests.qemu_prog, opts,
-                              base_temp_dir=iotests.test_dir,
-                              sock_dir=iotests.sock_dir)
+                              base_temp_dir=iotests.test_dir)
         self.vm.launch()
 
     def do_cbw_error(self, on_cbw_error):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'node-name': 'cbw',
             'driver': 'copy-before-write',
             'on-cbw-error': on_cbw_error,
@@ -79,14 +78,12 @@ class TestCbwError(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 }
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'node-name': 'access',
             'driver': 'snapshot-access',
             'file': 'cbw'
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('human-monitor-command',
                              command_line='qemu-io cbw "write 0 1M"')
@@ -130,14 +127,13 @@ read 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 0
 """)
 
     def do_cbw_timeout(self, on_cbw_error):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('object-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('object-add', {
             'qom-type': 'throttle-group',
             'id': 'group0',
             'limits': {'bps-write': 300 * 1024}
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'node-name': 'cbw',
             'driver': 'copy-before-write',
             'on-cbw-error': on_cbw_error,
@@ -161,14 +157,12 @@ read 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 0
                 }
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'node-name': 'access',
             'driver': 'snapshot-access',
             'file': 'cbw'
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         result = self.vm.qmp('human-monitor-command',
                              command_line='qemu-io cbw "write 0 512K"')
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/export-incoming-iothread b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/export-incoming-iothread
index 7679e49103..d36d6194e0 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/export-incoming-iothread
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/export-incoming-iothread
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class TestExportIncomingIothread(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         os.remove(test_img)
 
     def test_export_add(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-start', {
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-start', {
             'addr': {
                 'type': 'unix',
                 'data': {
@@ -63,16 +63,14 @@ class TestExportIncomingIothread(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 }
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         # Regression test for issue 945: This should not fail an assertion
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-export-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('block-export-add', {
             'type': 'nbd',
             'id': 'exp0',
             'node-name': node_name,
             'iothread': iothread_id
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/graph-changes-while-io b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/graph-changes-while-io
index 750e7d4d38..194fda500e 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/graph-changes-while-io
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/graph-changes-while-io
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class TestGraphChangesWhileIO(QMPTestCase):
         # While qemu-img bench is running, repeatedly add and remove an
         # overlay to/from node0
         while bench_thr.is_alive():
-            result = self.qsd.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+            self.qsd.cmd('blockdev-add', {
                 'driver': imgfmt,
                 'node-name': 'overlay',
                 'backing': 'node0',
@@ -75,12 +75,10 @@ class TestGraphChangesWhileIO(QMPTestCase):
                     'filename': top
                 }
             })
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-            result = self.qsd.qmp('blockdev-del', {
+            self.qsd.cmd('blockdev-del', {
                 'node-name': 'overlay'
             })
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         bench_thr.join()
 
@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ class TestGraphChangesWhileIO(QMPTestCase):
         qemu_io('-c', 'write 0 64k', top)
         qemu_io('-c', 'write 128k 64k', top)
 
-        result = self.qsd.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+        self.qsd.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'driver': imgfmt,
             'node-name': 'overlay',
             'backing': None,
@@ -101,26 +99,22 @@ class TestGraphChangesWhileIO(QMPTestCase):
                 'filename': top
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-        result = self.qsd.qmp('blockdev-snapshot', {
+        self.qsd.cmd('blockdev-snapshot', {
             'node': 'node0',
             'overlay': 'overlay',
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         # While qemu-img bench is running, repeatedly commit overlay to node0
         while bench_thr.is_alive():
-            result = self.qsd.qmp('block-commit', {
+            self.qsd.cmd('block-commit', {
                 'job-id': 'job0',
                 'device': 'overlay',
             })
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
-            result = self.qsd.qmp('block-job-cancel', {
+            self.qsd.cmd('block-job-cancel', {
                 'device': 'job0',
             })
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
             cancelled = False
             while not cancelled:
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/image-fleecing b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/image-fleecing
index f6e449d071..5e3b2c7e46 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/image-fleecing
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/image-fleecing
@@ -213,8 +213,7 @@ def do_test(vm, use_cbw, use_snapshot_access_filter, base_img_path,
         result = vm.qmp('query-block-jobs')
         assert len(result['return']) == 1
 
-        result = vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='push-backup', speed=0)
-        assert result == {'return': {}}
+        vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='push-backup', speed=0)
 
         log(vm.event_wait(name='BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED',
                           match={'data': {'device': 'push-backup'}}),
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-postcopy-test b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-postcopy-test
index dda55fad28..c519e6db8c 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-postcopy-test
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-postcopy-test
@@ -118,11 +118,10 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapPostcopyMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
     def start_postcopy(self):
         """ Run migration until RESUME event on target. Return this event. """
         for i in range(nb_bitmaps):
-            result = self.vm_a.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-add', node='drive0',
-                                   name='bitmap{}'.format(i),
-                                   granularity=granularity,
-                                   persistent=True)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm_a.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-add', node='drive0',
+                          name='bitmap{}'.format(i),
+                          granularity=granularity,
+                          persistent=True)
 
         result = self.vm_a.qmp('x-debug-block-dirty-bitmap-sha256',
                                node='drive0', name='bitmap0')
@@ -140,9 +139,8 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapPostcopyMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # We want to calculate resulting sha256. Do it in bitmap0, so, disable
         # other bitmaps
         for i in range(1, nb_bitmaps):
-            result = self.vm_a.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-disable', node='drive0',
-                                   name='bitmap{}'.format(i))
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm_a.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-disable', node='drive0',
+                          name='bitmap{}'.format(i))
 
         apply_discards(self.vm_a, discards2)
 
@@ -152,24 +150,19 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapPostcopyMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         # Now, enable some bitmaps, to be updated during migration
         for i in range(2, nb_bitmaps, 2):
-            result = self.vm_a.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-enable', node='drive0',
-                                   name='bitmap{}'.format(i))
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm_a.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-enable', node='drive0',
+                          name='bitmap{}'.format(i))
 
         caps = [{'capability': 'dirty-bitmaps', 'state': True},
                 {'capability': 'events', 'state': True}]
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
 
-        result = self.vm_b.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_b.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate', uri='exec:cat>' + fifo)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate', uri='exec:cat>' + fifo)
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate-start-postcopy')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate-start-postcopy')
 
         event_resume = self.vm_b.event_wait('RESUME')
         self.vm_b_events.append(event_resume)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-test b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-test
index 59f3357580..f98e721e97 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-test
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-bitmaps-test
@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         if persistent:
             params['persistent'] = True
 
-        result = vm.qmp('block-dirty-bitmap-add', **params)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        vm.cmd('block-dirty-bitmap-add', params)
 
     def check_bitmap(self, vm, sha256):
         result = vm.qmp('x-debug-block-dirty-bitmap-sha256',
@@ -91,16 +90,15 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         if migrate_bitmaps:
             mig_caps.append({'capability': 'dirty-bitmaps', 'state': True})
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities',
-                               capabilities=mig_caps)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities',
+                      capabilities=mig_caps)
 
         self.add_bitmap(self.vm_a, granularity, persistent)
         for r in regions:
             self.vm_a.hmp_qemu_io('drive0', 'write %d %d' % r)
         sha256 = get_bitmap_hash(self.vm_a)
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate', uri=mig_cmd)
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate', uri=mig_cmd)
         while True:
             event = self.vm_a.event_wait('MIGRATION')
             if event['data']['status'] == 'completed':
@@ -114,8 +112,7 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         removed = (not migrate_bitmaps) and persistent
         self.check_bitmap(self.vm_a, False if removed else sha256)
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('cont')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('cont')
 
         # test that bitmap is still here after invalidation
         self.check_bitmap(self.vm_a, sha256)
@@ -158,9 +155,8 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         if online:
             os.mkfifo(mig_file)
             self.vm_b.launch()
-            result = self.vm_b.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities',
-                                   capabilities=mig_caps)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm_b.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities',
+                          capabilities=mig_caps)
 
         self.add_bitmap(self.vm_a, granularity, persistent)
         for r in regions:
@@ -171,11 +167,10 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
             self.vm_a.shutdown()
             self.vm_a.launch()
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities',
-                               capabilities=mig_caps)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities',
+                      capabilities=mig_caps)
 
-        result = self.vm_a.qmp('migrate', uri=mig_cmd)
+        self.vm_a.cmd('migrate', uri=mig_cmd)
         while True:
             event = self.vm_a.event_wait('MIGRATION')
             if event['data']['status'] == 'completed':
@@ -184,11 +179,9 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         if not online:
             self.vm_a.shutdown()
             self.vm_b.launch()
-            result = self.vm_b.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities',
-                                   capabilities=mig_caps)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-            result = self.vm_b.qmp('migrate-incoming', uri=incoming_cmd)
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            self.vm_b.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities',
+                          capabilities=mig_caps)
+            self.vm_b.cmd('migrate-incoming', uri=incoming_cmd)
 
         while True:
             event = self.vm_b.event_wait('MIGRATION')
@@ -254,8 +247,7 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapBackingMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         self.vm = iotests.VM()
         self.vm.launch()
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **blockdev)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', blockdev)
 
         # Check that the bitmaps are there
         nodes = self.vm.qmp('query-named-block-nodes', flat=True)['return']
@@ -264,8 +256,7 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapBackingMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 self.assert_qmp(node, 'dirty-bitmaps[0]/name', 'bmap0')
 
         caps = [{'capability': 'events', 'state': True}]
-        result = self.vm.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities', capabilities=caps)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -276,14 +267,12 @@ class TestDirtyBitmapBackingMigration(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         """
         Continue the source after migration.
         """
-        result = self.vm.qmp('migrate', uri='exec: cat > /dev/null')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('migrate', uri='exec: cat > /dev/null')
 
         with Timeout(10, 'Migration timeout'):
             self.vm.wait_migration('postmigrate')
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('cont')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('cont')
 
 
 def main() -> None:
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-during-backup b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-during-backup
index 34103229ee..afb2277896 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-during-backup
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migrate-during-backup
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TestMigrateDuringBackup(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         self.vm = iotests.VM().add_drive(disk_a)
         self.vm.launch()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'node-name': 'target',
             'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
             'file': {
@@ -51,26 +51,21 @@ class TestMigrateDuringBackup(iotests.QMPTestCase):
                 'filename': disk_b
             }
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
     def test_migrate(self):
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-backup', device='drive0',
-                             target='target', sync='full',
-                             speed=1, x_perf={
-                                 'max-workers': 1,
-                                 'max-chunk': 64 * 1024
-                             })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('job-pause', id='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-
-        result = self.vm.qmp('migrate-set-capabilities',
-                             capabilities=[{'capability': 'events',
-                                            'state': True}])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('migrate', uri=mig_cmd)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-backup', device='drive0',
+                    target='target', sync='full',
+                    speed=1, x_perf={
+                        'max-workers': 1,
+                        'max-chunk': 64 * 1024
+                    })
+
+        self.vm.cmd('job-pause', id='drive0')
+
+        self.vm.cmd('migrate-set-capabilities',
+                    capabilities=[{'capability': 'events',
+                                   'state': True}])
+        self.vm.cmd('migrate', uri=mig_cmd)
 
         e = self.vm.events_wait((('MIGRATION',
                                   {'data': {'status': 'completed'}}),
@@ -80,11 +75,9 @@ class TestMigrateDuringBackup(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         # Don't assert that e is 'failed' now: this way we'll miss
         # possible crash when backup continues :)
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0',
-                             speed=0)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
-        result = self.vm.qmp('job-resume', id='drive0')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-set-speed', device='drive0',
+                    speed=0)
+        self.vm.cmd('job-resume', id='drive0')
 
         # For future: if something changes so that both migration
         # and backup pass, let's not miss that moment, as it may
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migration-permissions b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migration-permissions
index 4e1da369c9..0deaad2d3a 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migration-permissions
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/migration-permissions
@@ -47,11 +47,10 @@ class TestMigrationPermissions(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
             vms[i].launch()
 
-            result = vms[i].qmp('migrate-set-capabilities',
-                                capabilities=[
-                                    {'capability': 'events', 'state': True}
-                                ])
-            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            vms[i].cmd('migrate-set-capabilities',
+                       capabilities=[
+                           {'capability': 'events', 'state': True}
+                       ])
 
         self.vm_s = vms[0]
         self.vm_d = vms[1]
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-ready-cancel-error b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-ready-cancel-error
index 01217459b9..ed2e46447e 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-ready-cancel-error
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-ready-cancel-error
@@ -48,51 +48,48 @@ class TestMirrorReadyCancelError(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         os.remove(target)
 
     def add_blockdevs(self, once: bool) -> None:
-        res = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                          **{'node-name': 'source',
-                             'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
-                             'file': {
-                                 'driver': 'file',
-                                 'filename': source
-                             }})
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    {'node-name': 'source',
+                     'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                     'file': {
+                         'driver': 'file',
+                         'filename': source
+                     }})
 
         # blkdebug notes:
         # Enter state 2 on the first flush, which happens before the
         # job enters the READY state.  The second flush will happen
         # when the job is about to complete, and we want that one to
         # fail.
-        res = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add',
-                          **{'node-name': 'target',
-                             'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
-                             'file': {
-                                 'driver': 'blkdebug',
-                                 'image': {
-                                     'driver': 'file',
-                                     'filename': target
-                                 },
-                                 'set-state': [{
-                                     'event': 'flush_to_disk',
-                                     'state': 1,
-                                     'new_state': 2
-                                 }],
-                                 'inject-error': [{
-                                     'event': 'flush_to_disk',
-                                     'once': once,
-                                     'immediately': True,
-                                     'state': 2
-                                 }]}})
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add',
+                    {'node-name': 'target',
+                     'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                     'file': {
+                         'driver': 'blkdebug',
+                         'image': {
+                             'driver': 'file',
+                             'filename': target
+                         },
+                         'set-state': [{
+                             'event': 'flush_to_disk',
+                             'state': 1,
+                             'new_state': 2
+                         }],
+                         'inject-error': [{
+                             'event': 'flush_to_disk',
+                             'once': once,
+                             'immediately': True,
+                             'state': 2
+                         }]}})
 
     def start_mirror(self) -> None:
-        res = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                          job_id='mirror',
-                          device='source',
-                          target='target',
-                          filter_node_name='mirror-top',
-                          sync='full',
-                          on_target_error='stop')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    device='source',
+                    target='target',
+                    filter_node_name='mirror-top',
+                    sync='full',
+                    on_target_error='stop')
 
     def cancel_mirror_with_error(self) -> None:
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_READY')
@@ -107,8 +104,7 @@ class TestMirrorReadyCancelError(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         while self.vm.event_wait('JOB_STATUS_CHANGE', timeout=0.0) is not None:
             pass
 
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-job-cancel', device='mirror')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-cancel', device='mirror')
 
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_ERROR')
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-top-perms b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-top-perms
index 8bca592708..fab9907e92 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-top-perms
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/mirror-top-perms
@@ -78,12 +78,11 @@ class TestMirrorTopPerms(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         difficult to let some other qemu process open the image.)
         """
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-mirror',
-                             job_id='mirror',
-                             device='drive0',
-                             target='null',
-                             sync='full')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-mirror',
+                    job_id='mirror',
+                    device='drive0',
+                    target='null',
+                    sync='full')
 
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_READY')
 
@@ -105,9 +104,8 @@ class TestMirrorTopPerms(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         except machine.VMLaunchFailure as exc:
             assert 'Is another process using the image' in exc.output
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-job-cancel',
-                             device='mirror')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-job-cancel',
+                    device='mirror')
 
         self.vm.event_wait('BLOCK_JOB_COMPLETED')
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/nbd-multiconn b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/nbd-multiconn
index 478a1eaba2..479e872f2a 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/nbd-multiconn
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/nbd-multiconn
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 import os
 from contextlib import contextmanager
+from types import ModuleType
+
 import iotests
 from iotests import qemu_img_create, qemu_io
 
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ disk = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'disk')
 size = '4M'
 nbd_sock = os.path.join(iotests.sock_dir, 'nbd_sock')
 nbd_uri = 'nbd+unix:///{}?socket=' + nbd_sock
-
+nbd: ModuleType
 
 @contextmanager
 def open_nbd(export_name):
@@ -46,12 +48,11 @@ class TestNbdMulticonn(iotests.QMPTestCase):
 
         self.vm = iotests.VM()
         self.vm.launch()
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', {
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-add', {
             'driver': 'qcow2',
             'node-name': 'n',
             'file': {'driver': 'file', 'filename': disk}
         })
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
     def tearDown(self):
         self.vm.shutdown()
@@ -72,12 +73,10 @@ class TestNbdMulticonn(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         if max_connections is not None:
             args['max-connections'] = max_connections
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-start', args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-start', args)
         yield
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('nbd-server-stop')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('nbd-server-stop')
 
     def add_export(self, name, writable=None):
         args = {
@@ -89,8 +88,7 @@ class TestNbdMulticonn(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         if writable is not None:
             args['writable'] = writable
 
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-export-add', args)
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-export-add', args)
 
     def test_default_settings(self):
         with self.run_server():
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/reopen-file b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/reopen-file
index 8590a94d53..5a50794ffc 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/reopen-file
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/reopen-file
@@ -64,12 +64,11 @@ class TestReopenFile(QMPTestCase):
             self.fail('qemu-io pattern verification failed')
 
     def test_reopen_file(self) -> None:
-        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
+        self.vm.cmd('blockdev-reopen', options=[{
             'driver': imgfmt,
             'node-name': 'format',
             'file': 'raw'
         }])
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
 
         # Do some I/O to the image to see whether it still works
         # (Pattern verification will be checked by tearDown())
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-error-on-reset b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-error-on-reset
index 5a8c3a9e8d..b60aabb68e 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-error-on-reset
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-error-on-reset
@@ -115,8 +115,7 @@ class TestStreamErrorOnReset(QMPTestCase):
         # Launch a stream job, which will take at least a second to
         # complete, because the base image is throttled (so we can
         # get in between it having started and it having completed)
-        res = self.vm.qmp('block-stream', job_id='stream', device='top')
-        self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream', job_id='stream', device='top')
 
         while True:
             ev = self.vm.event_wait('JOB_STATUS_CHANGE')
@@ -125,8 +124,7 @@ class TestStreamErrorOnReset(QMPTestCase):
                 # forces the virtio-scsi device to be reset, thus draining
                 # the stream job, and making it complete.  Completing
                 # inside of that drain should not result in a segfault.
-                res = self.vm.qmp('system_reset')
-                self.assert_qmp(res, 'return', {})
+                self.vm.cmd('system_reset')
             elif ev['data']['status'] == 'null':
                 # The test is done once the job is gone
                 break
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-under-throttle b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-under-throttle
index c24dfbcaa2..1a50b682fc 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-under-throttle
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/tests/stream-under-throttle
@@ -102,10 +102,9 @@ class TestStreamWithThrottle(iotests.QMPTestCase):
         Do a simple stream beneath the two throttle nodes.  Should complete
         with no problems.
         '''
-        result = self.vm.qmp('block-stream',
-                             job_id='stream',
-                             device='unthrottled-node')
-        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+        self.vm.cmd('block-stream',
+                    job_id='stream',
+                    device='unthrottled-node')
 
         # Should succeed and not time out
         try:
diff --git a/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_timer-test.c b/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_timer-test.c
index 43711049ca..58f58c2f71 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_timer-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/npcm7xx_timer-test.c
@@ -465,6 +465,7 @@ static void test_periodic_interrupt(gconstpointer test_data)
     int i;
 
     tim_reset(td);
+    clock_step_next();
 
     tim_write_ticr(td, count);
     tim_write_tcsr(td, CEN | IE | MODE_PERIODIC | PRESCALE(ps));
diff --git a/tests/qtest/ufs-test.c b/tests/qtest/ufs-test.c
index ed3dbca154..15d467630c 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/ufs-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/ufs-test.c
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ static void ufstest_read_write(void *obj, void *data, QGuestAllocator *alloc)
     g_assert_cmpuint(block_size, ==, 4096);
 
     /* Write data */
-    memset(write_buf, rand() % 255 + 1, block_size);
+    memset(write_buf, 0xab, block_size);
     ufs_send_scsi_command(ufs, 0, 1, write_cdb, write_buf, block_size, NULL, 0,
                           &utrd, &rsp_upiu);
     g_assert_cmpuint(le32_to_cpu(utrd.header.dword_2), ==, UFS_OCS_SUCCESS);
diff --git a/tests/tcg/loongarch64/system/boot.S b/tests/tcg/loongarch64/system/boot.S
index 67eb1c04ce..37a81bafe7 100644
--- a/tests/tcg/loongarch64/system/boot.S
+++ b/tests/tcg/loongarch64/system/boot.S
@@ -21,9 +21,10 @@ _start:
 	.align 16
 _exit:
 2:      /* QEMU ACPI poweroff */
-	li.w  t0, 0xff
-	li.w  t1, 0x10080010
-	st.w  t0, t1, 0
+	li.w  t0, 0x34
+	li.w  t1, 0x100e001c
+	st.b  t0, t1, 0
+
 	idle  0
 	bl    2b
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/test-bdrv-drain.c b/tests/unit/test-bdrv-drain.c
index 0b603e7c57..f67e9df01c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test-bdrv-drain.c
+++ b/tests/unit/test-bdrv-drain.c
@@ -1034,9 +1034,13 @@ static void coroutine_fn test_co_delete_by_drain(void *opaque)
         blk_co_unref(blk);
     } else {
         BdrvChild *c, *next_c;
+        bdrv_graph_co_rdlock();
         QLIST_FOREACH_SAFE(c, &bs->children, next, next_c) {
+            bdrv_graph_co_rdunlock();
             bdrv_co_unref_child(bs, c);
+            bdrv_graph_co_rdlock();
         }
+        bdrv_graph_co_rdunlock();
     }
 
     dbdd->done = true;
@@ -1168,7 +1172,7 @@ struct detach_by_parent_data {
 };
 static struct detach_by_parent_data detach_by_parent_data;
 
-static void detach_indirect_bh(void *opaque)
+static void no_coroutine_fn detach_indirect_bh(void *opaque)
 {
     struct detach_by_parent_data *data = opaque;
 
@@ -1184,18 +1188,19 @@ static void detach_indirect_bh(void *opaque)
     bdrv_graph_wrunlock();
 }
 
-static void detach_by_parent_aio_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
+static void coroutine_mixed_fn detach_by_parent_aio_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 {
     struct detach_by_parent_data *data = &detach_by_parent_data;
 
     g_assert_cmpint(ret, ==, 0);
     if (data->by_parent_cb) {
         bdrv_inc_in_flight(data->child_b->bs);
-        detach_indirect_bh(data);
+        aio_bh_schedule_oneshot(qemu_get_current_aio_context(),
+                                detach_indirect_bh, &detach_by_parent_data);
     }
 }
 
-static void detach_by_driver_cb_drained_begin(BdrvChild *child)
+static void GRAPH_RDLOCK detach_by_driver_cb_drained_begin(BdrvChild *child)
 {
     struct detach_by_parent_data *data = &detach_by_parent_data;
 
@@ -1232,7 +1237,7 @@ static BdrvChildClass detach_by_driver_cb_class;
  *     state is messed up, but if it is only polled in the single
  *     BDRV_POLL_WHILE() at the end of the drain, this should work fine.
  */
-static void test_detach_indirect(bool by_parent_cb)
+static void TSA_NO_TSA test_detach_indirect(bool by_parent_cb)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk;
     BlockDriverState *parent_a, *parent_b, *a, *b, *c;
diff --git a/tests/unit/test-block-iothread.c b/tests/unit/test-block-iothread.c
index 9155547313..9b15d2768c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test-block-iothread.c
+++ b/tests/unit/test-block-iothread.c
@@ -383,6 +383,9 @@ static void test_sync_op_check(BdrvChild *c)
 
 static void test_sync_op_activate(BdrvChild *c)
 {
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+    GRAPH_RDLOCK_GUARD_MAINLOOP();
+
     /* Early success: Image is not inactive */
     bdrv_activate(c->bs, NULL);
 }
@@ -468,11 +471,16 @@ static void test_sync_op(const void *opaque)
     BlockDriverState *bs;
     BdrvChild *c;
 
+    GLOBAL_STATE_CODE();
+
     blk = blk_new(qemu_get_aio_context(), BLK_PERM_ALL, BLK_PERM_ALL);
     bs = bdrv_new_open_driver(&bdrv_test, "base", BDRV_O_RDWR, &error_abort);
     bs->total_sectors = 65536 / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
     blk_insert_bs(blk, bs, &error_abort);
+
+    bdrv_graph_rdlock_main_loop();
     c = QLIST_FIRST(&bs->parents);
+    bdrv_graph_rdunlock_main_loop();
 
     blk_set_aio_context(blk, ctx, &error_abort);
     aio_context_acquire(ctx);
diff --git a/tests/vm/basevm.py b/tests/vm/basevm.py
index a97e23b0ce..8aef4cff96 100644
--- a/tests/vm/basevm.py
+++ b/tests/vm/basevm.py
@@ -312,8 +312,8 @@ class BaseVM(object):
         self._guest = guest
         # Init console so we can start consuming the chars.
         self.console_init()
-        usernet_info = guest.qmp("human-monitor-command",
-                                 command_line="info usernet").get("return")
+        usernet_info = guest.cmd("human-monitor-command",
+                                 command_line="info usernet")
         self.ssh_port = get_info_usernet_hostfwd_port(usernet_info)
         if not self.ssh_port:
             raise Exception("Cannot find ssh port from 'info usernet':\n%s" % \