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-rw-r--r--.mailmap2
-rw-r--r--MAINTAINERS21
-rw-r--r--Makefile.objs2
-rw-r--r--Makefile.target14
-rw-r--r--accel/kvm/kvm-all.c4
-rw-r--r--balloon.c17
-rw-r--r--block.c19
-rw-r--r--block/Makefile.objs2
-rw-r--r--block/amend.c113
-rw-r--r--block/block-copy.c4
-rw-r--r--block/crypto.c207
-rw-r--r--block/crypto.h37
-rw-r--r--block/file-posix.c3
-rw-r--r--block/io.c8
-rw-r--r--block/iscsi.c1
-rw-r--r--block/qcow2.c350
-rw-r--r--block/qed.c65
-rw-r--r--block/qed.h1
-rw-r--r--block/vdi.c3
-rw-r--r--block/vhdx.c3
-rw-r--r--block/vpc.c3
-rw-r--r--chardev/Makefile.objs5
-rw-r--r--chardev/char.c2
-rwxr-xr-xconfigure30
-rw-r--r--crypto/Makefile.objs1
-rw-r--r--crypto/block-luks.c416
-rw-r--r--crypto/block.c29
-rw-r--r--crypto/blockpriv.h8
-rw-r--r--crypto/tls-cipher-suites.c126
-rw-r--r--crypto/trace-events5
-rw-r--r--docs/interop/index.rst1
-rw-r--r--docs/interop/vhost-user.rst24
-rw-r--r--docs/interop/vhost-vdpa.rst17
-rw-r--r--docs/specs/fw_cfg.txt13
-rw-r--r--docs/system/deprecated.rst9
-rw-r--r--docs/system/target-i386-desc.rst.inc13
-rw-r--r--docs/tools/qemu-img.rst5
-rw-r--r--exec.c52
-rw-r--r--hw/Makefile.objs2
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/virt.c2
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/ac97.c9
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/adlib.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/cs4231a.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/es1370.c9
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/gus.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/intel-hda.c3
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/pcspk.c26
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/sb16.c9
-rw-r--r--hw/audio/soundhw.c24
-rw-r--r--hw/core/numa.c17
-rw-r--r--hw/core/qdev.c6
-rw-r--r--hw/display/Makefile.objs30
-rw-r--r--hw/i386/Kconfig1
-rw-r--r--hw/i386/intel_iommu.c2
-rw-r--r--hw/i386/microvm.c1
-rw-r--r--hw/i386/pc.c80
-rw-r--r--hw/i386/pc_piix.c4
-rw-r--r--hw/i386/pc_q35.c4
-rw-r--r--hw/isa/i82378.c2
-rw-r--r--hw/m68k/mcf5206.c39
-rw-r--r--hw/mips/jazz.c2
-rw-r--r--hw/net/vhost_net-stub.c11
-rw-r--r--hw/net/vhost_net.c44
-rw-r--r--hw/net/virtio-net.c19
-rw-r--r--hw/nvram/fw_cfg.c35
-rw-r--r--hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c22
-rw-r--r--hw/usb/Makefile.objs13
-rw-r--r--hw/vfio/ap.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/vfio/ccw.c11
-rw-r--r--hw/vfio/common.c53
-rw-r--r--hw/vfio/pci.c6
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/Kconfig11
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/Makefile.objs3
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/trace-events10
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/vhost-backend.c6
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c475
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/vhost.c52
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio-balloon.c36
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c157
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.h34
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c873
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio-pci.c13
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio.c6
-rw-r--r--include/block/block.h7
-rw-r--r--include/block/block_int.h36
-rw-r--r--include/crypto/block.h22
-rw-r--r--include/crypto/tls-cipher-suites.h39
-rw-r--r--include/exec/memory.h41
-rw-r--r--include/fpu/softfloat.h24
-rw-r--r--include/hw/audio/pcspk.h12
-rw-r--r--include/hw/audio/soundhw.h2
-rw-r--r--include/hw/boards.h1
-rw-r--r--include/hw/i386/pc.h6
-rw-r--r--include/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.h43
-rw-r--r--include/hw/pci/pci.h1
-rw-r--r--include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h4
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h19
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.h26
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/vhost.h7
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h4
-rw-r--r--include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h86
-rw-r--r--include/migration/colo.h2
-rw-r--r--include/migration/misc.h2
-rw-r--r--include/net/net.h1
-rw-r--r--include/net/vhost-vdpa.h22
-rw-r--r--include/net/vhost_net.h5
-rw-r--r--include/qemu/host-utils.h4
-rw-r--r--include/qemu/module.h2
-rw-r--r--include/qemu/option.h13
-rw-r--r--include/qom/object.h12
-rw-r--r--include/sysemu/balloon.h2
-rw-r--r--migration/migration.c15
-rw-r--r--migration/postcopy-ram.c23
-rw-r--r--migration/rdma.c18
-rw-r--r--migration/savevm.c11
-rw-r--r--monitor/hmp-cmds.c16
-rw-r--r--monitor/monitor.c1
-rw-r--r--net/Makefile.objs2
-rw-r--r--net/clients.h2
-rw-r--r--net/net.c10
-rw-r--r--net/tap-solaris.c1
-rw-r--r--net/vhost-vdpa.c228
-rw-r--r--qapi/block-core.json68
-rw-r--r--qapi/crypto.json73
-rw-r--r--qapi/job.json4
-rw-r--r--qapi/misc.json64
-rw-r--r--qapi/net.json28
-rw-r--r--qdev-monitor.c7
-rw-r--r--qemu-img-cmds.hx4
-rw-r--r--qemu-img.c48
-rw-r--r--qemu-options.hx49
-rw-r--r--qom/object.c14
-rw-r--r--qom/qom-qmp-cmds.c3
-rw-r--r--softmmu/vl.c65
-rw-r--r--stubs/Makefile.objs4
-rw-r--r--stubs/isa-bus.c7
-rw-r--r--stubs/pci-bus.c7
-rw-r--r--target/i386/sev.c7
-rw-r--r--target/m68k/helper.c17
-rw-r--r--tcg/ppc/tcg-target.inc.c15
-rw-r--r--tcg/tcg-op.c10
-rw-r--r--tests/acceptance/machine_sparc64_sun4u.py36
-rwxr-xr-xtests/data/acpi/disassemle-aml.sh52
-rwxr-xr-xtests/data/acpi/rebuild-expected-aml.sh1
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/049.out102
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/061.out12
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/082.out185
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/085.out38
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/0871
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/087.out6
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/112.out2
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/12524
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/125.out9
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/134.out2
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1412
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/144.out4
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/14660
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/146.out405
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1539
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/158.out4
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1781
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/182.out2
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/185.out8
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1881
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/188.out2
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1891
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/189.out4
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/1981
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/198.out4
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/2061
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/255.out8
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/2631
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/263.out4
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/274.out46
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/280.out2
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/2841
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/284.out6
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/293208
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/293.out99
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/29490
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/294.out30
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/295280
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/295.out40
-rwxr-xr-xtests/qemu-iotests/296234
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/296.out33
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/common.filter106
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/common.rc30
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/group4
-rw-r--r--tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py84
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/device-introspect-test.c5
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/fuzz/fork_fuzz.c40
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/fuzz/fuzz.c3
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/libqtest.c4
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/migration-test.c2
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/qom-test.c5
-rw-r--r--tests/qtest/test-hmp.c5
-rw-r--r--util/module.c67
-rw-r--r--util/qemu-openpty.c5
198 files changed, 6512 insertions, 1004 deletions
diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
index 926cac6bb8..81c2ce0937 100644
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -44,11 +44,13 @@ Aleksandar Markovic <aleksandar.qemu.devel@gmail.com> <aleksandar.markovic@imgte
 Aleksandar Markovic <aleksandar.qemu.devel@gmail.com> <amarkovic@wavecomp.com>
 Aleksandar Rikalo <aleksandar.rikalo@syrmia.com> <arikalo@wavecomp.com>
 Aleksandar Rikalo <aleksandar.rikalo@syrmia.com> <aleksandar.rikalo@rt-rk.com>
+Alexander Graf <agraf@csgraf.de> <agraf@suse.de>
 Anthony Liguori <anthony@codemonkey.ws> Anthony Liguori <aliguori@us.ibm.com>
 Filip Bozuta <filip.bozuta@syrmia.com> <filip.bozuta@rt-rk.com.com>
 Frederic Konrad <konrad@adacore.com> <fred.konrad@greensocs.com>
 James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org> <james.hogan@imgtec.com>
 Leif Lindholm <leif@nuviainc.com> <leif.lindholm@linaro.org>
+Radoslaw Biernacki <rad@semihalf.com> <radoslaw.biernacki@linaro.org>
 Paul Burton <pburton@wavecomp.com> <paul.burton@mips.com>
 Paul Burton <pburton@wavecomp.com> <paul.burton@imgtec.com>
 Paul Burton <pburton@wavecomp.com> <paul@archlinuxmips.org>
diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index b6602dcde2..f01284ebce 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -809,7 +809,7 @@ F: include/hw/misc/imx6_*.h
 F: include/hw/ssi/imx_spi.h
 
 SBSA-REF
-M: Radoslaw Biernacki <radoslaw.biernacki@linaro.org>
+M: Radoslaw Biernacki <rad@semihalf.com>
 M: Peter Maydell <peter.maydell@linaro.org>
 R: Leif Lindholm <leif@nuviainc.com>
 L: qemu-arm@nongnu.org
@@ -1319,6 +1319,7 @@ F: include/hw/pci-host/sabre.h
 F: hw/pci-bridge/simba.c
 F: include/hw/pci-bridge/simba.h
 F: pc-bios/openbios-sparc64
+F: tests/acceptance/machine_sparc64_sun4u.py
 
 Sun4v
 M: Artyom Tarasenko <atar4qemu@gmail.com>
@@ -1791,6 +1792,15 @@ F: hw/virtio/virtio-crypto.c
 F: hw/virtio/virtio-crypto-pci.c
 F: include/hw/virtio/virtio-crypto.h
 
+virtio-mem
+M: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
+S: Supported
+W: https://virtio-mem.gitlab.io/
+F: hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c
+F: hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.h
+F: hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c
+F: include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h
+
 nvme
 M: Keith Busch <kbusch@kernel.org>
 L: qemu-block@nongnu.org
@@ -2616,6 +2626,15 @@ F: tests/uefi-test-tools/
 F: .gitlab-ci.d/edk2.yml
 F: .gitlab-ci.d/edk2/
 
+VT-d Emulation
+M: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst@redhat.com>
+M: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>
+R: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
+S: Supported
+F: hw/i386/intel_iommu.c
+F: hw/i386/intel_iommu_internal.h
+F: include/hw/i386/intel_iommu.h
+
 Usermode Emulation
 ------------------
 Overall usermode emulation
diff --git a/Makefile.objs b/Makefile.objs
index 98383972ee..d22b3b45d7 100644
--- a/Makefile.objs
+++ b/Makefile.objs
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ common-obj-y += migration/
 common-obj-y += audio/
 common-obj-m += audio/
 common-obj-y += hw/
+common-obj-m += hw/
 
 common-obj-y += replay/
 
@@ -70,6 +71,7 @@ common-obj-$(CONFIG_TPM) += tpm.o
 
 common-obj-y += backends/
 common-obj-y += chardev/
+common-obj-m += chardev/
 
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_SECCOMP) += qemu-seccomp.o
 qemu-seccomp.o-cflags := $(SECCOMP_CFLAGS)
diff --git a/Makefile.target b/Makefile.target
index 8ed1eba95b..02bd9d7117 100644
--- a/Makefile.target
+++ b/Makefile.target
@@ -179,6 +179,20 @@ endif # CONFIG_SOFTMMU
 dummy := $(call unnest-vars,,obj-y)
 all-obj-y := $(obj-y)
 
+#
+# common-obj-m has some crap here, probably as side effect from
+# unnest-vars recursing into target directories to fill obj-y and not
+# properly handling the -m case.
+#
+# Clear common-obj-m as workaround.  Fixes suspious dependency errors
+# when building devices as modules.  A bit hackish, but should be ok
+# as long as we do not have any target-specific modules.
+#
+# The meson-based build system currently in development doesn't need
+# unnest-vars and will obsolete this workaround.
+#
+common-obj-m :=
+
 include $(SRC_PATH)/Makefile.objs
 dummy := $(call unnest-vars,.., \
                authz-obj-y \
diff --git a/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c b/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
index d54a8701d8..ab36fbfa0c 100644
--- a/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
+++ b/accel/kvm/kvm-all.c
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "hw/irq.h"
 #include "sysemu/sev.h"
-#include "sysemu/balloon.h"
 #include "qapi/visitor.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-types-common.h"
 #include "qapi/qapi-visit-common.h"
@@ -2229,7 +2228,8 @@ static int kvm_init(MachineState *ms)
 
     s->sync_mmu = !!kvm_vm_check_extension(kvm_state, KVM_CAP_SYNC_MMU);
     if (!s->sync_mmu) {
-        qemu_balloon_inhibit(true);
+        ret = ram_block_discard_disable(true);
+        assert(!ret);
     }
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/balloon.c b/balloon.c
index f104b42961..354408c6ea 100644
--- a/balloon.c
+++ b/balloon.c
@@ -36,23 +36,6 @@
 static QEMUBalloonEvent *balloon_event_fn;
 static QEMUBalloonStatus *balloon_stat_fn;
 static void *balloon_opaque;
-static int balloon_inhibit_count;
-
-bool qemu_balloon_is_inhibited(void)
-{
-    return atomic_read(&balloon_inhibit_count) > 0;
-}
-
-void qemu_balloon_inhibit(bool state)
-{
-    if (state) {
-        atomic_inc(&balloon_inhibit_count);
-    } else {
-        atomic_dec(&balloon_inhibit_count);
-    }
-
-    assert(atomic_read(&balloon_inhibit_count) >= 0);
-}
 
 static bool have_balloon(Error **errp)
 {
diff --git a/block.c b/block.c
index 6dbcb7e083..62e40db2f1 100644
--- a/block.c
+++ b/block.c
@@ -5408,21 +5408,6 @@ int bdrv_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs)
     return 0;
 }
 
-bool bdrv_unallocated_blocks_are_zero(BlockDriverState *bs)
-{
-    BlockDriverInfo bdi;
-
-    if (bs->backing) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi) == 0) {
-        return bdi.unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
-    }
-
-    return false;
-}
-
 bool bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(BlockDriverState *bs)
 {
     if (!(bs->open_flags & BDRV_O_UNMAP)) {
@@ -6482,6 +6467,7 @@ void bdrv_remove_aio_context_notifier(BlockDriverState *bs,
 
 int bdrv_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
                        BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
+                       bool force,
                        Error **errp)
 {
     if (!bs->drv) {
@@ -6493,7 +6479,8 @@ int bdrv_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
                    bs->drv->format_name);
         return -ENOTSUP;
     }
-    return bs->drv->bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, status_cb, cb_opaque, errp);
+    return bs->drv->bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, status_cb,
+                                       cb_opaque, force, errp);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/block/Makefile.objs b/block/Makefile.objs
index 96028eedce..577e578bc2 100644
--- a/block/Makefile.objs
+++ b/block/Makefile.objs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ block-obj-$(CONFIG_WIN32) += file-win32.o win32-aio.o
 block-obj-$(CONFIG_POSIX) += file-posix.o
 block-obj-$(CONFIG_LINUX_AIO) += linux-aio.o
 block-obj-$(CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING) += io_uring.o
-block-obj-y += null.o mirror.o commit.o io.o create.o
+block-obj-y += null.o mirror.o commit.o io.o create.o amend.o
 block-obj-y += throttle-groups.o
 block-obj-$(CONFIG_LINUX) += nvme.o
 
diff --git a/block/amend.c b/block/amend.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f4612dcf08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/block/amend.c
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/*
+ * Block layer code related to image options amend
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2018 Kevin Wolf <kwolf@redhat.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2020 Red Hat. Inc
+ *
+ * Heavily based on create.c
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "block/block_int.h"
+#include "qemu/job.h"
+#include "qemu/main-loop.h"
+#include "qapi/qapi-commands-block-core.h"
+#include "qapi/qapi-visit-block-core.h"
+#include "qapi/clone-visitor.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+
+typedef struct BlockdevAmendJob {
+    Job common;
+    BlockdevAmendOptions *opts;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    bool force;
+} BlockdevAmendJob;
+
+static int coroutine_fn blockdev_amend_run(Job *job, Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockdevAmendJob *s = container_of(job, BlockdevAmendJob, common);
+    int ret;
+
+    job_progress_set_remaining(&s->common, 1);
+    ret = s->bs->drv->bdrv_co_amend(s->bs, s->opts, s->force, errp);
+    job_progress_update(&s->common, 1);
+    qapi_free_BlockdevAmendOptions(s->opts);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static const JobDriver blockdev_amend_job_driver = {
+    .instance_size = sizeof(BlockdevAmendJob),
+    .job_type      = JOB_TYPE_AMEND,
+    .run           = blockdev_amend_run,
+};
+
+void qmp_x_blockdev_amend(const char *job_id,
+                          const char *node_name,
+                          BlockdevAmendOptions *options,
+                          bool has_force,
+                          bool force,
+                          Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockdevAmendJob *s;
+    const char *fmt = BlockdevDriver_str(options->driver);
+    BlockDriver *drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
+    BlockDriverState *bs = bdrv_find_node(node_name);
+
+
+    if (!drv) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Block driver '%s' not found or not supported", fmt);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If the driver is in the schema, we know that it exists. But it may not
+     * be whitelisted.
+     */
+    if (bdrv_uses_whitelist() && !bdrv_is_whitelisted(drv, false)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Driver is not whitelisted");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (bs->drv != drv) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "x-blockdev-amend doesn't support changing the block driver");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Error out if the driver doesn't support .bdrv_co_amend */
+    if (!drv->bdrv_co_amend) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Driver does not support x-blockdev-amend");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Create the block job */
+    s = job_create(job_id, &blockdev_amend_job_driver, NULL,
+                   bdrv_get_aio_context(bs), JOB_DEFAULT | JOB_MANUAL_DISMISS,
+                   NULL, NULL, errp);
+    if (!s) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    s->bs = bs,
+    s->opts = QAPI_CLONE(BlockdevAmendOptions, options),
+    s->force = has_force ? force : false;
+    job_start(&s->common);
+}
diff --git a/block/block-copy.c b/block/block-copy.c
index bb8d0569f2..f7428a7c08 100644
--- a/block/block-copy.c
+++ b/block/block-copy.c
@@ -622,8 +622,10 @@ out:
          * block_copy_task_run. If it fails, it means some task already failed
          * for real reason, let's return first failure.
          * Still, assert that we don't rewrite failure by success.
+         *
+         * Note: ret may be positive here because of block-status result.
          */
-        assert(ret == 0 || aio_task_pool_status(aio) < 0);
+        assert(ret >= 0 || aio_task_pool_status(aio) < 0);
         ret = aio_task_pool_status(aio);
 
         aio_task_pool_free(aio);
diff --git a/block/crypto.c b/block/crypto.c
index 973b57b3eb..2636e959ae 100644
--- a/block/crypto.c
+++ b/block/crypto.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ typedef struct BlockCrypto BlockCrypto;
 
 struct BlockCrypto {
     QCryptoBlock *block;
+    bool updating_keys;
 };
 
 
@@ -71,6 +72,24 @@ static ssize_t block_crypto_read_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
     return ret;
 }
 
+static ssize_t block_crypto_write_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                       size_t offset,
+                                       const uint8_t *buf,
+                                       size_t buflen,
+                                       void *opaque,
+                                       Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockDriverState *bs = opaque;
+    ssize_t ret;
+
+    ret = bdrv_pwrite(bs->file, offset, buf, buflen);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not write encryption header");
+        return ret;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 
 struct BlockCryptoCreateData {
     BlockBackend *blk;
@@ -79,12 +98,12 @@ struct BlockCryptoCreateData {
 };
 
 
-static ssize_t block_crypto_write_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
-                                       size_t offset,
-                                       const uint8_t *buf,
-                                       size_t buflen,
-                                       void *opaque,
-                                       Error **errp)
+static ssize_t block_crypto_create_write_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                              size_t offset,
+                                              const uint8_t *buf,
+                                              size_t buflen,
+                                              void *opaque,
+                                              Error **errp)
 {
     struct BlockCryptoCreateData *data = opaque;
     ssize_t ret;
@@ -97,11 +116,10 @@ static ssize_t block_crypto_write_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
     return ret;
 }
 
-
-static ssize_t block_crypto_init_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
-                                      size_t headerlen,
-                                      void *opaque,
-                                      Error **errp)
+static ssize_t block_crypto_create_init_func(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                             size_t headerlen,
+                                             void *opaque,
+                                             Error **errp)
 {
     struct BlockCryptoCreateData *data = opaque;
     Error *local_error = NULL;
@@ -167,6 +185,19 @@ static QemuOptsList block_crypto_create_opts_luks = {
 };
 
 
+static QemuOptsList block_crypto_amend_opts_luks = {
+    .name = "crypto",
+    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(block_crypto_create_opts_luks.head),
+    .desc = {
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_STATE(""),
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_KEYSLOT(""),
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_OLD_SECRET(""),
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_NEW_SECRET(""),
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_ITER_TIME(""),
+        { /* end of list */ }
+    },
+};
+
 QCryptoBlockOpenOptions *
 block_crypto_open_opts_init(QDict *opts, Error **errp)
 {
@@ -202,6 +233,23 @@ block_crypto_create_opts_init(QDict *opts, Error **errp)
     return ret;
 }
 
+QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *
+block_crypto_amend_opts_init(QDict *opts, Error **errp)
+{
+    Visitor *v;
+    QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *ret;
+
+    v = qobject_input_visitor_new_flat_confused(opts, errp);
+    if (!v) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    visit_type_QCryptoBlockAmendOptions(v, NULL, &ret, errp);
+
+    visit_free(v);
+    return ret;
+}
+
 
 static int block_crypto_open_generic(QCryptoBlockFormat format,
                                      QemuOptsList *opts_spec,
@@ -296,8 +344,8 @@ static int block_crypto_co_create_generic(BlockDriverState *bs,
     };
 
     crypto = qcrypto_block_create(opts, NULL,
-                                  block_crypto_init_func,
-                                  block_crypto_write_func,
+                                  block_crypto_create_init_func,
+                                  block_crypto_create_write_func,
                                   &data,
                                   errp);
 
@@ -710,7 +758,6 @@ static int block_crypto_get_info_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
         return ret;
     }
 
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = false;
     bdi->cluster_size = subbdi.cluster_size;
 
     return 0;
@@ -742,6 +789,131 @@ block_crypto_get_specific_info_luks(BlockDriverState *bs, Error **errp)
     return spec_info;
 }
 
+static int
+block_crypto_amend_options_generic_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                        QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *amend_options,
+                                        bool force,
+                                        Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockCrypto *crypto = bs->opaque;
+    int ret;
+
+    assert(crypto);
+    assert(crypto->block);
+
+    /* apply for exclusive read/write permissions to the underlying file*/
+    crypto->updating_keys = true;
+    ret = bdrv_child_refresh_perms(bs, bs->file, errp);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+
+    ret = qcrypto_block_amend_options(crypto->block,
+                                      block_crypto_read_func,
+                                      block_crypto_write_func,
+                                      bs,
+                                      amend_options,
+                                      force,
+                                      errp);
+cleanup:
+    /* release exclusive read/write permissions to the underlying file*/
+    crypto->updating_keys = false;
+    bdrv_child_refresh_perms(bs, bs->file, errp);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+block_crypto_amend_options_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                QemuOpts *opts,
+                                BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
+                                void *cb_opaque,
+                                bool force,
+                                Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockCrypto *crypto = bs->opaque;
+    QDict *cryptoopts = NULL;
+    QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *amend_options = NULL;
+    int ret = -EINVAL;
+
+    assert(crypto);
+    assert(crypto->block);
+
+    cryptoopts = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
+    qdict_put_str(cryptoopts, "format", "luks");
+    amend_options = block_crypto_amend_opts_init(cryptoopts, errp);
+    qobject_unref(cryptoopts);
+    if (!amend_options) {
+        goto cleanup;
+    }
+    ret = block_crypto_amend_options_generic_luks(bs, amend_options,
+                                                  force, errp);
+cleanup:
+    qapi_free_QCryptoBlockAmendOptions(amend_options);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int
+coroutine_fn block_crypto_co_amend_luks(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                        BlockdevAmendOptions *opts,
+                                        bool force,
+                                        Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoBlockAmendOptions amend_opts;
+
+    amend_opts = (QCryptoBlockAmendOptions) {
+        .format = Q_CRYPTO_BLOCK_FORMAT_LUKS,
+        .u.luks = *qapi_BlockdevAmendOptionsLUKS_base(&opts->u.luks),
+    };
+    return block_crypto_amend_options_generic_luks(bs, &amend_opts,
+                                                   force, errp);
+}
+
+static void
+block_crypto_child_perms(BlockDriverState *bs, BdrvChild *c,
+                         const BdrvChildRole role,
+                         BlockReopenQueue *reopen_queue,
+                         uint64_t perm, uint64_t shared,
+                         uint64_t *nperm, uint64_t *nshared)
+{
+
+    BlockCrypto *crypto = bs->opaque;
+
+    bdrv_default_perms(bs, c, role, reopen_queue, perm, shared, nperm, nshared);
+
+    /*
+     * For backward compatibility, manually share the write
+     * and resize permission
+     */
+    *nshared |= (BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE);
+    /*
+     * Since we are not fully a format driver, don't always request
+     * the read/resize permission but only when explicitly
+     * requested
+     */
+    *nperm &= ~(BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE);
+    *nperm |= perm & (BLK_PERM_WRITE | BLK_PERM_RESIZE);
+
+    /*
+     * This driver doesn't modify LUKS metadata except
+     * when updating the encryption slots.
+     * Thus unlike a proper format driver we don't ask for
+     * shared write/read permission. However we need it
+     * when we are updating the keys, to ensure that only we
+     * have access to the device.
+     *
+     * Encryption update will set the crypto->updating_keys
+     * during that period and refresh permissions
+     *
+     */
+    if (crypto->updating_keys) {
+        /* need exclusive write access for header update */
+        *nperm |= BLK_PERM_WRITE;
+        /* unshare read and write permission */
+        *nshared &= ~(BLK_PERM_CONSISTENT_READ | BLK_PERM_WRITE);
+    }
+}
+
+
 static const char *const block_crypto_strong_runtime_opts[] = {
     BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_KEY_SECRET,
 
@@ -754,13 +926,12 @@ static BlockDriver bdrv_crypto_luks = {
     .bdrv_probe         = block_crypto_probe_luks,
     .bdrv_open          = block_crypto_open_luks,
     .bdrv_close         = block_crypto_close,
-    /* This driver doesn't modify LUKS metadata except when creating image.
-     * Allow share-rw=on as a special case. */
-    .bdrv_child_perm    = bdrv_default_perms,
+    .bdrv_child_perm    = block_crypto_child_perms,
     .bdrv_co_create     = block_crypto_co_create_luks,
     .bdrv_co_create_opts = block_crypto_co_create_opts_luks,
     .bdrv_co_truncate   = block_crypto_co_truncate,
     .create_opts        = &block_crypto_create_opts_luks,
+    .amend_opts         = &block_crypto_amend_opts_luks,
 
     .bdrv_reopen_prepare = block_crypto_reopen_prepare,
     .bdrv_refresh_limits = block_crypto_refresh_limits,
@@ -770,6 +941,8 @@ static BlockDriver bdrv_crypto_luks = {
     .bdrv_measure       = block_crypto_measure,
     .bdrv_get_info      = block_crypto_get_info_luks,
     .bdrv_get_specific_info = block_crypto_get_specific_info_luks,
+    .bdrv_amend_options = block_crypto_amend_options_luks,
+    .bdrv_co_amend      = block_crypto_co_amend_luks,
 
     .is_format          = true,
 
diff --git a/block/crypto.h b/block/crypto.h
index b935695e79..c72c3dec61 100644
--- a/block/crypto.h
+++ b/block/crypto.h
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@
 #define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_IVGEN_HASH_ALG "ivgen-hash-alg"
 #define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_HASH_ALG "hash-alg"
 #define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_ITER_TIME "iter-time"
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_KEYSLOT "keyslot"
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_STATE "state"
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_OLD_SECRET "old-secret"
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_NEW_SECRET "new-secret"
+
 
 #define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_KEY_SECRET(prefix)                    \
     BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_KEY_SECRET(prefix,                             \
@@ -88,9 +93,41 @@
         .help = "Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds",     \
     }
 
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_STATE(prefix)                           \
+    {                                                                     \
+        .name = prefix BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_STATE,                       \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                          \
+        .help = "Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)",\
+    }
+
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_KEYSLOT(prefix)              \
+    {                                                          \
+        .name = prefix BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_KEYSLOT,          \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,                               \
+        .help = "Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly",\
+    }
+
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_OLD_SECRET(prefix)            \
+    {                                                           \
+        .name = prefix BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_OLD_SECRET,        \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                \
+        .help = "Select all keyslots that match this password", \
+    }
+
+#define BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_NEW_SECRET(prefix)            \
+    {                                                           \
+        .name = prefix BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_LUKS_NEW_SECRET,        \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                \
+        .help = "New secret to set in the matching keyslots. "  \
+                "Empty string to erase",                        \
+    }
+
 QCryptoBlockCreateOptions *
 block_crypto_create_opts_init(QDict *opts, Error **errp);
 
+QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *
+block_crypto_amend_opts_init(QDict *opts, Error **errp);
+
 QCryptoBlockOpenOptions *
 block_crypto_open_opts_init(QDict *opts, Error **errp);
 
diff --git a/block/file-posix.c b/block/file-posix.c
index 3ab8f5a0fa..d86ea57769 100644
--- a/block/file-posix.c
+++ b/block/file-posix.c
@@ -2878,9 +2878,6 @@ static int coroutine_fn raw_co_pwrite_zeroes(
 
 static int raw_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
 {
-    BDRVRawState *s = bs->opaque;
-
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = s->discard_zeroes;
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/block/io.c b/block/io.c
index df8f2a98d4..b6564e34c5 100644
--- a/block/io.c
+++ b/block/io.c
@@ -2406,16 +2406,16 @@ static int coroutine_fn bdrv_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
 
     if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA | BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) {
         ret |= BDRV_BLOCK_ALLOCATED;
-    } else if (want_zero) {
-        if (bdrv_unallocated_blocks_are_zero(bs)) {
-            ret |= BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
-        } else if (bs->backing) {
+    } else if (want_zero && bs->drv->supports_backing) {
+        if (bs->backing) {
             BlockDriverState *bs2 = bs->backing->bs;
             int64_t size2 = bdrv_getlength(bs2);
 
             if (size2 >= 0 && offset >= size2) {
                 ret |= BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
             }
+        } else {
+            ret |= BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/block/iscsi.c b/block/iscsi.c
index a8b76979d8..767e3e75fd 100644
--- a/block/iscsi.c
+++ b/block/iscsi.c
@@ -2163,7 +2163,6 @@ static int coroutine_fn iscsi_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
 static int iscsi_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
 {
     IscsiLun *iscsilun = bs->opaque;
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = iscsilun->lbprz;
     bdi->cluster_size = iscsilun->cluster_size;
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/block/qcow2.c b/block/qcow2.c
index 0cd2e6757e..38198b4e75 100644
--- a/block/qcow2.c
+++ b/block/qcow2.c
@@ -176,6 +176,19 @@ static ssize_t qcow2_crypto_hdr_write_func(QCryptoBlock *block, size_t offset,
     return ret;
 }
 
+static QDict*
+qcow2_extract_crypto_opts(QemuOpts *opts, const char *fmt, Error **errp)
+{
+    QDict *cryptoopts_qdict;
+    QDict *opts_qdict;
+
+    /* Extract "encrypt." options into a qdict */
+    opts_qdict = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
+    qdict_extract_subqdict(opts_qdict, &cryptoopts_qdict, "encrypt.");
+    qobject_unref(opts_qdict);
+    qdict_put_str(cryptoopts_qdict, "format", fmt);
+    return cryptoopts_qdict;
+}
 
 /*
  * read qcow2 extension and fill bs
@@ -3042,17 +3055,6 @@ static int qcow2_change_backing_file(BlockDriverState *bs,
     return qcow2_update_header(bs);
 }
 
-static int qcow2_crypt_method_from_format(const char *encryptfmt)
-{
-    if (g_str_equal(encryptfmt, "luks")) {
-        return QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS;
-    } else if (g_str_equal(encryptfmt, "aes")) {
-        return QCOW_CRYPT_AES;
-    } else {
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-}
-
 static int qcow2_set_up_encryption(BlockDriverState *bs,
                                    QCryptoBlockCreateOptions *cryptoopts,
                                    Error **errp)
@@ -4239,8 +4241,8 @@ static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
             old_file_size = ROUND_UP(old_file_size, s->cluster_size);
         }
 
-        nb_new_data_clusters = DIV_ROUND_UP(offset - old_length,
-                                            s->cluster_size);
+        nb_new_data_clusters = (ROUND_UP(offset, s->cluster_size) -
+            start_of_cluster(s, old_length)) >> s->cluster_bits;
 
         /* This is an overestimation; we will not actually allocate space for
          * these in the file but just make sure the new refcount structures are
@@ -4317,10 +4319,21 @@ static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_truncate(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
             int64_t nb_clusters = MIN(
                 nb_new_data_clusters,
                 s->l2_slice_size - offset_to_l2_slice_index(s, guest_offset));
-            QCowL2Meta allocation = {
+            unsigned cow_start_length = offset_into_cluster(s, guest_offset);
+            QCowL2Meta allocation;
+            guest_offset = start_of_cluster(s, guest_offset);
+            allocation = (QCowL2Meta) {
                 .offset       = guest_offset,
                 .alloc_offset = host_offset,
                 .nb_clusters  = nb_clusters,
+                .cow_start    = {
+                    .offset       = 0,
+                    .nb_bytes     = cow_start_length,
+                },
+                .cow_end      = {
+                    .offset       = nb_clusters << s->cluster_bits,
+                    .nb_bytes     = 0,
+                },
             };
             qemu_co_queue_init(&allocation.dependent_requests);
 
@@ -4860,16 +4873,9 @@ static BlockMeasureInfo *qcow2_measure(QemuOpts *opts, BlockDriverState *in_bs,
 
     if (has_luks) {
         g_autoptr(QCryptoBlockCreateOptions) create_opts = NULL;
-        QDict *opts_qdict;
-        QDict *cryptoopts;
+        QDict *cryptoopts = qcow2_extract_crypto_opts(opts, "luks", errp);
         size_t headerlen;
 
-        opts_qdict = qemu_opts_to_qdict(opts, NULL);
-        qdict_extract_subqdict(opts_qdict, &cryptoopts, "encrypt.");
-        qobject_unref(opts_qdict);
-
-        qdict_put_str(cryptoopts, "format", "luks");
-
         create_opts = block_crypto_create_opts_init(cryptoopts, errp);
         qobject_unref(cryptoopts);
         if (!create_opts) {
@@ -4981,7 +4987,6 @@ err:
 static int qcow2_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = true;
     bdi->cluster_size = s->cluster_size;
     bdi->vm_state_offset = qcow2_vm_state_offset(s);
     return 0;
@@ -5273,6 +5278,7 @@ typedef enum Qcow2AmendOperation {
     QCOW2_NO_OPERATION = 0,
 
     QCOW2_UPGRADING,
+    QCOW2_UPDATING_ENCRYPTION,
     QCOW2_CHANGING_REFCOUNT_ORDER,
     QCOW2_DOWNGRADING,
 } Qcow2AmendOperation;
@@ -5340,6 +5346,7 @@ static void qcow2_amend_helper_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
 static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
                                BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
                                void *cb_opaque,
+                               bool force,
                                Error **errp)
 {
     BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
@@ -5349,13 +5356,11 @@ static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
     bool lazy_refcounts = s->use_lazy_refcounts;
     bool data_file_raw = data_file_is_raw(bs);
     const char *compat = NULL;
-    uint64_t cluster_size = s->cluster_size;
-    bool encrypt;
-    int encformat;
     int refcount_bits = s->refcount_bits;
     int ret;
     QemuOptDesc *desc = opts->list->desc;
     Qcow2AmendHelperCBInfo helper_cb_info;
+    bool encryption_update = false;
 
     while (desc && desc->name) {
         if (!qemu_opt_find(opts, desc->name)) {
@@ -5376,44 +5381,24 @@ static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
                 error_setg(errp, "Unknown compatibility level %s", compat);
                 return -EINVAL;
             }
-        } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC)) {
-            error_setg(errp, "Cannot change preallocation mode");
-            return -ENOTSUP;
         } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE)) {
             new_size = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
         } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE)) {
             backing_file = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
         } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT)) {
             backing_format = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT);
-        } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT)) {
-            encrypt = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT,
-                                        !!s->crypto);
-
-            if (encrypt != !!s->crypto) {
+        } else if (g_str_has_prefix(desc->name, "encrypt.")) {
+            if (!s->crypto) {
                 error_setg(errp,
-                           "Changing the encryption flag is not supported");
-                return -ENOTSUP;
+                           "Can't amend encryption options - encryption not present");
+                return -EINVAL;
             }
-        } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT)) {
-            encformat = qcow2_crypt_method_from_format(
-                qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT));
-
-            if (encformat != s->crypt_method_header) {
+            if (s->crypt_method_header != QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS) {
                 error_setg(errp,
-                           "Changing the encryption format is not supported");
-                return -ENOTSUP;
-            }
-        } else if (g_str_has_prefix(desc->name, "encrypt.")) {
-            error_setg(errp,
-                       "Changing the encryption parameters is not supported");
-            return -ENOTSUP;
-        } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE)) {
-            cluster_size = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE,
-                                             cluster_size);
-            if (cluster_size != s->cluster_size) {
-                error_setg(errp, "Changing the cluster size is not supported");
+                           "Only LUKS encryption options can be amended");
                 return -ENOTSUP;
             }
+            encryption_update = true;
         } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS)) {
             lazy_refcounts = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
                                                lazy_refcounts);
@@ -5443,22 +5428,6 @@ static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
                                  "images");
                 return -EINVAL;
             }
-        } else if (!strcmp(desc->name, BLOCK_OPT_COMPRESSION_TYPE)) {
-            const char *ct_name =
-                qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_COMPRESSION_TYPE);
-            int compression_type =
-                qapi_enum_parse(&Qcow2CompressionType_lookup, ct_name, -1,
-                                NULL);
-            if (compression_type == -1) {
-                error_setg(errp, "Unknown compression type: %s", ct_name);
-                return -ENOTSUP;
-            }
-
-            if (compression_type != s->compression_type) {
-                error_setg(errp, "Changing the compression type "
-                                 "is not supported");
-                return -ENOTSUP;
-            }
         } else {
             /* if this point is reached, this probably means a new option was
              * added without having it covered here */
@@ -5472,7 +5441,8 @@ static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
         .original_status_cb = status_cb,
         .original_cb_opaque = cb_opaque,
         .total_operations = (new_version != old_version)
-                          + (s->refcount_bits != refcount_bits)
+                          + (s->refcount_bits != refcount_bits) +
+                            (encryption_update == true)
     };
 
     /* Upgrade first (some features may require compat=1.1) */
@@ -5485,6 +5455,33 @@ static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
         }
     }
 
+    if (encryption_update) {
+        QDict *amend_opts_dict;
+        QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *amend_opts;
+
+        helper_cb_info.current_operation = QCOW2_UPDATING_ENCRYPTION;
+        amend_opts_dict = qcow2_extract_crypto_opts(opts, "luks", errp);
+        if (!amend_opts_dict) {
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        amend_opts = block_crypto_amend_opts_init(amend_opts_dict, errp);
+        qobject_unref(amend_opts_dict);
+        if (!amend_opts) {
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        ret = qcrypto_block_amend_options(s->crypto,
+                                          qcow2_crypto_hdr_read_func,
+                                          qcow2_crypto_hdr_write_func,
+                                          bs,
+                                          amend_opts,
+                                          force,
+                                          errp);
+        qapi_free_QCryptoBlockAmendOptions(amend_opts);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+    }
+
     if (s->refcount_bits != refcount_bits) {
         int refcount_order = ctz32(refcount_bits);
 
@@ -5598,6 +5595,44 @@ static int qcow2_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int coroutine_fn qcow2_co_amend(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                       BlockdevAmendOptions *opts,
+                                       bool force,
+                                       Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockdevAmendOptionsQcow2 *qopts = &opts->u.qcow2;
+    BDRVQcow2State *s = bs->opaque;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    if (qopts->has_encrypt) {
+        if (!s->crypto) {
+            error_setg(errp, "image is not encrypted, can't amend");
+            return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        if (qopts->encrypt->format != Q_CRYPTO_BLOCK_FORMAT_LUKS) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Amend can't be used to change the qcow2 encryption format");
+            return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        if (s->crypt_method_header != QCOW_CRYPT_LUKS) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Only LUKS encryption options can be amended for qcow2 with blockdev-amend");
+            return -EOPNOTSUPP;
+        }
+
+        ret = qcrypto_block_amend_options(s->crypto,
+                                          qcow2_crypto_hdr_read_func,
+                                          qcow2_crypto_hdr_write_func,
+                                          bs,
+                                          qopts->encrypt,
+                                          force,
+                                          errp);
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 /*
  * If offset or size are negative, respectively, they will not be included in
  * the BLOCK_IMAGE_CORRUPTED event emitted.
@@ -5648,89 +5683,108 @@ void qcow2_signal_corruption(BlockDriverState *bs, bool fatal, int64_t offset,
     s->signaled_corruption = true;
 }
 
+#define QCOW_COMMON_OPTIONS                                         \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,                                     \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,                                      \
+        .help = "Virtual disk size"                                 \
+    },                                                              \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL,                             \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                    \
+        .help = "Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])"       \
+    },                                                              \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE,                             \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                    \
+        .help = "File name of a base image"                         \
+    },                                                              \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT,                              \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                    \
+        .help = "Image format of the base image"                    \
+    },                                                              \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE,                                \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                    \
+        .help = "File name of an external data file"                \
+    },                                                              \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE_RAW,                            \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,                                      \
+        .help = "The external data file must stay valid "           \
+                "as a raw image"                                    \
+    },                                                              \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,                           \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,                                      \
+        .help = "Postpone refcount updates",                        \
+        .def_value_str = "off"                                      \
+    },                                                              \
+    {                                                               \
+        .name = BLOCK_OPT_REFCOUNT_BITS,                            \
+        .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,                                    \
+        .help = "Width of a reference count entry in bits",         \
+        .def_value_str = "16"                                       \
+    }
+
 static QemuOptsList qcow2_create_opts = {
     .name = "qcow2-create-opts",
     .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qcow2_create_opts.head),
     .desc = {
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
-            .help = "Virtual disk size"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_COMPAT_LEVEL,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "File name of a base image"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "Image format of the base image"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "File name of an external data file"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_DATA_FILE_RAW,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
-            .help = "The external data file must stay valid as a raw image"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
-            .help = "Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated "
-                    "in favor of " BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT "=aes)",
+        {                                                               \
+            .name = BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT,                                  \
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,                                      \
+            .help = "Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated " \
+                    "in favor of " BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT "=aes)",    \
+        },                                                              \
+        {                                                               \
+            .name = BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT,                           \
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                    \
+            .help = "Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'", \
+        },                                                              \
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_KEY_SECRET("encrypt.",                     \
+            "ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase"),  \
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_CIPHER_ALG("encrypt."),               \
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_CIPHER_MODE("encrypt."),              \
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_IVGEN_ALG("encrypt."),                \
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_IVGEN_HASH_ALG("encrypt."),           \
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_HASH_ALG("encrypt."),                 \
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_ITER_TIME("encrypt."),                \
+        {                                                               \
+            .name = BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE,                             \
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,                                      \
+            .help = "qcow2 cluster size",                               \
+            .def_value_str = stringify(DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE)            \
+        },                                                              \
+        {                                                               \
+            .name = BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC,                                 \
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                    \
+            .help = "Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, "         \
+                    "metadata, falloc, full)"                           \
+        },                                                              \
+        {                                                               \
+            .name = BLOCK_OPT_COMPRESSION_TYPE,                         \
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,                                    \
+            .help = "Compression method used for image cluster "        \
+                    "compression",                                      \
+            .def_value_str = "zlib"                                     \
         },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT_FORMAT,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'",
-        },
-        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_KEY_SECRET("encrypt.",
-            "ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase"),
-        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_CIPHER_ALG("encrypt."),
-        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_CIPHER_MODE("encrypt."),
-        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_IVGEN_ALG("encrypt."),
-        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_IVGEN_HASH_ALG("encrypt."),
-        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_HASH_ALG("encrypt."),
+        QCOW_COMMON_OPTIONS,
+        { /* end of list */ }
+    }
+};
+
+static QemuOptsList qcow2_amend_opts = {
+    .name = "qcow2-amend-opts",
+    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qcow2_amend_opts.head),
+    .desc = {
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_STATE("encrypt."),
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_KEYSLOT("encrypt."),
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_OLD_SECRET("encrypt."),
+        BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_NEW_SECRET("encrypt."),
         BLOCK_CRYPTO_OPT_DEF_LUKS_ITER_TIME("encrypt."),
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_CLUSTER_SIZE,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
-            .help = "qcow2 cluster size",
-            .def_value_str = stringify(DEFAULT_CLUSTER_SIZE)
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, "
-                    "falloc, full)"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_LAZY_REFCOUNTS,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
-            .help = "Postpone refcount updates",
-            .def_value_str = "off"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_REFCOUNT_BITS,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
-            .help = "Width of a reference count entry in bits",
-            .def_value_str = "16"
-        },
-        {
-            .name = BLOCK_OPT_COMPRESSION_TYPE,
-            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
-            .help = "Compression method used for image cluster compression",
-            .def_value_str = "zlib"
-        },
+        QCOW_COMMON_OPTIONS,
         { /* end of list */ }
     }
 };
@@ -5791,10 +5845,12 @@ BlockDriver bdrv_qcow2 = {
     .bdrv_inactivate            = qcow2_inactivate,
 
     .create_opts         = &qcow2_create_opts,
+    .amend_opts          = &qcow2_amend_opts,
     .strong_runtime_opts = qcow2_strong_runtime_opts,
     .mutable_opts        = mutable_opts,
     .bdrv_co_check       = qcow2_co_check,
     .bdrv_amend_options  = qcow2_amend_options,
+    .bdrv_co_amend       = qcow2_co_amend,
 
     .bdrv_detach_aio_context  = qcow2_detach_aio_context,
     .bdrv_attach_aio_context  = qcow2_attach_aio_context,
diff --git a/block/qed.c b/block/qed.c
index c0c65015c7..ece8b9bb60 100644
--- a/block/qed.c
+++ b/block/qed.c
@@ -849,56 +849,18 @@ static BDRVQEDState *acb_to_s(QEDAIOCB *acb)
  * @s:              QED state
  * @pos:            Byte position in device
  * @qiov:           Destination I/O vector
- * @backing_qiov:   Possibly shortened copy of qiov, to be allocated here
- * @cb:             Completion function
- * @opaque:         User data for completion function
  *
  * This function reads qiov->size bytes starting at pos from the backing file.
  * If there is no backing file then zeroes are read.
  */
 static int coroutine_fn qed_read_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s, uint64_t pos,
-                                              QEMUIOVector *qiov,
-                                              QEMUIOVector **backing_qiov)
+                                              QEMUIOVector *qiov)
 {
-    uint64_t backing_length = 0;
-    size_t size;
-    int ret;
-
-    /* If there is a backing file, get its length.  Treat the absence of a
-     * backing file like a zero length backing file.
-     */
     if (s->bs->backing) {
-        int64_t l = bdrv_getlength(s->bs->backing->bs);
-        if (l < 0) {
-            return l;
-        }
-        backing_length = l;
-    }
-
-    /* Zero all sectors if reading beyond the end of the backing file */
-    if (pos >= backing_length ||
-        pos + qiov->size > backing_length) {
-        qemu_iovec_memset(qiov, 0, 0, qiov->size);
-    }
-
-    /* Complete now if there are no backing file sectors to read */
-    if (pos >= backing_length) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* If the read straddles the end of the backing file, shorten it */
-    size = MIN((uint64_t)backing_length - pos, qiov->size);
-
-    assert(*backing_qiov == NULL);
-    *backing_qiov = g_new(QEMUIOVector, 1);
-    qemu_iovec_init(*backing_qiov, qiov->niov);
-    qemu_iovec_concat(*backing_qiov, qiov, 0, size);
-
-    BLKDBG_EVENT(s->bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_BACKING_AIO);
-    ret = bdrv_co_preadv(s->bs->backing, pos, size, *backing_qiov, 0);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        return ret;
+        BLKDBG_EVENT(s->bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_BACKING_AIO);
+        return bdrv_co_preadv(s->bs->backing, pos, qiov->size, qiov, 0);
     }
+    qemu_iovec_memset(qiov, 0, 0, qiov->size);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -915,7 +877,6 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_copy_from_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s,
                                                    uint64_t offset)
 {
     QEMUIOVector qiov;
-    QEMUIOVector *backing_qiov = NULL;
     int ret;
 
     /* Skip copy entirely if there is no work to do */
@@ -925,13 +886,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_copy_from_backing_file(BDRVQEDState *s,
 
     qemu_iovec_init_buf(&qiov, qemu_blockalign(s->bs, len), len);
 
-    ret = qed_read_backing_file(s, pos, &qiov, &backing_qiov);
-
-    if (backing_qiov) {
-        qemu_iovec_destroy(backing_qiov);
-        g_free(backing_qiov);
-        backing_qiov = NULL;
-    }
+    ret = qed_read_backing_file(s, pos, &qiov);
 
     if (ret) {
         goto out;
@@ -1339,8 +1294,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_read_data(void *opaque, int ret,
         qemu_iovec_memset(&acb->cur_qiov, 0, 0, acb->cur_qiov.size);
         r = 0;
     } else if (ret != QED_CLUSTER_FOUND) {
-        r = qed_read_backing_file(s, acb->cur_pos, &acb->cur_qiov,
-                                  &acb->backing_qiov);
+        r = qed_read_backing_file(s, acb->cur_pos, &acb->cur_qiov);
     } else {
         BLKDBG_EVENT(bs->file, BLKDBG_READ_AIO);
         r = bdrv_co_preadv(bs->file, offset, acb->cur_qiov.size,
@@ -1365,12 +1319,6 @@ static int coroutine_fn qed_aio_next_io(QEDAIOCB *acb)
     while (1) {
         trace_qed_aio_next_io(s, acb, 0, acb->cur_pos + acb->cur_qiov.size);
 
-        if (acb->backing_qiov) {
-            qemu_iovec_destroy(acb->backing_qiov);
-            g_free(acb->backing_qiov);
-            acb->backing_qiov = NULL;
-        }
-
         acb->qiov_offset += acb->cur_qiov.size;
         acb->cur_pos += acb->cur_qiov.size;
         qemu_iovec_reset(&acb->cur_qiov);
@@ -1514,7 +1462,6 @@ static int bdrv_qed_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
     memset(bdi, 0, sizeof(*bdi));
     bdi->cluster_size = s->header.cluster_size;
     bdi->is_dirty = s->header.features & QED_F_NEED_CHECK;
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = true;
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/block/qed.h b/block/qed.h
index 42c115d822..3d12bf78d4 100644
--- a/block/qed.h
+++ b/block/qed.h
@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@ typedef struct QEDAIOCB {
 
     /* Current cluster scatter-gather list */
     QEMUIOVector cur_qiov;
-    QEMUIOVector *backing_qiov;
     uint64_t cur_pos;               /* position on block device, in bytes */
     uint64_t cur_cluster;           /* cluster offset in image file */
     unsigned int cur_nclusters;     /* number of clusters being accessed */
diff --git a/block/vdi.c b/block/vdi.c
index 2f506a01ba..c4527a9d8c 100644
--- a/block/vdi.c
+++ b/block/vdi.c
@@ -334,7 +334,6 @@ static int vdi_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
     logout("\n");
     bdi->cluster_size = s->block_size;
     bdi->vm_state_offset = 0;
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = true;
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -536,7 +535,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn vdi_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     *pnum = MIN(s->block_size - index_in_block, bytes);
     result = VDI_IS_ALLOCATED(bmap_entry);
     if (!result) {
-        return 0;
+        return BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
     }
 
     *map = s->header.offset_data + (uint64_t)bmap_entry * s->block_size +
diff --git a/block/vhdx.c b/block/vhdx.c
index fa9e544a5e..645dc4b4f4 100644
--- a/block/vhdx.c
+++ b/block/vhdx.c
@@ -1164,9 +1164,6 @@ static int vhdx_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
 
     bdi->cluster_size = s->block_size;
 
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero =
-        (s->params.data_bits & VHDX_PARAMS_HAS_PARENT) == 0;
-
     return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/block/vpc.c b/block/vpc.c
index c055591641..01fcd37e3c 100644
--- a/block/vpc.c
+++ b/block/vpc.c
@@ -606,7 +606,6 @@ static int vpc_get_info(BlockDriverState *bs, BlockDriverInfo *bdi)
         bdi->cluster_size = s->block_size;
     }
 
-    bdi->unallocated_blocks_are_zero = true;
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -745,7 +744,7 @@ static int coroutine_fn vpc_co_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs,
     image_offset = get_image_offset(bs, offset, false, NULL);
     allocated = (image_offset != -1);
     *pnum = 0;
-    ret = 0;
+    ret = BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
 
     do {
         /* All sectors in a block are contiguous (without using the bitmap) */
diff --git a/chardev/Makefile.objs b/chardev/Makefile.objs
index d68e1347f9..3a58c9d329 100644
--- a/chardev/Makefile.objs
+++ b/chardev/Makefile.objs
@@ -18,8 +18,11 @@ chardev-obj-$(CONFIG_WIN32) += char-win.o
 chardev-obj-$(CONFIG_WIN32) += char-win-stdio.o
 
 common-obj-y += msmouse.o wctablet.o testdev.o
-common-obj-$(CONFIG_BRLAPI) += baum.o
+
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_BRLAPI),y)
+common-obj-m += baum.o
 baum.o-cflags := $(SDL_CFLAGS)
 baum.o-libs := $(BRLAPI_LIBS)
+endif
 
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_SPICE) += spice.o
diff --git a/chardev/char.c b/chardev/char.c
index e3051295ac..df697f3ce9 100644
--- a/chardev/char.c
+++ b/chardev/char.c
@@ -527,7 +527,7 @@ static const ChardevClass *char_get_class(const char *driver, Error **errp)
     const ChardevClass *cc;
     char *typename = g_strdup_printf("chardev-%s", driver);
 
-    oc = object_class_by_name(typename);
+    oc = module_object_class_by_name(typename);
     g_free(typename);
 
     if (!object_class_dynamic_cast(oc, TYPE_CHARDEV)) {
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index c220ab4d80..ee6c3c6792 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -1575,6 +1575,10 @@ for opt do
   ;;
   --enable-vhost-user) vhost_user="yes"
   ;;
+  --disable-vhost-vdpa) vhost_vdpa="no"
+  ;;
+  --enable-vhost-vdpa) vhost_vdpa="yes"
+  ;;
   --disable-vhost-kernel) vhost_kernel="no"
   ;;
   --enable-vhost-kernel) vhost_kernel="yes"
@@ -1883,6 +1887,7 @@ disabled with --disable-FEATURE, default is enabled if available:
   vhost-crypto    vhost-user-crypto backend support
   vhost-kernel    vhost kernel backend support
   vhost-user      vhost-user backend support
+  vhost-vdpa      vhost-vdpa kernel backend support
   spice           spice
   rbd             rados block device (rbd)
   libiscsi        iscsi support
@@ -2394,6 +2399,10 @@ test "$vhost_user" = "" && vhost_user=yes
 if test "$vhost_user" = "yes" && test "$mingw32" = "yes"; then
   error_exit "vhost-user isn't available on win32"
 fi
+test "$vhost_vdpa" = "" && vhost_vdpa=$linux
+if test "$vhost_vdpa" = "yes" && test "$linux" != "yes"; then
+  error_exit "vhost-vdpa is only available on Linux"
+fi
 test "$vhost_kernel" = "" && vhost_kernel=$linux
 if test "$vhost_kernel" = "yes" && test "$linux" != "yes"; then
   error_exit "vhost-kernel is only available on Linux"
@@ -2422,6 +2431,11 @@ test "$vhost_user_fs" = "" && vhost_user_fs=$vhost_user
 if test "$vhost_user_fs" = "yes" && test "$vhost_user" = "no"; then
   error_exit "--enable-vhost-user-fs requires --enable-vhost-user"
 fi
+#vhost-vdpa backends
+test "$vhost_net_vdpa" = "" && vhost_net_vdpa=$vhost_vdpa
+if test "$vhost_net_vdpa" = "yes" && test "$vhost_vdpa" = "no"; then
+  error_exit "--enable-vhost-net-vdpa requires --enable-vhost-vdpa"
+fi
 
 # OR the vhost-kernel and vhost-user values for simplicity
 if test "$vhost_net" = ""; then
@@ -5141,10 +5155,14 @@ extern int openpty(int *am, int *as, char *name, void *termp, void *winp);
 int main(void) { return openpty(0, 0, 0, 0, 0); }
 EOF
 
-if ! compile_prog "" "" ; then
+have_openpty="no"
+if compile_prog "" "" ; then
+  have_openpty="yes"
+else
   if compile_prog "" "-lutil" ; then
     libs_softmmu="-lutil $libs_softmmu"
     libs_tools="-lutil $libs_tools"
+    have_openpty="yes"
   fi
 fi
 
@@ -6943,6 +6961,7 @@ echo "vhost-scsi support $vhost_scsi"
 echo "vhost-vsock support $vhost_vsock"
 echo "vhost-user support $vhost_user"
 echo "vhost-user-fs support $vhost_user_fs"
+echo "vhost-vdpa support $vhost_vdpa"
 echo "Trace backends    $trace_backends"
 if have_backend "simple"; then
 echo "Trace output file $trace_file-<pid>"
@@ -7390,6 +7409,9 @@ fi
 if test "$have_broken_size_max" = "yes" ; then
     echo "HAVE_BROKEN_SIZE_MAX=y" >> $config_host_mak
 fi
+if test "$have_openpty" = "yes" ; then
+    echo "HAVE_OPENPTY=y" >> $config_host_mak
+fi
 
 # Work around a system header bug with some kernel/XFS header
 # versions where they both try to define 'struct fsxattr':
@@ -7447,6 +7469,9 @@ fi
 if test "$vhost_net_user" = "yes" ; then
   echo "CONFIG_VHOST_NET_USER=y" >> $config_host_mak
 fi
+if test "$vhost_net_vdpa" = "yes" ; then
+  echo "CONFIG_VHOST_NET_VDPA=y" >> $config_host_mak
+fi
 if test "$vhost_crypto" = "yes" ; then
   echo "CONFIG_VHOST_CRYPTO=y" >> $config_host_mak
 fi
@@ -7462,6 +7487,9 @@ fi
 if test "$vhost_user" = "yes" ; then
   echo "CONFIG_VHOST_USER=y" >> $config_host_mak
 fi
+if test "$vhost_vdpa" = "yes" ; then
+  echo "CONFIG_VHOST_VDPA=y" >> $config_host_mak
+fi
 if test "$vhost_user_fs" = "yes" ; then
   echo "CONFIG_VHOST_USER_FS=y" >> $config_host_mak
 fi
diff --git a/crypto/Makefile.objs b/crypto/Makefile.objs
index 707c02ad37..f1965b1a68 100644
--- a/crypto/Makefile.objs
+++ b/crypto/Makefile.objs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ crypto-obj-y += cipher.o
 crypto-obj-$(CONFIG_AF_ALG) += afalg.o
 crypto-obj-$(CONFIG_AF_ALG) += cipher-afalg.o
 crypto-obj-$(CONFIG_AF_ALG) += hash-afalg.o
+crypto-obj-$(CONFIG_GNUTLS) += tls-cipher-suites.o
 crypto-obj-y += tlscreds.o
 crypto-obj-y += tlscredsanon.o
 crypto-obj-y += tlscredspsk.o
diff --git a/crypto/block-luks.c b/crypto/block-luks.c
index 4861db810c..564caa1094 100644
--- a/crypto/block-luks.c
+++ b/crypto/block-luks.c
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include "qemu/uuid.h"
 
 #include "qemu/coroutine.h"
+#include "qemu/bitmap.h"
 
 /*
  * Reference for the LUKS format implemented here is
@@ -70,6 +71,9 @@ typedef struct QCryptoBlockLUKSKeySlot QCryptoBlockLUKSKeySlot;
 
 #define QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_SECTOR_SIZE 512LL
 
+#define QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_DEFAULT_ITER_TIME_MS 2000
+#define QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_ERASE_ITERATIONS 40
+
 static const char qcrypto_block_luks_magic[QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_MAGIC_LEN] = {
     'L', 'U', 'K', 'S', 0xBA, 0xBE
 };
@@ -219,6 +223,9 @@ struct QCryptoBlockLUKS {
 
     /* Hash algorithm used in pbkdf2 function */
     QCryptoHashAlgorithm hash_alg;
+
+    /* Name of the secret that was used to open the image */
+    char *secret;
 };
 
 
@@ -720,7 +727,7 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_store_key(QCryptoBlock *block,
                              Error **errp)
 {
     QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks = block->opaque;
-    QCryptoBlockLUKSKeySlot *slot = &luks->header.key_slots[slot_idx];
+    QCryptoBlockLUKSKeySlot *slot;
     g_autofree uint8_t *splitkey = NULL;
     size_t splitkeylen;
     g_autofree uint8_t *slotkey = NULL;
@@ -730,6 +737,8 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_store_key(QCryptoBlock *block,
     uint64_t iters;
     int ret = -1;
 
+    assert(slot_idx < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS);
+    slot = &luks->header.key_slots[slot_idx];
     if (qcrypto_random_bytes(slot->salt,
                              QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_SALT_LEN,
                              errp) < 0) {
@@ -890,7 +899,7 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_load_key(QCryptoBlock *block,
                             Error **errp)
 {
     QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks = block->opaque;
-    const QCryptoBlockLUKSKeySlot *slot = &luks->header.key_slots[slot_idx];
+    const QCryptoBlockLUKSKeySlot *slot;
     g_autofree uint8_t *splitkey = NULL;
     size_t splitkeylen;
     g_autofree uint8_t *possiblekey = NULL;
@@ -900,6 +909,8 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_load_key(QCryptoBlock *block,
     g_autoptr(QCryptoIVGen) ivgen = NULL;
     size_t niv;
 
+    assert(slot_idx < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS);
+    slot = &luks->header.key_slots[slot_idx];
     if (slot->active != QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_KEY_SLOT_ENABLED) {
         return 0;
     }
@@ -1069,6 +1080,126 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_find_key(QCryptoBlock *block,
     return -1;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns true if a slot i is marked as active
+ * (contains encrypted copy of the master key)
+ */
+static bool
+qcrypto_block_luks_slot_active(const QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks,
+                               unsigned int slot_idx)
+{
+    uint32_t val;
+
+    assert(slot_idx < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS);
+    val = luks->header.key_slots[slot_idx].active;
+    return val == QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_KEY_SLOT_ENABLED;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns the number of slots that are marked as active
+ * (slots that contain encrypted copy of the master key)
+ */
+static unsigned int
+qcrypto_block_luks_count_active_slots(const QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks)
+{
+    size_t i = 0;
+    unsigned int ret = 0;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS; i++) {
+        if (qcrypto_block_luks_slot_active(luks, i)) {
+            ret++;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Finds first key slot which is not active
+ * Returns the key slot index, or -1 if it doesn't exist
+ */
+static int
+qcrypto_block_luks_find_free_keyslot(const QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks)
+{
+    size_t i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS; i++) {
+        if (!qcrypto_block_luks_slot_active(luks, i)) {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Erases an keyslot given its index
+ * Returns:
+ *    0 if the keyslot was erased successfully
+ *   -1 if a error occurred while erasing the keyslot
+ *
+ */
+static int
+qcrypto_block_luks_erase_key(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                             unsigned int slot_idx,
+                             QCryptoBlockWriteFunc writefunc,
+                             void *opaque,
+                             Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks = block->opaque;
+    QCryptoBlockLUKSKeySlot *slot;
+    g_autofree uint8_t *garbagesplitkey = NULL;
+    size_t splitkeylen;
+    size_t i;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    int ret;
+
+    assert(slot_idx < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS);
+    slot = &luks->header.key_slots[slot_idx];
+
+    splitkeylen = luks->header.master_key_len * slot->stripes;
+    assert(splitkeylen > 0);
+
+    garbagesplitkey = g_new0(uint8_t, splitkeylen);
+
+    /* Reset the key slot header */
+    memset(slot->salt, 0, QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_SALT_LEN);
+    slot->iterations = 0;
+    slot->active = QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_KEY_SLOT_DISABLED;
+
+    ret = qcrypto_block_luks_store_header(block, writefunc,
+                                          opaque, &local_err);
+
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+    }
+    /*
+     * Now try to erase the key material, even if the header
+     * update failed
+     */
+    for (i = 0; i < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_ERASE_ITERATIONS; i++) {
+        if (qcrypto_random_bytes(garbagesplitkey,
+                                 splitkeylen, &local_err) < 0) {
+            /*
+             * If we failed to get the random data, still write
+             * at least zeros to the key slot at least once
+             */
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+
+            if (i > 0) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+        if (writefunc(block,
+                      slot->key_offset_sector * QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_SECTOR_SIZE,
+                      garbagesplitkey,
+                      splitkeylen,
+                      opaque,
+                      &local_err) != splitkeylen) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
 
 static int
 qcrypto_block_luks_open(QCryptoBlock *block,
@@ -1099,6 +1230,7 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_open(QCryptoBlock *block,
 
     luks = g_new0(QCryptoBlockLUKS, 1);
     block->opaque = luks;
+    luks->secret = g_strdup(options->u.luks.key_secret);
 
     if (qcrypto_block_luks_load_header(block, readfunc, opaque, errp) < 0) {
         goto fail;
@@ -1164,6 +1296,7 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_open(QCryptoBlock *block,
  fail:
     qcrypto_block_free_cipher(block);
     qcrypto_ivgen_free(block->ivgen);
+    g_free(luks->secret);
     g_free(luks);
     return -1;
 }
@@ -1204,7 +1337,7 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_create(QCryptoBlock *block,
 
     memcpy(&luks_opts, &options->u.luks, sizeof(luks_opts));
     if (!luks_opts.has_iter_time) {
-        luks_opts.iter_time = 2000;
+        luks_opts.iter_time = QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_DEFAULT_ITER_TIME_MS;
     }
     if (!luks_opts.has_cipher_alg) {
         luks_opts.cipher_alg = QCRYPTO_CIPHER_ALG_AES_256;
@@ -1244,6 +1377,8 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_create(QCryptoBlock *block,
                    optprefix ? optprefix : "");
         goto error;
     }
+    luks->secret = g_strdup(options->u.luks.key_secret);
+
     password = qcrypto_secret_lookup_as_utf8(luks_opts.key_secret, errp);
     if (!password) {
         goto error;
@@ -1471,10 +1606,278 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_create(QCryptoBlock *block,
     qcrypto_block_free_cipher(block);
     qcrypto_ivgen_free(block->ivgen);
 
+    g_free(luks->secret);
     g_free(luks);
     return -1;
 }
 
+static int
+qcrypto_block_luks_amend_add_keyslot(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                     QCryptoBlockReadFunc readfunc,
+                                     QCryptoBlockWriteFunc writefunc,
+                                     void *opaque,
+                                     QCryptoBlockAmendOptionsLUKS *opts_luks,
+                                     bool force,
+                                     Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks = block->opaque;
+    uint64_t iter_time = opts_luks->has_iter_time ?
+                         opts_luks->iter_time :
+                         QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_DEFAULT_ITER_TIME_MS;
+    int keyslot;
+    g_autofree char *old_password = NULL;
+    g_autofree char *new_password = NULL;
+    g_autofree uint8_t *master_key = NULL;
+
+    char *secret = opts_luks->has_secret ? opts_luks->secret : luks->secret;
+
+    if (!opts_luks->has_new_secret) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'new-secret' is required to activate a keyslot");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (opts_luks->has_old_secret) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "'old-secret' must not be given when activating keyslots");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (opts_luks->has_keyslot) {
+        keyslot = opts_luks->keyslot;
+        if (keyslot < 0 || keyslot >= QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Invalid keyslot %u specified, must be between 0 and %u",
+                       keyslot, QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS - 1);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        keyslot = qcrypto_block_luks_find_free_keyslot(luks);
+        if (keyslot == -1) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Can't add a keyslot - all keyslots are in use");
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!force && qcrypto_block_luks_slot_active(luks, keyslot)) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Refusing to overwrite active keyslot %i - "
+                   "please erase it first",
+                   keyslot);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Locate the password that will be used to retrieve the master key */
+    old_password = qcrypto_secret_lookup_as_utf8(secret, errp);
+    if (!old_password) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Retrieve the master key */
+    master_key = g_new0(uint8_t, luks->header.master_key_len);
+
+    if (qcrypto_block_luks_find_key(block, old_password, master_key,
+                                    readfunc, opaque, errp) < 0) {
+        error_append_hint(errp, "Failed to retrieve the master key");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Locate the new password*/
+    new_password = qcrypto_secret_lookup_as_utf8(opts_luks->new_secret, errp);
+    if (!new_password) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Now set the new keyslots */
+    if (qcrypto_block_luks_store_key(block, keyslot, new_password, master_key,
+                                     iter_time, writefunc, opaque, errp)) {
+        error_append_hint(errp, "Failed to write to keyslot %i", keyslot);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+qcrypto_block_luks_amend_erase_keyslots(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                        QCryptoBlockReadFunc readfunc,
+                                        QCryptoBlockWriteFunc writefunc,
+                                        void *opaque,
+                                        QCryptoBlockAmendOptionsLUKS *opts_luks,
+                                        bool force,
+                                        Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks = block->opaque;
+    g_autofree uint8_t *tmpkey = NULL;
+    g_autofree char *old_password = NULL;
+
+    if (opts_luks->has_new_secret) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "'new-secret' must not be given when erasing keyslots");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (opts_luks->has_iter_time) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "'iter-time' must not be given when erasing keyslots");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (opts_luks->has_secret) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "'secret' must not be given when erasing keyslots");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* Load the old password if given */
+    if (opts_luks->has_old_secret) {
+        old_password = qcrypto_secret_lookup_as_utf8(opts_luks->old_secret,
+                                                     errp);
+        if (!old_password) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Allocate a temporary key buffer that we will need when
+         * checking if slot matches the given old password
+         */
+        tmpkey = g_new0(uint8_t, luks->header.master_key_len);
+    }
+
+    /* Erase an explicitly given keyslot */
+    if (opts_luks->has_keyslot) {
+        int keyslot = opts_luks->keyslot;
+
+        if (keyslot < 0 || keyslot >= QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Invalid keyslot %i specified, must be between 0 and %i",
+                       keyslot, QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS - 1);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (opts_luks->has_old_secret) {
+            int rv = qcrypto_block_luks_load_key(block,
+                                                 keyslot,
+                                                 old_password,
+                                                 tmpkey,
+                                                 readfunc,
+                                                 opaque,
+                                                 errp);
+            if (rv == -1) {
+                return -1;
+            } else if (rv == 0) {
+                error_setg(errp,
+                           "Given keyslot %i doesn't contain the given "
+                           "old password for erase operation",
+                           keyslot);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!force && !qcrypto_block_luks_slot_active(luks, keyslot)) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Given keyslot %i is already erased (inactive) ",
+                       keyslot);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (!force && qcrypto_block_luks_count_active_slots(luks) == 1) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "Attempt to erase the only active keyslot %i "
+                       "which will erase all the data in the image "
+                       "irreversibly - refusing operation",
+                       keyslot);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (qcrypto_block_luks_erase_key(block, keyslot,
+                                         writefunc, opaque, errp)) {
+            error_append_hint(errp, "Failed to erase keyslot %i", keyslot);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+    /* Erase all keyslots that match the given old password */
+    } else if (opts_luks->has_old_secret) {
+
+        unsigned long slots_to_erase_bitmap = 0;
+        size_t i;
+        int slot_count;
+
+        assert(QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS <=
+               sizeof(slots_to_erase_bitmap) * 8);
+
+        for (i = 0; i < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS; i++) {
+            int rv = qcrypto_block_luks_load_key(block,
+                                                 i,
+                                                 old_password,
+                                                 tmpkey,
+                                                 readfunc,
+                                                 opaque,
+                                                 errp);
+            if (rv == -1) {
+                return -1;
+            } else if (rv == 1) {
+                bitmap_set(&slots_to_erase_bitmap, i, 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        slot_count = bitmap_count_one(&slots_to_erase_bitmap,
+                                      QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS);
+        if (slot_count == 0) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "No keyslots match given (old) password for erase operation");
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if (!force &&
+            slot_count == qcrypto_block_luks_count_active_slots(luks)) {
+            error_setg(errp,
+                       "All the active keyslots match the (old) password that "
+                       "was given and erasing them will erase all the data in "
+                       "the image irreversibly - refusing operation");
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        /* Now apply the update */
+        for (i = 0; i < QCRYPTO_BLOCK_LUKS_NUM_KEY_SLOTS; i++) {
+            if (!test_bit(i, &slots_to_erase_bitmap)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (qcrypto_block_luks_erase_key(block, i, writefunc,
+                opaque, errp)) {
+                error_append_hint(errp, "Failed to erase keyslot %zu", i);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "To erase keyslot(s), either explicit keyslot index "
+                   "or the password currently contained in them must be given");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+qcrypto_block_luks_amend_options(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                 QCryptoBlockReadFunc readfunc,
+                                 QCryptoBlockWriteFunc writefunc,
+                                 void *opaque,
+                                 QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *options,
+                                 bool force,
+                                 Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoBlockAmendOptionsLUKS *opts_luks = &options->u.luks;
+
+    switch (opts_luks->state) {
+    case Q_CRYPTO_BLOCKLUKS_KEYSLOT_STATE_ACTIVE:
+        return qcrypto_block_luks_amend_add_keyslot(block, readfunc,
+                                                    writefunc, opaque,
+                                                    opts_luks, force, errp);
+    case Q_CRYPTO_BLOCKLUKS_KEYSLOT_STATE_INACTIVE:
+        return qcrypto_block_luks_amend_erase_keyslots(block, readfunc,
+                                                       writefunc, opaque,
+                                                       opts_luks, force, errp);
+    default:
+        g_assert_not_reached();
+    }
+}
 
 static int qcrypto_block_luks_get_info(QCryptoBlock *block,
                                        QCryptoBlockInfo *info,
@@ -1523,7 +1926,11 @@ static int qcrypto_block_luks_get_info(QCryptoBlock *block,
 
 static void qcrypto_block_luks_cleanup(QCryptoBlock *block)
 {
-    g_free(block->opaque);
+    QCryptoBlockLUKS *luks = block->opaque;
+    if (luks) {
+        g_free(luks->secret);
+        g_free(luks);
+    }
 }
 
 
@@ -1560,6 +1967,7 @@ qcrypto_block_luks_encrypt(QCryptoBlock *block,
 const QCryptoBlockDriver qcrypto_block_driver_luks = {
     .open = qcrypto_block_luks_open,
     .create = qcrypto_block_luks_create,
+    .amend = qcrypto_block_luks_amend_options,
     .get_info = qcrypto_block_luks_get_info,
     .cleanup = qcrypto_block_luks_cleanup,
     .decrypt = qcrypto_block_luks_decrypt,
diff --git a/crypto/block.c b/crypto/block.c
index 6f42b32f1e..eb057948b5 100644
--- a/crypto/block.c
+++ b/crypto/block.c
@@ -150,6 +150,35 @@ qcrypto_block_calculate_payload_offset(QCryptoBlockCreateOptions *create_opts,
     return crypto != NULL;
 }
 
+int qcrypto_block_amend_options(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                QCryptoBlockReadFunc readfunc,
+                                QCryptoBlockWriteFunc writefunc,
+                                void *opaque,
+                                QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *options,
+                                bool force,
+                                Error **errp)
+{
+    if (options->format != block->format) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Cannot amend encryption format");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (!block->driver->amend) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Crypto format %s doesn't support format options amendment",
+                   QCryptoBlockFormat_str(block->format));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return block->driver->amend(block,
+                                readfunc,
+                                writefunc,
+                                opaque,
+                                options,
+                                force,
+                                errp);
+}
 
 QCryptoBlockInfo *qcrypto_block_get_info(QCryptoBlock *block,
                                          Error **errp)
diff --git a/crypto/blockpriv.h b/crypto/blockpriv.h
index 71c59cb542..3c7ccea504 100644
--- a/crypto/blockpriv.h
+++ b/crypto/blockpriv.h
@@ -62,6 +62,14 @@ struct QCryptoBlockDriver {
                   void *opaque,
                   Error **errp);
 
+    int (*amend)(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                 QCryptoBlockReadFunc readfunc,
+                 QCryptoBlockWriteFunc writefunc,
+                 void *opaque,
+                 QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *options,
+                 bool force,
+                 Error **errp);
+
     int (*get_info)(QCryptoBlock *block,
                     QCryptoBlockInfo *info,
                     Error **errp);
diff --git a/crypto/tls-cipher-suites.c b/crypto/tls-cipher-suites.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d305b684b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crypto/tls-cipher-suites.c
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU TLS Cipher Suites
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Author: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "qom/object_interfaces.h"
+#include "crypto/tlscreds.h"
+#include "crypto/tls-cipher-suites.h"
+#include "hw/nvram/fw_cfg.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+
+/*
+ * IANA registered TLS ciphers:
+ * https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xhtml#tls-parameters-4
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    uint8_t data[2];
+} QEMU_PACKED IANA_TLS_CIPHER;
+
+GByteArray *qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_get_data(QCryptoTLSCipherSuites *obj,
+                                               Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoTLSCreds *creds = QCRYPTO_TLS_CREDS(obj);
+    gnutls_priority_t pcache;
+    GByteArray *byte_array;
+    const char *err;
+    size_t i;
+    int ret;
+
+    trace_qcrypto_tls_cipher_suite_priority(creds->priority);
+    ret = gnutls_priority_init(&pcache, creds->priority, &err);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Syntax error using priority '%s': %s",
+                   creds->priority, gnutls_strerror(ret));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    byte_array = g_byte_array_new();
+
+    for (i = 0;; i++) {
+        int ret;
+        unsigned idx;
+        const char *name;
+        IANA_TLS_CIPHER cipher;
+        gnutls_protocol_t protocol;
+        const char *version;
+
+        ret = gnutls_priority_get_cipher_suite_index(pcache, i, &idx);
+        if (ret == GNUTLS_E_REQUESTED_DATA_NOT_AVAILABLE) {
+            break;
+        }
+        if (ret == GNUTLS_E_UNKNOWN_CIPHER_SUITE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        name = gnutls_cipher_suite_info(idx, (unsigned char *)&cipher,
+                                        NULL, NULL, NULL, &protocol);
+        if (name == NULL) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        version = gnutls_protocol_get_name(protocol);
+        g_byte_array_append(byte_array, cipher.data, 2);
+        trace_qcrypto_tls_cipher_suite_info(cipher.data[0],
+                                            cipher.data[1],
+                                            version, name);
+    }
+    trace_qcrypto_tls_cipher_suite_count(byte_array->len);
+    gnutls_priority_deinit(pcache);
+
+    return byte_array;
+}
+
+static void qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_complete(UserCreatable *uc,
+                                               Error **errp)
+{
+    QCryptoTLSCreds *creds = QCRYPTO_TLS_CREDS(uc);
+
+    if (!creds->priority) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'priority' property is not set");
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+static GByteArray *qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_fw_cfg_gen_data(Object *obj,
+                                                             Error **errp)
+{
+    return qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_get_data(QCRYPTO_TLS_CIPHER_SUITES(obj),
+                                              errp);
+}
+
+static void qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
+{
+    UserCreatableClass *ucc = USER_CREATABLE_CLASS(oc);
+    FWCfgDataGeneratorClass *fwgc = FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_CLASS(oc);
+
+    ucc->complete = qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_complete;
+    fwgc->get_data = qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_fw_cfg_gen_data;
+}
+
+static const TypeInfo qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_info = {
+    .parent = TYPE_QCRYPTO_TLS_CREDS,
+    .name = TYPE_QCRYPTO_TLS_CIPHER_SUITES,
+    .instance_size = sizeof(QCryptoTLSCreds),
+    .class_size = sizeof(QCryptoTLSCredsClass),
+    .class_init = qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_class_init,
+    .interfaces = (InterfaceInfo[]) {
+        { TYPE_USER_CREATABLE },
+        { TYPE_FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_INTERFACE },
+        { }
+    }
+};
+
+static void qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_register_types(void)
+{
+    type_register_static(&qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_info);
+}
+
+type_init(qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_register_types);
diff --git a/crypto/trace-events b/crypto/trace-events
index 9e594d30e8..798b6067ab 100644
--- a/crypto/trace-events
+++ b/crypto/trace-events
@@ -21,3 +21,8 @@ qcrypto_tls_creds_x509_load_cert_list(void *creds, const char *file) "TLS creds
 # tlssession.c
 qcrypto_tls_session_new(void *session, void *creds, const char *hostname, const char *authzid, int endpoint) "TLS session new session=%p creds=%p hostname=%s authzid=%s endpoint=%d"
 qcrypto_tls_session_check_creds(void *session, const char *status) "TLS session check creds session=%p status=%s"
+
+# tls-cipher-suites.c
+qcrypto_tls_cipher_suite_priority(const char *name) "priority: %s"
+qcrypto_tls_cipher_suite_info(uint8_t data0, uint8_t data1, const char *version, const char *name) "data=[0x%02x,0x%02x] version=%s name=%s"
+qcrypto_tls_cipher_suite_count(unsigned count) "count: %u"
diff --git a/docs/interop/index.rst b/docs/interop/index.rst
index 049387ac6d..006f986420 100644
--- a/docs/interop/index.rst
+++ b/docs/interop/index.rst
@@ -20,3 +20,4 @@ Contents:
    qemu-ga
    vhost-user
    vhost-user-gpu
+   vhost-vdpa
diff --git a/docs/interop/vhost-user.rst b/docs/interop/vhost-user.rst
index 688b7c6900..10e3e3475e 100644
--- a/docs/interop/vhost-user.rst
+++ b/docs/interop/vhost-user.rst
@@ -816,6 +816,7 @@ Protocol features
   #define VHOST_USER_PROTOCOL_F_RESET_DEVICE         13
   #define VHOST_USER_PROTOCOL_F_INBAND_NOTIFICATIONS 14
   #define VHOST_USER_PROTOCOL_F_CONFIGURE_MEM_SLOTS  15
+  #define VHOST_USER_PROTOCOL_F_STATUS               16
 
 Master message types
 --------------------
@@ -1307,6 +1308,29 @@ Master message types
   ``VHOST_USER_ADD_MEM_REG`` message, this message is used to set and
   update the memory tables of the slave device.
 
+``VHOST_USER_SET_STATUS``
+  :id: 39
+  :equivalent ioctl: VHOST_VDPA_SET_STATUS
+  :slave payload: N/A
+  :master payload: ``u64``
+
+  When the ``VHOST_USER_PROTOCOL_F_STATUS`` protocol feature has been
+  successfully negotiated, this message is submitted by the master to
+  notify the backend with updated device status as defined in the Virtio
+  specification.
+
+``VHOST_USER_GET_STATUS``
+  :id: 40
+  :equivalent ioctl: VHOST_VDPA_GET_STATUS
+  :slave payload: ``u64``
+  :master payload: N/A
+
+  When the ``VHOST_USER_PROTOCOL_F_STATUS`` protocol feature has been
+  successfully negotiated, this message is submitted by the master to
+  query the backend for its device status as defined in the Virtio
+  specification.
+
+
 Slave message types
 -------------------
 
diff --git a/docs/interop/vhost-vdpa.rst b/docs/interop/vhost-vdpa.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0c70ba01bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/interop/vhost-vdpa.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+=====================
+Vhost-vdpa Protocol
+=====================
+
+Introduction
+=============
+vDPA(Virtual data path acceleration) device is a device that uses
+a datapath which complies with the virtio specifications with vendor
+specific control path. vDPA devices can be both physically located on
+the hardware or emulated by software.
+
+This document describes the vDPA support in qemu
+
+Here is the kernel commit here
+https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=4c8cf31885f69e86be0b5b9e6677a26797365e1d
+
+TODO : More information will add later
diff --git a/docs/specs/fw_cfg.txt b/docs/specs/fw_cfg.txt
index 8f1ebc66fa..3e6d586f66 100644
--- a/docs/specs/fw_cfg.txt
+++ b/docs/specs/fw_cfg.txt
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ To check the result, read the "control" field:
 
 = Externally Provided Items =
 
-As of v2.4, "file" fw_cfg items (i.e., items with selector keys above
+Since v2.4, "file" fw_cfg items (i.e., items with selector keys above
 FW_CFG_FILE_FIRST, and with a corresponding entry in the fw_cfg file
 directory structure) may be inserted via the QEMU command line, using
 the following syntax:
@@ -230,6 +230,13 @@ Or
 
     -fw_cfg [name=]<item_name>,string=<string>
 
+Since v5.1, QEMU allows some objects to generate fw_cfg-specific content,
+the content is then associated with a "file" item using the 'gen_id' option
+in the command line, using the following syntax:
+
+    -object <generator-type>,id=<generated_id>,[generator-specific-options] \
+    -fw_cfg [name=]<item_name>,gen_id=<generated_id>
+
 See QEMU man page for more documentation.
 
 Using item_name with plain ASCII characters only is recommended.
@@ -251,4 +258,8 @@ Prefix "opt/org.qemu/" is reserved for QEMU itself.
 Use of names not beginning with "opt/" is potentially dangerous and
 entirely unsupported.  QEMU will warn if you try.
 
+Use of names not beginning with "opt/" is tolerated with 'gen_id' (that
+is, the warning is suppressed), but you must know exactly what you're
+doing.
+
 All externally provided fw_cfg items are read-only to the guest.
diff --git a/docs/system/deprecated.rst b/docs/system/deprecated.rst
index 47f84be8e0..58a9aeb851 100644
--- a/docs/system/deprecated.rst
+++ b/docs/system/deprecated.rst
@@ -82,6 +82,15 @@ should specify an ``audiodev=`` property.  Additionally, when using
 vnc, you should specify an ``audiodev=`` propery if you plan to
 transmit audio through the VNC protocol.
 
+Creating sound card devices using ``-soundhw`` (since 5.1)
+''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
+
+Sound card devices should be created using ``-device`` instead.  The
+names are the same for most devices.  The exceptions are ``hda`` which
+needs two devices (``-device intel-hda -device hda-duplex``) and
+``pcspk`` which can be activated using ``-machine
+pcspk-audiodev=<name>``.
+
 ``-mon ...,control=readline,pretty=on|off`` (since 4.1)
 '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
 
diff --git a/docs/system/target-i386-desc.rst.inc b/docs/system/target-i386-desc.rst.inc
index 47a169e0ae..7d1fffacbe 100644
--- a/docs/system/target-i386-desc.rst.inc
+++ b/docs/system/target-i386-desc.rst.inc
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ The QEMU PC System emulator simulates the following peripherals:
 
 -  CS4231A compatible sound card
 
+-  PC speaker
+
 -  PCI UHCI, OHCI, EHCI or XHCI USB controller and a virtual USB-1.1
    hub.
 
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ must be told to not have parallel ports to have working GUS.
 
 .. parsed-literal::
 
-   |qemu_system_x86| dos.img -soundhw gus -parallel none
+   |qemu_system_x86| dos.img -device gus -parallel none
 
 Alternatively:
 
@@ -60,3 +62,12 @@ Alternatively:
 Or some other unclaimed IRQ.
 
 CS4231A is the chip used in Windows Sound System and GUSMAX products
+
+The PC speaker audio device can be configured using the pcspk-audiodev
+machine property, i.e.
+
+.. parsed-literal::
+
+   |qemu_system_x86| some.img \
+   -audiodev <backend>,id=<name> \
+   -machine pcspk-audiodev=<name>
diff --git a/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst b/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst
index 7f0737488a..e33f5575e3 100644
--- a/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst
+++ b/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst
@@ -253,11 +253,14 @@ Command description:
 
 .. program:: qemu-img-commands
 
-.. option:: amend [--object OBJECTDEF] [--image-opts] [-p] [-q] [-f FMT] [-t CACHE] -o OPTIONS FILENAME
+.. option:: amend [--object OBJECTDEF] [--image-opts] [-p] [-q] [-f FMT] [-t CACHE] [--force] -o OPTIONS FILENAME
 
   Amends the image format specific *OPTIONS* for the image file
   *FILENAME*. Not all file formats support this operation.
 
+  --force allows some unsafe operations. Currently for -f luks, it allows to
+  erase the last encryption key, and to overwrite an active encryption key.
+
 .. option:: bench [-c COUNT] [-d DEPTH] [-f FMT] [--flush-interval=FLUSH_INTERVAL] [-i AIO] [-n] [--no-drain] [-o OFFSET] [--pattern=PATTERN] [-q] [-s BUFFER_SIZE] [-S STEP_SIZE] [-t CACHE] [-w] [-U] FILENAME
 
   Run a simple sequential I/O benchmark on the specified image. If ``-w`` is
diff --git a/exec.c b/exec.c
index 21926dc9c7..893636176e 100644
--- a/exec.c
+++ b/exec.c
@@ -4115,4 +4115,56 @@ void mtree_print_dispatch(AddressSpaceDispatch *d, MemoryRegion *root)
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * If positive, discarding RAM is disabled. If negative, discarding RAM is
+ * required to work and cannot be disabled.
+ */
+static int ram_block_discard_disabled;
+
+int ram_block_discard_disable(bool state)
+{
+    int old;
+
+    if (!state) {
+        atomic_dec(&ram_block_discard_disabled);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    do {
+        old = atomic_read(&ram_block_discard_disabled);
+        if (old < 0) {
+            return -EBUSY;
+        }
+    } while (atomic_cmpxchg(&ram_block_discard_disabled, old, old + 1) != old);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int ram_block_discard_require(bool state)
+{
+    int old;
+
+    if (!state) {
+        atomic_inc(&ram_block_discard_disabled);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    do {
+        old = atomic_read(&ram_block_discard_disabled);
+        if (old > 0) {
+            return -EBUSY;
+        }
+    } while (atomic_cmpxchg(&ram_block_discard_disabled, old, old - 1) != old);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool ram_block_discard_is_disabled(void)
+{
+    return atomic_read(&ram_block_discard_disabled) > 0;
+}
+
+bool ram_block_discard_is_required(void)
+{
+    return atomic_read(&ram_block_discard_disabled) < 0;
+}
+
 #endif
diff --git a/hw/Makefile.objs b/hw/Makefile.objs
index 4cbe5e4e57..14b7ea4eb6 100644
--- a/hw/Makefile.objs
+++ b/hw/Makefile.objs
@@ -43,4 +43,6 @@ devices-dirs-y += smbios/
 endif
 
 common-obj-y += $(devices-dirs-y)
+common-obj-m += display/
+common-obj-m += usb/
 obj-y += $(devices-dirs-y)
diff --git a/hw/arm/virt.c b/hw/arm/virt.c
index c78972fb79..7d9f7157da 100644
--- a/hw/arm/virt.c
+++ b/hw/arm/virt.c
@@ -2401,6 +2401,7 @@ static void virt_machine_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
     hc->unplug = virt_machine_device_unplug_cb;
     mc->nvdimm_supported = true;
     mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memhp = true;
+    mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memdev = true;
     mc->default_ram_id = "mach-virt.ram";
 
     object_class_property_add(oc, "acpi", "OnOffAuto",
@@ -2516,6 +2517,7 @@ static void virt_machine_5_0_options(MachineClass *mc)
     compat_props_add(mc->compat_props, hw_compat_5_0, hw_compat_5_0_len);
     mc->numa_mem_supported = true;
     vmc->acpi_expose_flash = true;
+    mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memdev = false;
 }
 DEFINE_VIRT_MACHINE(5, 0)
 
diff --git a/hw/audio/ac97.c b/hw/audio/ac97.c
index 8a9b9924c4..38522cf0ba 100644
--- a/hw/audio/ac97.c
+++ b/hw/audio/ac97.c
@@ -1393,12 +1393,6 @@ static void ac97_exit(PCIDevice *dev)
     AUD_remove_card(&s->card);
 }
 
-static int ac97_init (PCIBus *bus)
-{
-    pci_create_simple(bus, -1, TYPE_AC97);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static Property ac97_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_AUDIO_PROPERTIES(AC97LinkState, card),
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST (),
@@ -1436,7 +1430,8 @@ static const TypeInfo ac97_info = {
 static void ac97_register_types (void)
 {
     type_register_static (&ac97_info);
-    pci_register_soundhw("ac97", "Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio", ac97_init);
+    deprecated_register_soundhw("ac97", "Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio",
+                                0, TYPE_AC97);
 }
 
 type_init (ac97_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/audio/adlib.c b/hw/audio/adlib.c
index 7c3b67dcfb..65dff5b6fc 100644
--- a/hw/audio/adlib.c
+++ b/hw/audio/adlib.c
@@ -319,16 +319,10 @@ static const TypeInfo adlib_info = {
     .class_init    = adlib_class_initfn,
 };
 
-static int Adlib_init (ISABus *bus)
-{
-    isa_create_simple (bus, TYPE_ADLIB);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static void adlib_register_types (void)
 {
     type_register_static (&adlib_info);
-    isa_register_soundhw("adlib", ADLIB_DESC, Adlib_init);
+    deprecated_register_soundhw("adlib", ADLIB_DESC, 1, TYPE_ADLIB);
 }
 
 type_init (adlib_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/audio/cs4231a.c b/hw/audio/cs4231a.c
index ffdbb58d6a..59705a8d47 100644
--- a/hw/audio/cs4231a.c
+++ b/hw/audio/cs4231a.c
@@ -683,12 +683,6 @@ static void cs4231a_realizefn (DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     AUD_register_card ("cs4231a", &s->card);
 }
 
-static int cs4231a_init (ISABus *bus)
-{
-    isa_create_simple (bus, TYPE_CS4231A);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static Property cs4231a_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_AUDIO_PROPERTIES(CSState, card),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32 ("iobase",  CSState, port, 0x534),
@@ -720,7 +714,7 @@ static const TypeInfo cs4231a_info = {
 static void cs4231a_register_types (void)
 {
     type_register_static (&cs4231a_info);
-    isa_register_soundhw("cs4231a", "CS4231A", cs4231a_init);
+    deprecated_register_soundhw("cs4231a", "CS4231A", 1, TYPE_CS4231A);
 }
 
 type_init (cs4231a_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/audio/es1370.c b/hw/audio/es1370.c
index 5f8a83ff56..4255463a49 100644
--- a/hw/audio/es1370.c
+++ b/hw/audio/es1370.c
@@ -884,12 +884,6 @@ static void es1370_exit(PCIDevice *dev)
     AUD_remove_card(&s->card);
 }
 
-static int es1370_init (PCIBus *bus)
-{
-    pci_create_simple (bus, -1, TYPE_ES1370);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static Property es1370_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_AUDIO_PROPERTIES(ES1370State, card),
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
@@ -928,7 +922,8 @@ static const TypeInfo es1370_info = {
 static void es1370_register_types (void)
 {
     type_register_static (&es1370_info);
-    pci_register_soundhw("es1370", "ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370", es1370_init);
+    deprecated_register_soundhw("es1370", "ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370",
+                                0, TYPE_ES1370);
 }
 
 type_init (es1370_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/audio/gus.c b/hw/audio/gus.c
index c8df2bde6b..7e4a8cadad 100644
--- a/hw/audio/gus.c
+++ b/hw/audio/gus.c
@@ -286,12 +286,6 @@ static void gus_realizefn (DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     AUD_set_active_out (s->voice, 1);
 }
 
-static int GUS_init (ISABus *bus)
-{
-    isa_create_simple (bus, TYPE_GUS);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static Property gus_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_AUDIO_PROPERTIES(GUSState, card),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32 ("freq",    GUSState, freq,        44100),
@@ -322,7 +316,7 @@ static const TypeInfo gus_info = {
 static void gus_register_types (void)
 {
     type_register_static (&gus_info);
-    isa_register_soundhw("gus", "Gravis Ultrasound GF1", GUS_init);
+    deprecated_register_soundhw("gus", "Gravis Ultrasound GF1", 1, TYPE_GUS);
 }
 
 type_init (gus_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/audio/intel-hda.c b/hw/audio/intel-hda.c
index f673b8317a..f6cea49686 100644
--- a/hw/audio/intel-hda.c
+++ b/hw/audio/intel-hda.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "qemu/bitops.h"
 #include "qemu/log.h"
 #include "qemu/module.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "hw/audio/soundhw.h"
 #include "intel-hda.h"
 #include "migration/vmstate.h"
@@ -1307,6 +1308,8 @@ static int intel_hda_and_codec_init(PCIBus *bus)
     BusState *hdabus;
     DeviceState *codec;
 
+    warn_report("'-soundhw hda' is deprecated, "
+                "please use '-device intel-hda -device hda-duplex' instead");
     controller = DEVICE(pci_create_simple(bus, -1, "intel-hda"));
     hdabus = QLIST_FIRST(&controller->child_bus);
     codec = qdev_new("hda-duplex");
diff --git a/hw/audio/pcspk.c b/hw/audio/pcspk.c
index c37a387861..ea539e7605 100644
--- a/hw/audio/pcspk.c
+++ b/hw/audio/pcspk.c
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "audio/audio.h"
 #include "qemu/module.h"
 #include "qemu/timer.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "hw/timer/i8254.h"
 #include "migration/vmstate.h"
 #include "hw/audio/pcspk.h"
@@ -112,11 +113,15 @@ static void pcspk_callback(void *opaque, int free)
     }
 }
 
-static int pcspk_audio_init(ISABus *bus)
+static int pcspk_audio_init(PCSpkState *s)
 {
-    PCSpkState *s = pcspk_state;
     struct audsettings as = {PCSPK_SAMPLE_RATE, 1, AUDIO_FORMAT_U8, 0};
 
+    if (s->voice) {
+        /* already initialized */
+        return 0;
+    }
+
     AUD_register_card(s_spk, &s->card);
 
     s->voice = AUD_open_out(&s->card, s->voice, s_spk, s, pcspk_callback, &as);
@@ -185,6 +190,10 @@ static void pcspk_realizefn(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 
     isa_register_ioport(isadev, &s->ioport, s->iobase);
 
+    if (s->card.state) {
+        pcspk_audio_init(s);
+    }
+
     pcspk_state = s;
 }
 
@@ -210,7 +219,7 @@ static const VMStateDescription vmstate_spk = {
 
 static Property pcspk_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_AUDIO_PROPERTIES(PCSpkState, card),
-    DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("iobase", PCSpkState, iobase,  -1),
+    DEFINE_PROP_UINT32("iobase", PCSpkState, iobase,  0x61),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("migrate", PCSpkState, migrate,  true),
     DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
 };
@@ -236,9 +245,18 @@ static const TypeInfo pcspk_info = {
     .class_init     = pcspk_class_initfn,
 };
 
+static int pcspk_audio_init_soundhw(ISABus *bus)
+{
+    PCSpkState *s = pcspk_state;
+
+    warn_report("'-soundhw pcspk' is deprecated, "
+                "please set a backend using '-machine pcspk-audiodev=<name>' instead");
+    return pcspk_audio_init(s);
+}
+
 static void pcspk_register(void)
 {
     type_register_static(&pcspk_info);
-    isa_register_soundhw("pcspk", "PC speaker", pcspk_audio_init);
+    isa_register_soundhw("pcspk", "PC speaker", pcspk_audio_init_soundhw);
 }
 type_init(pcspk_register)
diff --git a/hw/audio/sb16.c b/hw/audio/sb16.c
index df6f755a37..2d9e50f99b 100644
--- a/hw/audio/sb16.c
+++ b/hw/audio/sb16.c
@@ -1415,12 +1415,6 @@ static void sb16_realizefn (DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     AUD_register_card ("sb16", &s->card);
 }
 
-static int SB16_init (ISABus *bus)
-{
-    isa_create_simple (bus, TYPE_SB16);
-    return 0;
-}
-
 static Property sb16_properties[] = {
     DEFINE_AUDIO_PROPERTIES(SB16State, card),
     DEFINE_PROP_UINT32 ("version", SB16State, ver,  0x0405), /* 4.5 */
@@ -1453,7 +1447,8 @@ static const TypeInfo sb16_info = {
 static void sb16_register_types (void)
 {
     type_register_static (&sb16_info);
-    isa_register_soundhw("sb16", "Creative Sound Blaster 16", SB16_init);
+    deprecated_register_soundhw("sb16", "Creative Sound Blaster 16",
+                                1, TYPE_SB16);
 }
 
 type_init (sb16_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/audio/soundhw.c b/hw/audio/soundhw.c
index c750473c8f..173b674ff5 100644
--- a/hw/audio/soundhw.c
+++ b/hw/audio/soundhw.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
  * THE SOFTWARE.
  */
 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/option.h"
 #include "qemu/help_option.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qom/object.h"
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@
 struct soundhw {
     const char *name;
     const char *descr;
+    const char *typename;
     int enabled;
     int isa;
     union {
@@ -65,6 +67,17 @@ void pci_register_soundhw(const char *name, const char *descr,
     soundhw_count++;
 }
 
+void deprecated_register_soundhw(const char *name, const char *descr,
+                                 int isa, const char *typename)
+{
+    assert(soundhw_count < ARRAY_SIZE(soundhw) - 1);
+    soundhw[soundhw_count].name = name;
+    soundhw[soundhw_count].descr = descr;
+    soundhw[soundhw_count].isa = isa;
+    soundhw[soundhw_count].typename = typename;
+    soundhw_count++;
+}
+
 void select_soundhw(const char *optarg)
 {
     struct soundhw *c;
@@ -136,7 +149,16 @@ void soundhw_init(void)
 
     for (c = soundhw; c->name; ++c) {
         if (c->enabled) {
-            if (c->isa) {
+            if (c->typename) {
+                warn_report("'-soundhw %s' is deprecated, "
+                            "please use '-device %s' instead",
+                            c->name, c->typename);
+                if (c->isa) {
+                    isa_create_simple(isa_bus, c->typename);
+                } else {
+                    pci_create_simple(pci_bus, -1, c->typename);
+                }
+            } else if (c->isa) {
                 if (!isa_bus) {
                     error_report("ISA bus not available for %s", c->name);
                     exit(1);
diff --git a/hw/core/numa.c b/hw/core/numa.c
index 2725886d06..6a20ce7cf1 100644
--- a/hw/core/numa.c
+++ b/hw/core/numa.c
@@ -688,8 +688,9 @@ void numa_complete_configuration(MachineState *ms)
     NodeInfo *numa_info = ms->numa_state->nodes;
 
     /*
-     * If memory hotplug is enabled (slots > 0) but without '-numa'
-     * options explicitly on CLI, guestes will break.
+     * If memory hotplug is enabled (slot > 0) or memory devices are enabled
+     * (ms->maxram_size > ram_size) but without '-numa' options explicitly on
+     * CLI, guests will break.
      *
      *   Windows: won't enable memory hotplug without SRAT table at all
      *
@@ -704,9 +705,9 @@ void numa_complete_configuration(MachineState *ms)
      * assume there is just one node with whole RAM.
      */
     if (ms->numa_state->num_nodes == 0 &&
-        ((ms->ram_slots > 0 &&
-        mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memhp) ||
-        mc->auto_enable_numa)) {
+        ((ms->ram_slots && mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memhp) ||
+         (ms->maxram_size > ms->ram_size && mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memdev) ||
+         mc->auto_enable_numa)) {
             NumaNodeOptions node = { };
             parse_numa_node(ms, &node, &error_abort);
             numa_info[0].node_mem = ram_size;
@@ -824,6 +825,7 @@ static void numa_stat_memory_devices(NumaNodeMem node_mem[])
     MemoryDeviceInfoList *info;
     PCDIMMDeviceInfo     *pcdimm_info;
     VirtioPMEMDeviceInfo *vpi;
+    VirtioMEMDeviceInfo *vmi;
 
     for (info = info_list; info; info = info->next) {
         MemoryDeviceInfo *value = info->value;
@@ -844,6 +846,11 @@ static void numa_stat_memory_devices(NumaNodeMem node_mem[])
                 node_mem[0].node_mem += vpi->size;
                 node_mem[0].node_plugged_mem += vpi->size;
                 break;
+            case MEMORY_DEVICE_INFO_KIND_VIRTIO_MEM:
+                vmi = value->u.virtio_mem.data;
+                node_mem[vmi->node].node_mem += vmi->size;
+                node_mem[vmi->node].node_plugged_mem += vmi->size;
+                break;
             default:
                 g_assert_not_reached();
             }
diff --git a/hw/core/qdev.c b/hw/core/qdev.c
index 2131c7f951..9de16eae05 100644
--- a/hw/core/qdev.c
+++ b/hw/core/qdev.c
@@ -137,6 +137,9 @@ void qdev_set_parent_bus(DeviceState *dev, BusState *bus)
  */
 DeviceState *qdev_new(const char *name)
 {
+    if (!object_class_by_name(name)) {
+        module_load_qom_one(name);
+    }
     return DEVICE(object_new(name));
 }
 
@@ -147,10 +150,9 @@ DeviceState *qdev_new(const char *name)
  */
 DeviceState *qdev_try_new(const char *name)
 {
-    if (!object_class_by_name(name)) {
+    if (!module_object_class_by_name(name)) {
         return NULL;
     }
-
     return DEVICE(object_new(name));
 }
 
diff --git a/hw/display/Makefile.objs b/hw/display/Makefile.objs
index 77a7d622bd..e907f3182b 100644
--- a/hw/display/Makefile.objs
+++ b/hw/display/Makefile.objs
@@ -44,18 +44,24 @@ common-obj-$(CONFIG_ARTIST) += artist.o
 
 obj-$(CONFIG_VGA) += vga.o
 
-common-obj-$(CONFIG_QXL) += qxl.o qxl-logger.o qxl-render.o
-
-obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_GPU) += virtio-gpu-base.o virtio-gpu.o virtio-gpu-3d.o
-obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_GPU) += vhost-user-gpu.o
-obj-$(call land,$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_GPU),$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI)) += virtio-gpu-pci.o
-obj-$(call land,$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_GPU),$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI)) += vhost-user-gpu-pci.o
-obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_VGA) += virtio-vga.o
-obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_VGA) += vhost-user-vga.o
-virtio-gpu.o-cflags := $(VIRGL_CFLAGS)
-virtio-gpu.o-libs += $(VIRGL_LIBS)
-virtio-gpu-3d.o-cflags := $(VIRGL_CFLAGS)
-virtio-gpu-3d.o-libs += $(VIRGL_LIBS)
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_QXL),y)
+common-obj-m += qxl.mo
+qxl.mo-objs = qxl.o qxl-logger.o qxl-render.o
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_VIRTIO_GPU),y)
+common-obj-m += virtio-gpu.mo
+virtio-gpu-obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_GPU) += virtio-gpu-base.o virtio-gpu.o virtio-gpu-3d.o
+virtio-gpu-obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_GPU) += vhost-user-gpu.o
+virtio-gpu-obj-$(call land,$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_GPU),$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI)) += virtio-gpu-pci.o
+virtio-gpu-obj-$(call land,$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_GPU),$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI)) += vhost-user-gpu-pci.o
+virtio-gpu-obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_VGA) += virtio-vga.o
+virtio-gpu-obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_VGA) += vhost-user-vga.o
+virtio-gpu.mo-objs := $(virtio-gpu-obj-y)
+virtio-gpu.mo-cflags := $(VIRGL_CFLAGS)
+virtio-gpu.mo-libs := $(VIRGL_LIBS)
+endif
+
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_DPCD) += dpcd.o
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_XLNX_ZYNQMP_ARM) += xlnx_dp.o
 
diff --git a/hw/i386/Kconfig b/hw/i386/Kconfig
index c93f32f657..03e347b207 100644
--- a/hw/i386/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/i386/Kconfig
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ config PC
     select ACPI_PCI
     select ACPI_VMGENID
     select VIRTIO_PMEM_SUPPORTED
+    select VIRTIO_MEM_SUPPORTED
 
 config PC_PCI
     bool
diff --git a/hw/i386/intel_iommu.c b/hw/i386/intel_iommu.c
index df7ad254ac..c56398e991 100644
--- a/hw/i386/intel_iommu.c
+++ b/hw/i386/intel_iommu.c
@@ -3758,7 +3758,7 @@ static bool vtd_decide_config(IntelIOMMUState *s, Error **errp)
     /* Currently only address widths supported are 39 and 48 bits */
     if ((s->aw_bits != VTD_HOST_AW_39BIT) &&
         (s->aw_bits != VTD_HOST_AW_48BIT)) {
-        error_setg(errp, "Supported values for x-aw-bits are: %d, %d",
+        error_setg(errp, "Supported values for aw-bits are: %d, %d",
                    VTD_HOST_AW_39BIT, VTD_HOST_AW_48BIT);
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/hw/i386/microvm.c b/hw/i386/microvm.c
index 5e931975a0..81d0888930 100644
--- a/hw/i386/microvm.c
+++ b/hw/i386/microvm.c
@@ -464,6 +464,7 @@ static void microvm_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
     mc->max_cpus = 288;
     mc->has_hotpluggable_cpus = false;
     mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memhp = false;
+    mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memdev = false;
     mc->default_cpu_type = TARGET_DEFAULT_CPU_TYPE;
     mc->nvdimm_supported = false;
     mc->default_ram_id = "microvm.ram";
diff --git a/hw/i386/pc.c b/hw/i386/pc.c
index 4af9679d03..d7f27bc16b 100644
--- a/hw/i386/pc.c
+++ b/hw/i386/pc.c
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
 #include "hw/net/ne2000-isa.h"
 #include "standard-headers/asm-x86/bootparam.h"
 #include "hw/virtio/virtio-pmem-pci.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.h"
 #include "hw/mem/memory-device.h"
 #include "sysemu/replay.h"
 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
@@ -1155,11 +1156,10 @@ static void pc_superio_init(ISABus *isa_bus, bool create_fdctrl, bool no_vmport)
     g_free(a20_line);
 }
 
-void pc_basic_device_init(ISABus *isa_bus, qemu_irq *gsi,
+void pc_basic_device_init(struct PCMachineState *pcms,
+                          ISABus *isa_bus, qemu_irq *gsi,
                           ISADevice **rtc_state,
                           bool create_fdctrl,
-                          bool no_vmport,
-                          bool has_pit,
                           uint32_t hpet_irqs)
 {
     int i;
@@ -1210,7 +1210,7 @@ void pc_basic_device_init(ISABus *isa_bus, qemu_irq *gsi,
 
     qemu_register_boot_set(pc_boot_set, *rtc_state);
 
-    if (!xen_enabled() && has_pit) {
+    if (!xen_enabled() && pcms->pit_enabled) {
         if (kvm_pit_in_kernel()) {
             pit = kvm_pit_init(isa_bus, 0x40);
         } else {
@@ -1220,13 +1220,13 @@ void pc_basic_device_init(ISABus *isa_bus, qemu_irq *gsi,
             /* connect PIT to output control line of the HPET */
             qdev_connect_gpio_out(hpet, 0, qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(pit), 0));
         }
-        pcspk_init(isa_bus, pit);
+        pcspk_init(pcms->pcspk, isa_bus, pit);
     }
 
     i8257_dma_init(isa_bus, 0);
 
     /* Super I/O */
-    pc_superio_init(isa_bus, create_fdctrl, no_vmport);
+    pc_superio_init(isa_bus, create_fdctrl, pcms->vmport != ON_OFF_AUTO_ON);
 }
 
 void pc_nic_init(PCMachineClass *pcmc, ISABus *isa_bus, PCIBus *pci_bus)
@@ -1637,19 +1637,20 @@ static void pc_cpu_pre_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
     numa_cpu_pre_plug(cpu_slot, dev, errp);
 }
 
-static void pc_virtio_pmem_pci_pre_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                                        DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+static void pc_virtio_md_pci_pre_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                                      DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 {
     HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev2 = qdev_get_bus_hotplug_handler(dev);
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
-    if (!hotplug_dev2) {
+    if (!hotplug_dev2 && dev->hotplugged) {
         /*
          * Without a bus hotplug handler, we cannot control the plug/unplug
-         * order. This should never be the case on x86, however better add
-         * a safety net.
+         * order. We should never reach this point when hotplugging on x86,
+         * however, better add a safety net.
          */
-        error_setg(errp, "virtio-pmem-pci not supported on this bus.");
+        error_setg(errp, "hotplug of virtio based memory devices not supported"
+                   " on this bus.");
         return;
     }
     /*
@@ -1658,14 +1659,14 @@ static void pc_virtio_pmem_pci_pre_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
      */
     memory_device_pre_plug(MEMORY_DEVICE(dev), MACHINE(hotplug_dev), NULL,
                            &local_err);
-    if (!local_err) {
+    if (!local_err && hotplug_dev2) {
         hotplug_handler_pre_plug(hotplug_dev2, dev, &local_err);
     }
     error_propagate(errp, local_err);
 }
 
-static void pc_virtio_pmem_pci_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                                    DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+static void pc_virtio_md_pci_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                                  DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 {
     HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev2 = qdev_get_bus_hotplug_handler(dev);
     Error *local_err = NULL;
@@ -1676,24 +1677,26 @@ static void pc_virtio_pmem_pci_plug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
      * device bits.
      */
     memory_device_plug(MEMORY_DEVICE(dev), MACHINE(hotplug_dev));
-    hotplug_handler_plug(hotplug_dev2, dev, &local_err);
-    if (local_err) {
-        memory_device_unplug(MEMORY_DEVICE(dev), MACHINE(hotplug_dev));
+    if (hotplug_dev2) {
+        hotplug_handler_plug(hotplug_dev2, dev, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            memory_device_unplug(MEMORY_DEVICE(dev), MACHINE(hotplug_dev));
+        }
     }
     error_propagate(errp, local_err);
 }
 
-static void pc_virtio_pmem_pci_unplug_request(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                                              DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+static void pc_virtio_md_pci_unplug_request(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                                            DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 {
-    /* We don't support virtio pmem hot unplug */
-    error_setg(errp, "virtio pmem device unplug not supported.");
+    /* We don't support hot unplug of virtio based memory devices */
+    error_setg(errp, "virtio based memory devices cannot be unplugged.");
 }
 
-static void pc_virtio_pmem_pci_unplug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
-                                      DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+static void pc_virtio_md_pci_unplug(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
+                                    DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 {
-    /* We don't support virtio pmem hot unplug */
+    /* We don't support hot unplug of virtio based memory devices */
 }
 
 static void pc_machine_device_pre_plug_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
@@ -1703,8 +1706,9 @@ static void pc_machine_device_pre_plug_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
         pc_memory_pre_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_CPU)) {
         pc_cpu_pre_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
-    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI)) {
-        pc_virtio_pmem_pci_pre_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
+    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI) ||
+               object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI)) {
+        pc_virtio_md_pci_pre_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1715,8 +1719,9 @@ static void pc_machine_device_plug_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
         pc_memory_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_CPU)) {
         pc_cpu_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
-    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI)) {
-        pc_virtio_pmem_pci_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
+    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI) ||
+               object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI)) {
+        pc_virtio_md_pci_plug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1727,8 +1732,9 @@ static void pc_machine_device_unplug_request_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
         pc_memory_unplug_request(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_CPU)) {
         pc_cpu_unplug_request_cb(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
-    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI)) {
-        pc_virtio_pmem_pci_unplug_request(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
+    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI) ||
+               object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI)) {
+        pc_virtio_md_pci_unplug_request(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     } else {
         error_setg(errp, "acpi: device unplug request for not supported device"
                    " type: %s", object_get_typename(OBJECT(dev)));
@@ -1742,8 +1748,9 @@ static void pc_machine_device_unplug_cb(HotplugHandler *hotplug_dev,
         pc_memory_unplug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_CPU)) {
         pc_cpu_unplug_cb(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
-    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI)) {
-        pc_virtio_pmem_pci_unplug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
+    } else if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI) ||
+               object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI)) {
+        pc_virtio_md_pci_unplug(hotplug_dev, dev, errp);
     } else {
         error_setg(errp, "acpi: device unplug for not supported device"
                    " type: %s", object_get_typename(OBJECT(dev)));
@@ -1755,7 +1762,8 @@ static HotplugHandler *pc_get_hotplug_handler(MachineState *machine,
 {
     if (object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_PC_DIMM) ||
         object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_CPU) ||
-        object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI)) {
+        object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_PMEM_PCI) ||
+        object_dynamic_cast(OBJECT(dev), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI)) {
         return HOTPLUG_HANDLER(machine);
     }
 
@@ -1892,6 +1900,9 @@ static void pc_machine_initfn(Object *obj)
     pcms->pit_enabled = true;
 
     pc_system_flash_create(pcms);
+    pcms->pcspk = isa_new(TYPE_PC_SPEAKER);
+    object_property_add_alias(OBJECT(pcms), "pcspk-audiodev",
+                              OBJECT(pcms->pcspk), "audiodev");
 }
 
 static void pc_machine_reset(MachineState *machine)
@@ -1966,6 +1977,7 @@ static void pc_machine_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
     mc->get_default_cpu_node_id = x86_get_default_cpu_node_id;
     mc->possible_cpu_arch_ids = x86_possible_cpu_arch_ids;
     mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memhp = true;
+    mc->auto_enable_numa_with_memdev = true;
     mc->has_hotpluggable_cpus = true;
     mc->default_boot_order = "cad";
     mc->hot_add_cpu = pc_hot_add_cpu;
diff --git a/hw/i386/pc_piix.c b/hw/i386/pc_piix.c
index 1d832b2878..2bb42a8141 100644
--- a/hw/i386/pc_piix.c
+++ b/hw/i386/pc_piix.c
@@ -235,8 +235,7 @@ static void pc_init1(MachineState *machine,
     }
 
     /* init basic PC hardware */
-    pc_basic_device_init(isa_bus, x86ms->gsi, &rtc_state, true,
-                         (pcms->vmport != ON_OFF_AUTO_ON), pcms->pit_enabled,
+    pc_basic_device_init(pcms, isa_bus, x86ms->gsi, &rtc_state, true,
                          0x4);
 
     pc_nic_init(pcmc, isa_bus, pci_bus);
@@ -444,6 +443,7 @@ static void pc_i440fx_5_0_machine_options(MachineClass *m)
     m->numa_mem_supported = true;
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, hw_compat_5_0, hw_compat_5_0_len);
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, pc_compat_5_0, pc_compat_5_0_len);
+    m->auto_enable_numa_with_memdev = false;
 }
 
 DEFINE_I440FX_MACHINE(v5_0, "pc-i440fx-5.0", NULL,
diff --git a/hw/i386/pc_q35.c b/hw/i386/pc_q35.c
index 047ea8db28..33163ed18d 100644
--- a/hw/i386/pc_q35.c
+++ b/hw/i386/pc_q35.c
@@ -275,8 +275,7 @@ static void pc_q35_init(MachineState *machine)
     }
 
     /* init basic PC hardware */
-    pc_basic_device_init(isa_bus, x86ms->gsi, &rtc_state, !mc->no_floppy,
-                         (pcms->vmport != ON_OFF_AUTO_ON), pcms->pit_enabled,
+    pc_basic_device_init(pcms, isa_bus, x86ms->gsi, &rtc_state, !mc->no_floppy,
                          0xff0104);
 
     /* connect pm stuff to lpc */
@@ -372,6 +371,7 @@ static void pc_q35_5_0_machine_options(MachineClass *m)
     m->numa_mem_supported = true;
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, hw_compat_5_0, hw_compat_5_0_len);
     compat_props_add(m->compat_props, pc_compat_5_0, pc_compat_5_0_len);
+    m->auto_enable_numa_with_memhp = false;
 }
 
 DEFINE_Q35_MACHINE(v5_0, "pc-q35-5.0", NULL,
diff --git a/hw/isa/i82378.c b/hw/isa/i82378.c
index d9e6c7fa00..75a2da2881 100644
--- a/hw/isa/i82378.c
+++ b/hw/isa/i82378.c
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ static void i82378_realize(PCIDevice *pci, Error **errp)
     pit = i8254_pit_init(isabus, 0x40, 0, NULL);
 
     /* speaker */
-    pcspk_init(isabus, pit);
+    pcspk_init(isa_new(TYPE_PC_SPEAKER), isabus, pit);
 
     /* 2 82C37 (dma) */
     isa_create_simple(isabus, "i82374");
diff --git a/hw/m68k/mcf5206.c b/hw/m68k/mcf5206.c
index a2fef04f8e..94a37a1a46 100644
--- a/hw/m68k/mcf5206.c
+++ b/hw/m68k/mcf5206.c
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/log.h"
 #include "cpu.h"
-#include "hw/hw.h"
 #include "hw/irq.h"
 #include "hw/m68k/mcf.h"
 #include "qemu/timer.h"
@@ -69,10 +68,16 @@ static void m5206_timer_recalibrate(m5206_timer_state *s)
     if (mode == 2)
         prescale *= 16;
 
-    if (mode == 3 || mode == 0)
-        hw_error("m5206_timer: mode %d not implemented\n", mode);
-    if ((s->tmr & TMR_FRR) == 0)
-        hw_error("m5206_timer: free running mode not implemented\n");
+    if (mode == 3 || mode == 0) {
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_UNIMP, "m5206_timer: mode %d not implemented\n",
+                      mode);
+        goto exit;
+    }
+    if ((s->tmr & TMR_FRR) == 0) {
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_UNIMP,
+                      "m5206_timer: free running mode not implemented\n");
+        goto exit;
+    }
 
     /* Assume 66MHz system clock.  */
     ptimer_set_freq(s->timer, 66000000 / prescale);
@@ -391,7 +396,9 @@ static uint32_t m5206_mbar_readb(void *opaque, hwaddr offset)
     m5206_mbar_state *s = (m5206_mbar_state *)opaque;
     offset &= 0x3ff;
     if (offset >= 0x200) {
-        hw_error("Bad MBAR read offset 0x%x", (int)offset);
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "Bad MBAR read offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIX,
+                      offset);
+        return 0;
     }
     if (m5206_mbar_width[offset >> 2] > 1) {
         uint16_t val;
@@ -410,7 +417,9 @@ static uint32_t m5206_mbar_readw(void *opaque, hwaddr offset)
     int width;
     offset &= 0x3ff;
     if (offset >= 0x200) {
-        hw_error("Bad MBAR read offset 0x%x", (int)offset);
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "Bad MBAR read offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIX,
+                      offset);
+        return 0;
     }
     width = m5206_mbar_width[offset >> 2];
     if (width > 2) {
@@ -434,7 +443,9 @@ static uint32_t m5206_mbar_readl(void *opaque, hwaddr offset)
     int width;
     offset &= 0x3ff;
     if (offset >= 0x200) {
-        hw_error("Bad MBAR read offset 0x%x", (int)offset);
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "Bad MBAR read offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIX,
+                      offset);
+        return 0;
     }
     width = m5206_mbar_width[offset >> 2];
     if (width < 4) {
@@ -458,7 +469,9 @@ static void m5206_mbar_writeb(void *opaque, hwaddr offset,
     int width;
     offset &= 0x3ff;
     if (offset >= 0x200) {
-        hw_error("Bad MBAR write offset 0x%x", (int)offset);
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "Bad MBAR write offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIX,
+                      offset);
+        return;
     }
     width = m5206_mbar_width[offset >> 2];
     if (width > 1) {
@@ -482,7 +495,9 @@ static void m5206_mbar_writew(void *opaque, hwaddr offset,
     int width;
     offset &= 0x3ff;
     if (offset >= 0x200) {
-        hw_error("Bad MBAR write offset 0x%x", (int)offset);
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "Bad MBAR write offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIX,
+                      offset);
+        return;
     }
     width = m5206_mbar_width[offset >> 2];
     if (width > 2) {
@@ -510,7 +525,9 @@ static void m5206_mbar_writel(void *opaque, hwaddr offset,
     int width;
     offset &= 0x3ff;
     if (offset >= 0x200) {
-        hw_error("Bad MBAR write offset 0x%x", (int)offset);
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "Bad MBAR write offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIX,
+                      offset);
+        return;
     }
     width = m5206_mbar_width[offset >> 2];
     if (width < 4) {
diff --git a/hw/mips/jazz.c b/hw/mips/jazz.c
index c3b0da60cc..0002bff695 100644
--- a/hw/mips/jazz.c
+++ b/hw/mips/jazz.c
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ static void mips_jazz_init(MachineState *machine,
     isa_bus_irqs(isa_bus, i8259);
     i8257_dma_init(isa_bus, 0);
     pit = i8254_pit_init(isa_bus, 0x40, 0, NULL);
-    pcspk_init(isa_bus, pit);
+    pcspk_init(isa_new(TYPE_PC_SPEAKER), isa_bus, pit);
 
     /* Video card */
     switch (jazz_model) {
diff --git a/hw/net/vhost_net-stub.c b/hw/net/vhost_net-stub.c
index aac0e98228..a7f4252630 100644
--- a/hw/net/vhost_net-stub.c
+++ b/hw/net/vhost_net-stub.c
@@ -52,6 +52,17 @@ uint64_t vhost_net_get_features(struct vhost_net *net, uint64_t features)
     return features;
 }
 
+int vhost_net_get_config(struct vhost_net *net,  uint8_t *config,
+                         uint32_t config_len)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+int vhost_net_set_config(struct vhost_net *net, const uint8_t *data,
+                         uint32_t offset, uint32_t size, uint32_t flags)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
 void vhost_net_ack_features(struct vhost_net *net, uint64_t features)
 {
 }
diff --git a/hw/net/vhost_net.c b/hw/net/vhost_net.c
index 6b82803fa7..24d555e764 100644
--- a/hw/net/vhost_net.c
+++ b/hw/net/vhost_net.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "net/net.h"
 #include "net/tap.h"
 #include "net/vhost-user.h"
+#include "net/vhost-vdpa.h"
 
 #include "standard-headers/linux/vhost_types.h"
 #include "hw/virtio/virtio-net.h"
@@ -33,12 +34,6 @@
 #include "hw/virtio/vhost.h"
 #include "hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h"
 
-struct vhost_net {
-    struct vhost_dev dev;
-    struct vhost_virtqueue vqs[2];
-    int backend;
-    NetClientState *nc;
-};
 
 /* Features supported by host kernel. */
 static const int kernel_feature_bits[] = {
@@ -96,6 +91,11 @@ static const int *vhost_net_get_feature_bits(struct vhost_net *net)
     case NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_USER:
         feature_bits = user_feature_bits;
         break;
+#ifdef CONFIG_VHOST_NET_VDPA
+    case NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA:
+        feature_bits = vdpa_feature_bits;
+        break;
+#endif
     default:
         error_report("Feature bits not defined for this type: %d",
                 net->nc->info->type);
@@ -110,6 +110,16 @@ uint64_t vhost_net_get_features(struct vhost_net *net, uint64_t features)
     return vhost_get_features(&net->dev, vhost_net_get_feature_bits(net),
             features);
 }
+int vhost_net_get_config(struct vhost_net *net,  uint8_t *config,
+                         uint32_t config_len)
+{
+    return vhost_dev_get_config(&net->dev, config, config_len);
+}
+int vhost_net_set_config(struct vhost_net *net, const uint8_t *data,
+                         uint32_t offset, uint32_t size, uint32_t flags)
+{
+    return vhost_dev_set_config(&net->dev, data, offset, size, flags);
+}
 
 void vhost_net_ack_features(struct vhost_net *net, uint64_t features)
 {
@@ -306,7 +316,9 @@ int vhost_net_start(VirtIODevice *dev, NetClientState *ncs,
     BusState *qbus = BUS(qdev_get_parent_bus(DEVICE(dev)));
     VirtioBusState *vbus = VIRTIO_BUS(qbus);
     VirtioBusClass *k = VIRTIO_BUS_GET_CLASS(vbus);
+    struct vhost_net *net;
     int r, e, i;
+    NetClientState *peer;
 
     if (!k->set_guest_notifiers) {
         error_report("binding does not support guest notifiers");
@@ -314,9 +326,9 @@ int vhost_net_start(VirtIODevice *dev, NetClientState *ncs,
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < total_queues; i++) {
-        struct vhost_net *net;
 
-        net = get_vhost_net(ncs[i].peer);
+        peer = qemu_get_peer(ncs, i);
+        net = get_vhost_net(peer);
         vhost_net_set_vq_index(net, i * 2);
 
         /* Suppress the masking guest notifiers on vhost user
@@ -335,15 +347,16 @@ int vhost_net_start(VirtIODevice *dev, NetClientState *ncs,
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < total_queues; i++) {
-        r = vhost_net_start_one(get_vhost_net(ncs[i].peer), dev);
+        peer = qemu_get_peer(ncs, i);
+        r = vhost_net_start_one(get_vhost_net(peer), dev);
 
         if (r < 0) {
             goto err_start;
         }
 
-        if (ncs[i].peer->vring_enable) {
+        if (peer->vring_enable) {
             /* restore vring enable state */
-            r = vhost_set_vring_enable(ncs[i].peer, ncs[i].peer->vring_enable);
+            r = vhost_set_vring_enable(peer, peer->vring_enable);
 
             if (r < 0) {
                 goto err_start;
@@ -355,7 +368,8 @@ int vhost_net_start(VirtIODevice *dev, NetClientState *ncs,
 
 err_start:
     while (--i >= 0) {
-        vhost_net_stop_one(get_vhost_net(ncs[i].peer), dev);
+        peer = qemu_get_peer(ncs , i);
+        vhost_net_stop_one(get_vhost_net(peer), dev);
     }
     e = k->set_guest_notifiers(qbus->parent, total_queues * 2, false);
     if (e < 0) {
@@ -430,6 +444,12 @@ VHostNetState *get_vhost_net(NetClientState *nc)
         assert(vhost_net);
         break;
 #endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_VHOST_NET_VDPA
+    case NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA:
+        vhost_net = vhost_vdpa_get_vhost_net(nc);
+        assert(vhost_net);
+        break;
+#endif
     default:
         break;
     }
diff --git a/hw/net/virtio-net.c b/hw/net/virtio-net.c
index 9bb5578e5d..1596cb1397 100644
--- a/hw/net/virtio-net.c
+++ b/hw/net/virtio-net.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 #include "monitor/qdev.h"
 #include "hw/pci/pci.h"
 #include "net_rx_pkt.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/vhost.h"
 
 #define VIRTIO_NET_VM_VERSION    11
 
@@ -125,6 +126,8 @@ static void virtio_net_get_config(VirtIODevice *vdev, uint8_t *config)
     VirtIONet *n = VIRTIO_NET(vdev);
     struct virtio_net_config netcfg;
 
+    int ret = 0;
+    memset(&netcfg, 0 , sizeof(struct virtio_net_config));
     virtio_stw_p(vdev, &netcfg.status, n->status);
     virtio_stw_p(vdev, &netcfg.max_virtqueue_pairs, n->max_queues);
     virtio_stw_p(vdev, &netcfg.mtu, n->net_conf.mtu);
@@ -138,6 +141,15 @@ static void virtio_net_get_config(VirtIODevice *vdev, uint8_t *config)
     virtio_stl_p(vdev, &netcfg.supported_hash_types,
                  VIRTIO_NET_RSS_SUPPORTED_HASHES);
     memcpy(config, &netcfg, n->config_size);
+
+    NetClientState *nc = qemu_get_queue(n->nic);
+    if (nc->peer->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA) {
+        ret = vhost_net_get_config(get_vhost_net(nc->peer), (uint8_t *)&netcfg,
+                             n->config_size);
+    if (ret != -1) {
+        memcpy(config, &netcfg, n->config_size);
+    }
+    }
 }
 
 static void virtio_net_set_config(VirtIODevice *vdev, const uint8_t *config)
@@ -153,6 +165,13 @@ static void virtio_net_set_config(VirtIODevice *vdev, const uint8_t *config)
         memcpy(n->mac, netcfg.mac, ETH_ALEN);
         qemu_format_nic_info_str(qemu_get_queue(n->nic), n->mac);
     }
+
+    NetClientState *nc = qemu_get_queue(n->nic);
+    if (nc->peer->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA) {
+        vhost_net_set_config(get_vhost_net(nc->peer), (uint8_t *)&netcfg,
+                               0, n->config_size,
+                        VHOST_SET_CONFIG_TYPE_MASTER);
+      }
 }
 
 static bool virtio_net_started(VirtIONet *n, uint8_t status)
diff --git a/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.c b/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.c
index 0408a31f8e..694722b212 100644
--- a/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.c
+++ b/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.c
@@ -1032,6 +1032,35 @@ void *fw_cfg_modify_file(FWCfgState *s, const char *filename,
     return NULL;
 }
 
+void fw_cfg_add_from_generator(FWCfgState *s, const char *filename,
+                               const char *gen_id, Error **errp)
+{
+    FWCfgDataGeneratorClass *klass;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    GByteArray *array;
+    Object *obj;
+    gsize size;
+
+    obj = object_resolve_path_component(object_get_objects_root(), gen_id);
+    if (!obj) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Cannot find object ID '%s'", gen_id);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!object_dynamic_cast(obj, TYPE_FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_INTERFACE)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Object ID '%s' is not a '%s' subclass",
+                   gen_id, TYPE_FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_INTERFACE);
+        return;
+    }
+    klass = FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_GET_CLASS(obj);
+    array = klass->get_data(obj, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    }
+    size = array->len;
+    fw_cfg_add_file(s, filename, g_byte_array_free(array, TRUE), size);
+}
+
 static void fw_cfg_machine_reset(void *opaque)
 {
     MachineClass *mc = MACHINE_GET_CLASS(qdev_get_machine());
@@ -1333,12 +1362,18 @@ static const TypeInfo fw_cfg_mem_info = {
     .class_init    = fw_cfg_mem_class_init,
 };
 
+static const TypeInfo fw_cfg_data_generator_interface_info = {
+    .parent = TYPE_INTERFACE,
+    .name = TYPE_FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_INTERFACE,
+    .class_size = sizeof(FWCfgDataGeneratorClass),
+};
 
 static void fw_cfg_register_types(void)
 {
     type_register_static(&fw_cfg_info);
     type_register_static(&fw_cfg_io_info);
     type_register_static(&fw_cfg_mem_info);
+    type_register_static(&fw_cfg_data_generator_interface_info);
 }
 
 type_init(fw_cfg_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c b/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c
index b111406d56..023fd25f2b 100644
--- a/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c
+++ b/hw/s390x/s390-virtio-ccw.c
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 #include "hw/qdev-properties.h"
 #include "hw/s390x/tod.h"
 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
-#include "sysemu/balloon.h"
 #include "hw/s390x/pv.h"
 #include "migration/blocker.h"
 
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ static void s390_machine_unprotect(S390CcwMachineState *ms)
     ms->pv = false;
     migrate_del_blocker(pv_mig_blocker);
     error_free_or_abort(&pv_mig_blocker);
-    qemu_balloon_inhibit(false);
+    ram_block_discard_disable(false);
 }
 
 static int s390_machine_protect(S390CcwMachineState *ms)
@@ -338,17 +337,22 @@ static int s390_machine_protect(S390CcwMachineState *ms)
     int rc;
 
    /*
-    * Ballooning on protected VMs needs support in the guest for
-    * sharing and unsharing balloon pages. Block ballooning for
-    * now, until we have a solution to make at least Linux guests
-    * either support it or fail gracefully.
+    * Discarding of memory in RAM blocks does not work as expected with
+    * protected VMs. Sharing and unsharing pages would be required. Disable
+    * it for now, until until we have a solution to make at least Linux
+    * guests either support it (e.g., virtio-balloon) or fail gracefully.
     */
-    qemu_balloon_inhibit(true);
+    rc = ram_block_discard_disable(true);
+    if (rc) {
+        error_report("protected VMs: cannot disable RAM discard");
+        return rc;
+    }
+
     error_setg(&pv_mig_blocker,
                "protected VMs are currently not migrateable.");
     rc = migrate_add_blocker(pv_mig_blocker, &local_err);
     if (rc) {
-        qemu_balloon_inhibit(false);
+        ram_block_discard_disable(false);
         error_report_err(local_err);
         error_free_or_abort(&pv_mig_blocker);
         return rc;
@@ -357,7 +361,7 @@ static int s390_machine_protect(S390CcwMachineState *ms)
     /* Create SE VM */
     rc = s390_pv_vm_enable();
     if (rc) {
-        qemu_balloon_inhibit(false);
+        ram_block_discard_disable(false);
         migrate_del_blocker(pv_mig_blocker);
         error_free_or_abort(&pv_mig_blocker);
         return rc;
diff --git a/hw/usb/Makefile.objs b/hw/usb/Makefile.objs
index fa5c3fa1b8..e342ff59fa 100644
--- a/hw/usb/Makefile.objs
+++ b/hw/usb/Makefile.objs
@@ -29,11 +29,13 @@ common-obj-$(CONFIG_USB_NETWORK)      += dev-network.o
 
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_USB_SMARTCARD),y)
 common-obj-y                          += dev-smartcard-reader.o
-common-obj-$(CONFIG_SMARTCARD)        += smartcard.mo
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_SMARTCARD),y)
+common-obj-m                          += smartcard.mo
 smartcard.mo-objs := ccid-card-passthru.o ccid-card-emulated.o
 smartcard.mo-cflags := $(SMARTCARD_CFLAGS)
 smartcard.mo-libs := $(SMARTCARD_LIBS)
 endif
+endif
 
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_POSIX),y)
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_USB_STORAGE_MTP)  += dev-mtp.o
@@ -41,9 +43,12 @@ endif
 
 # usb redirection
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_USB),y)
-common-obj-$(CONFIG_USB_REDIR) += redirect.o quirks.o
-redirect.o-cflags = $(USB_REDIR_CFLAGS)
-redirect.o-libs = $(USB_REDIR_LIBS)
+ifeq ($(CONFIG_USB_REDIR),y)
+common-obj-m += redirect.mo
+redirect.mo-objs = redirect.o quirks.o
+redirect.mo-cflags = $(USB_REDIR_CFLAGS)
+redirect.mo-libs = $(USB_REDIR_LIBS)
+endif
 endif
 
 # usb pass-through
diff --git a/hw/vfio/ap.c b/hw/vfio/ap.c
index 95564c17ed..b9330a8e6f 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/ap.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/ap.c
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ static void vfio_ap_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     vapdev->vdev.dev = dev;
 
     /*
-     * vfio-ap devices operate in a way compatible with
-     * memory ballooning, as no pages are pinned in the host.
+     * vfio-ap devices operate in a way compatible with discarding of
+     * memory in RAM blocks, as no pages are pinned in the host.
      * This needs to be set before vfio_get_device() for vfio common to
-     * handle the balloon inhibitor.
+     * handle ram_block_discard_disable().
      */
-    vapdev->vdev.balloon_allowed = true;
+    vapdev->vdev.ram_block_discard_allowed = true;
 
     ret = vfio_get_device(vfio_group, mdevid, &vapdev->vdev, errp);
     if (ret) {
diff --git a/hw/vfio/ccw.c b/hw/vfio/ccw.c
index 06e69d7066..ff7f369779 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/ccw.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/ccw.c
@@ -574,12 +574,13 @@ static void vfio_ccw_get_device(VFIOGroup *group, VFIOCCWDevice *vcdev,
 
     /*
      * All vfio-ccw devices are believed to operate in a way compatible with
-     * memory ballooning, ie. pages pinned in the host are in the current
-     * working set of the guest driver and therefore never overlap with pages
-     * available to the guest balloon driver.  This needs to be set before
-     * vfio_get_device() for vfio common to handle the balloon inhibitor.
+     * discarding of memory in RAM blocks, ie. pages pinned in the host are
+     * in the current working set of the guest driver and therefore never
+     * overlap e.g., with pages available to the guest balloon driver.  This
+     * needs to be set before vfio_get_device() for vfio common to handle
+     * ram_block_discard_disable().
      */
-    vcdev->vdev.balloon_allowed = true;
+    vcdev->vdev.ram_block_discard_allowed = true;
 
     if (vfio_get_device(group, vcdev->cdev.mdevid, &vcdev->vdev, errp)) {
         goto out_err;
diff --git a/hw/vfio/common.c b/hw/vfio/common.c
index 0b3593b3c0..33357140b8 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/common.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/common.c
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
 #include "qemu/range.h"
-#include "sysemu/balloon.h"
 #include "sysemu/kvm.h"
 #include "sysemu/reset.h"
 #include "trace.h"
@@ -1215,31 +1214,36 @@ static int vfio_connect_container(VFIOGroup *group, AddressSpace *as,
     space = vfio_get_address_space(as);
 
     /*
-     * VFIO is currently incompatible with memory ballooning insofar as the
+     * VFIO is currently incompatible with discarding of RAM insofar as the
      * madvise to purge (zap) the page from QEMU's address space does not
      * interact with the memory API and therefore leaves stale virtual to
      * physical mappings in the IOMMU if the page was previously pinned.  We
-     * therefore add a balloon inhibit for each group added to a container,
+     * therefore set discarding broken for each group added to a container,
      * whether the container is used individually or shared.  This provides
      * us with options to allow devices within a group to opt-in and allow
-     * ballooning, so long as it is done consistently for a group (for instance
+     * discarding, so long as it is done consistently for a group (for instance
      * if the device is an mdev device where it is known that the host vendor
      * driver will never pin pages outside of the working set of the guest
-     * driver, which would thus not be ballooning candidates).
+     * driver, which would thus not be discarding candidates).
      *
      * The first opportunity to induce pinning occurs here where we attempt to
      * attach the group to existing containers within the AddressSpace.  If any
-     * pages are already zapped from the virtual address space, such as from a
-     * previous ballooning opt-in, new pinning will cause valid mappings to be
+     * pages are already zapped from the virtual address space, such as from
+     * previous discards, new pinning will cause valid mappings to be
      * re-established.  Likewise, when the overall MemoryListener for a new
      * container is registered, a replay of mappings within the AddressSpace
      * will occur, re-establishing any previously zapped pages as well.
      *
-     * NB. Balloon inhibiting does not currently block operation of the
-     * balloon driver or revoke previously pinned pages, it only prevents
-     * calling madvise to modify the virtual mapping of ballooned pages.
+     * Especially virtio-balloon is currently only prevented from discarding
+     * new memory, it will not yet set ram_block_discard_set_required() and
+     * therefore, neither stops us here or deals with the sudden memory
+     * consumption of inflated memory.
      */
-    qemu_balloon_inhibit(true);
+    ret = ram_block_discard_disable(true);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Cannot set discarding of RAM broken");
+        return ret;
+    }
 
     QLIST_FOREACH(container, &space->containers, next) {
         if (!ioctl(group->fd, VFIO_GROUP_SET_CONTAINER, &container->fd)) {
@@ -1405,7 +1409,7 @@ close_fd_exit:
     close(fd);
 
 put_space_exit:
-    qemu_balloon_inhibit(false);
+    ram_block_discard_disable(false);
     vfio_put_address_space(space);
 
     return ret;
@@ -1526,8 +1530,8 @@ void vfio_put_group(VFIOGroup *group)
         return;
     }
 
-    if (!group->balloon_allowed) {
-        qemu_balloon_inhibit(false);
+    if (!group->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
+        ram_block_discard_disable(false);
     }
     vfio_kvm_device_del_group(group);
     vfio_disconnect_container(group);
@@ -1565,22 +1569,23 @@ int vfio_get_device(VFIOGroup *group, const char *name,
     }
 
     /*
-     * Clear the balloon inhibitor for this group if the driver knows the
-     * device operates compatibly with ballooning.  Setting must be consistent
-     * per group, but since compatibility is really only possible with mdev
-     * currently, we expect singleton groups.
+     * Set discarding of RAM as not broken for this group if the driver knows
+     * the device operates compatibly with discarding.  Setting must be
+     * consistent per group, but since compatibility is really only possible
+     * with mdev currently, we expect singleton groups.
      */
-    if (vbasedev->balloon_allowed != group->balloon_allowed) {
+    if (vbasedev->ram_block_discard_allowed !=
+        group->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
         if (!QLIST_EMPTY(&group->device_list)) {
-            error_setg(errp,
-                       "Inconsistent device balloon setting within group");
+            error_setg(errp, "Inconsistent setting of support for discarding "
+                       "RAM (e.g., balloon) within group");
             close(fd);
             return -1;
         }
 
-        if (!group->balloon_allowed) {
-            group->balloon_allowed = true;
-            qemu_balloon_inhibit(false);
+        if (!group->ram_block_discard_allowed) {
+            group->ram_block_discard_allowed = true;
+            ram_block_discard_disable(false);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/hw/vfio/pci.c b/hw/vfio/pci.c
index 6838bcc4b3..d020ea9f82 100644
--- a/hw/vfio/pci.c
+++ b/hw/vfio/pci.c
@@ -2789,7 +2789,7 @@ static void vfio_realize(PCIDevice *pdev, Error **errp)
     }
 
     /*
-     * Mediated devices *might* operate compatibly with memory ballooning, but
+     * Mediated devices *might* operate compatibly with discarding of RAM, but
      * we cannot know for certain, it depends on whether the mdev vendor driver
      * stays in sync with the active working set of the guest driver.  Prevent
      * the x-balloon-allowed option unless this is minimally an mdev device.
@@ -2802,7 +2802,7 @@ static void vfio_realize(PCIDevice *pdev, Error **errp)
 
     trace_vfio_mdev(vdev->vbasedev.name, is_mdev);
 
-    if (vdev->vbasedev.balloon_allowed && !is_mdev) {
+    if (vdev->vbasedev.ram_block_discard_allowed && !is_mdev) {
         error_setg(errp, "x-balloon-allowed only potentially compatible "
                    "with mdev devices");
         vfio_put_group(group);
@@ -3156,7 +3156,7 @@ static Property vfio_pci_dev_properties[] = {
                     VFIO_FEATURE_ENABLE_IGD_OPREGION_BIT, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("x-no-mmap", VFIOPCIDevice, vbasedev.no_mmap, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("x-balloon-allowed", VFIOPCIDevice,
-                     vbasedev.balloon_allowed, false),
+                     vbasedev.ram_block_discard_allowed, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("x-no-kvm-intx", VFIOPCIDevice, no_kvm_intx, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("x-no-kvm-msi", VFIOPCIDevice, no_kvm_msi, false),
     DEFINE_PROP_BOOL("x-no-kvm-msix", VFIOPCIDevice, no_kvm_msix, false),
diff --git a/hw/virtio/Kconfig b/hw/virtio/Kconfig
index 83122424fa..0eda25c4e1 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/Kconfig
+++ b/hw/virtio/Kconfig
@@ -47,3 +47,14 @@ config VIRTIO_PMEM
     depends on VIRTIO
     depends on VIRTIO_PMEM_SUPPORTED
     select MEM_DEVICE
+
+config VIRTIO_MEM_SUPPORTED
+    bool
+
+config VIRTIO_MEM
+    bool
+    default y
+    depends on VIRTIO
+    depends on LINUX
+    depends on VIRTIO_MEM_SUPPORTED
+    select MEM_DEVICE
diff --git a/hw/virtio/Makefile.objs b/hw/virtio/Makefile.objs
index 13e75f171f..fc91719b4a 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/Makefile.objs
+++ b/hw/virtio/Makefile.objs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ obj-y += virtio.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST) += vhost.o vhost-backend.o
 common-obj-$(call lnot,$(CONFIG_VHOST)) += vhost-stub.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER) += vhost-user.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_VDPA) += vhost-vdpa.o
 
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_RNG) += virtio-rng.o
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI) += virtio-pci.o
@@ -19,6 +20,8 @@ obj-$(call land,$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_FS),$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI)) += vhost-user-fs-p
 obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_IOMMU) += virtio-iommu.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_VSOCK) += vhost-vsock-common.o vhost-vsock.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_USER_VSOCK) += vhost-vsock-common.o vhost-user-vsock.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_MEM) += virtio-mem.o
+common-obj-$(call land,$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_MEM),$(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI)) += virtio-mem-pci.o
 
 ifeq ($(CONFIG_VIRTIO_PCI),y)
 obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_VSOCK) += vhost-vsock-pci.o
diff --git a/hw/virtio/trace-events b/hw/virtio/trace-events
index 23109f69bb..045e89cae6 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/trace-events
+++ b/hw/virtio/trace-events
@@ -75,3 +75,13 @@ virtio_iommu_put_domain(uint32_t domain_id) "Free domain=%d"
 virtio_iommu_translate_out(uint64_t virt_addr, uint64_t phys_addr, uint32_t sid) "0x%"PRIx64" -> 0x%"PRIx64 " for sid=%d"
 virtio_iommu_report_fault(uint8_t reason, uint32_t flags, uint32_t endpoint, uint64_t addr) "FAULT reason=%d flags=%d endpoint=%d address =0x%"PRIx64
 virtio_iommu_fill_resv_property(uint32_t devid, uint8_t subtype, uint64_t start, uint64_t end) "dev= %d, type=%d start=0x%"PRIx64" end=0x%"PRIx64
+
+# virtio-mem.c
+virtio_mem_send_response(uint16_t type) "type=%" PRIu16
+virtio_mem_plug_request(uint64_t addr, uint16_t nb_blocks) "addr=0x%" PRIx64 " nb_blocks=%" PRIu16
+virtio_mem_unplug_request(uint64_t addr, uint16_t nb_blocks) "addr=0x%" PRIx64 " nb_blocks=%" PRIu16
+virtio_mem_unplugged_all(void) ""
+virtio_mem_unplug_all_request(void) ""
+virtio_mem_resized_usable_region(uint64_t old_size, uint64_t new_size) "old_size=0x%" PRIx64 "new_size=0x%" PRIx64
+virtio_mem_state_request(uint64_t addr, uint16_t nb_blocks) "addr=0x%" PRIx64 " nb_blocks=%" PRIu16
+virtio_mem_state_response(uint16_t state) "state=%" PRIu16
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.c
index 48905383f8..782b1d67d9 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.c
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "qemu/main-loop.h"
 #include "standard-headers/linux/vhost_types.h"
 
+#include "hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.h"
 #ifdef CONFIG_VHOST_KERNEL
 #include <linux/vhost.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
@@ -286,6 +287,11 @@ int vhost_set_backend_type(struct vhost_dev *dev, VhostBackendType backend_type)
         dev->vhost_ops = &user_ops;
         break;
 #endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_VHOST_VDPA
+    case VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA:
+        dev->vhost_ops = &vdpa_ops;
+        break;
+#endif
     default:
         error_report("Unknown vhost backend type");
         r = -1;
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c b/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3d17fe0f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+/*
+ * vhost-vdpa
+ *
+ *  Copyright(c) 2017-2018 Intel Corporation.
+ *  Copyright(c) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include <linux/vhost.h>
+#include <linux/vfio.h>
+#include <sys/eventfd.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include "hw/virtio/vhost.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio-net.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.h"
+#include "qemu/main-loop.h"
+#include <linux/kvm.h>
+#include "sysemu/kvm.h"
+
+static bool vhost_vdpa_listener_skipped_section(MemoryRegionSection *section)
+{
+    return (!memory_region_is_ram(section->mr) &&
+            !memory_region_is_iommu(section->mr)) ||
+           /*
+            * Sizing an enabled 64-bit BAR can cause spurious mappings to
+            * addresses in the upper part of the 64-bit address space.  These
+            * are never accessed by the CPU and beyond the address width of
+            * some IOMMU hardware.  TODO: VDPA should tell us the IOMMU width.
+            */
+           section->offset_within_address_space & (1ULL << 63);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_dma_map(struct vhost_vdpa *v, hwaddr iova, hwaddr size,
+                              void *vaddr, bool readonly)
+{
+    struct vhost_msg_v2 msg;
+    int fd = v->device_fd;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    msg.type = v->msg_type;
+    msg.iotlb.iova = iova;
+    msg.iotlb.size = size;
+    msg.iotlb.uaddr = (uint64_t)(uintptr_t)vaddr;
+    msg.iotlb.perm = readonly ? VHOST_ACCESS_RO : VHOST_ACCESS_RW;
+    msg.iotlb.type = VHOST_IOTLB_UPDATE;
+
+    if (write(fd, &msg, sizeof(msg)) != sizeof(msg)) {
+        error_report("failed to write, fd=%d, errno=%d (%s)",
+            fd, errno, strerror(errno));
+        return -EIO ;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_dma_unmap(struct vhost_vdpa *v, hwaddr iova,
+                                hwaddr size)
+{
+    struct vhost_msg_v2 msg;
+    int fd = v->device_fd;
+    int ret = 0;
+
+    msg.type = v->msg_type;
+    msg.iotlb.iova = iova;
+    msg.iotlb.size = size;
+    msg.iotlb.type = VHOST_IOTLB_INVALIDATE;
+
+    if (write(fd, &msg, sizeof(msg)) != sizeof(msg)) {
+        error_report("failed to write, fd=%d, errno=%d (%s)",
+            fd, errno, strerror(errno));
+        return -EIO ;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void vhost_vdpa_listener_region_add(MemoryListener *listener,
+                                           MemoryRegionSection *section)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa *v = container_of(listener, struct vhost_vdpa, listener);
+    hwaddr iova;
+    Int128 llend, llsize;
+    void *vaddr;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (vhost_vdpa_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK) !=
+                 (section->offset_within_region & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK))) {
+        error_report("%s received unaligned region", __func__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    iova = TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
+    llend = int128_make64(section->offset_within_address_space);
+    llend = int128_add(llend, section->size);
+    llend = int128_and(llend, int128_exts64(TARGET_PAGE_MASK));
+
+    if (int128_ge(int128_make64(iova), llend)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    memory_region_ref(section->mr);
+
+    /* Here we assume that memory_region_is_ram(section->mr)==true */
+
+    vaddr = memory_region_get_ram_ptr(section->mr) +
+            section->offset_within_region +
+            (iova - section->offset_within_address_space);
+
+    llsize = int128_sub(llend, int128_make64(iova));
+
+    ret = vhost_vdpa_dma_map(v, iova, int128_get64(llsize),
+                             vaddr, section->readonly);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("vhost vdpa map fail!");
+        if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
+            /* Allow unexpected mappings not to be fatal for RAM devices */
+            error_report("map ram fail!");
+          return ;
+        }
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    return;
+
+fail:
+    if (memory_region_is_ram_device(section->mr)) {
+        error_report("failed to vdpa_dma_map. pci p2p may not work");
+        return;
+
+    }
+    /*
+     * On the initfn path, store the first error in the container so we
+     * can gracefully fail.  Runtime, there's not much we can do other
+     * than throw a hardware error.
+     */
+    error_report("vhost-vdpa: DMA mapping failed, unable to continue");
+    return;
+
+}
+
+static void vhost_vdpa_listener_region_del(MemoryListener *listener,
+                                           MemoryRegionSection *section)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa *v = container_of(listener, struct vhost_vdpa, listener);
+    hwaddr iova;
+    Int128 llend, llsize;
+    int ret;
+    bool try_unmap = true;
+
+    if (vhost_vdpa_listener_skipped_section(section)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (unlikely((section->offset_within_address_space & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK) !=
+                 (section->offset_within_region & ~TARGET_PAGE_MASK))) {
+        error_report("%s received unaligned region", __func__);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    iova = TARGET_PAGE_ALIGN(section->offset_within_address_space);
+    llend = int128_make64(section->offset_within_address_space);
+    llend = int128_add(llend, section->size);
+    llend = int128_and(llend, int128_exts64(TARGET_PAGE_MASK));
+
+    if (int128_ge(int128_make64(iova), llend)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    llsize = int128_sub(llend, int128_make64(iova));
+
+    if (try_unmap) {
+        ret = vhost_vdpa_dma_unmap(v, iova, int128_get64(llsize));
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("vhost_vdpa dma unmap error!");
+        }
+    }
+
+    memory_region_unref(section->mr);
+}
+/*
+ * IOTLB API is used by vhost-vpda which requires incremental updating
+ * of the mapping. So we can not use generic vhost memory listener which
+ * depends on the addnop().
+ */
+static const MemoryListener vhost_vdpa_memory_listener = {
+    .region_add = vhost_vdpa_listener_region_add,
+    .region_del = vhost_vdpa_listener_region_del,
+};
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_call(struct vhost_dev *dev, unsigned long int request,
+                             void *arg)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa *v = dev->opaque;
+    int fd = v->device_fd;
+
+    assert(dev->vhost_ops->backend_type == VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA);
+
+    return ioctl(fd, request, arg);
+}
+
+static void vhost_vdpa_add_status(struct vhost_dev *dev, uint8_t status)
+{
+    uint8_t s;
+
+    if (vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_GET_STATUS, &s)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    s |= status;
+
+    vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_SET_STATUS, &s);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_init(struct vhost_dev *dev, void *opaque)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa *v;
+    uint64_t features;
+    assert(dev->vhost_ops->backend_type == VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA);
+
+    v = opaque;
+    dev->opaque =  opaque ;
+    vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_GET_FEATURES, &features);
+    dev->backend_features = features;
+    v->listener = vhost_vdpa_memory_listener;
+    v->msg_type = VHOST_IOTLB_MSG_V2;
+
+    vhost_vdpa_add_status(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_ACKNOWLEDGE |
+                               VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_cleanup(struct vhost_dev *dev)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa *v;
+    assert(dev->vhost_ops->backend_type == VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA);
+    v = dev->opaque;
+    memory_listener_unregister(&v->listener);
+
+    dev->opaque = NULL;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_memslots_limit(struct vhost_dev *dev)
+{
+    return INT_MAX;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_mem_table(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                    struct vhost_memory *mem)
+{
+
+    if (mem->padding) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_features(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                   uint64_t features)
+{
+    int ret;
+    ret = vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_FEATURES, &features);
+    uint8_t status = 0;
+    if (ret) {
+        return ret;
+    }
+    vhost_vdpa_add_status(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_FEATURES_OK);
+    vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_GET_STATUS, &status);
+
+    return !(status & VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_FEATURES_OK);
+}
+
+int vhost_vdpa_get_device_id(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                   uint32_t *device_id)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_GET_DEVICE_ID, device_id);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_reset_device(struct vhost_dev *dev)
+{
+    uint8_t status = 0;
+
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_SET_STATUS, &status);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_get_vq_index(struct vhost_dev *dev, int idx)
+{
+    assert(idx >= dev->vq_index && idx < dev->vq_index + dev->nvqs);
+
+    return idx - dev->vq_index;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_vring_ready(struct vhost_dev *dev)
+{
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < dev->nvqs; ++i) {
+        struct vhost_vring_state state = {
+            .index = dev->vq_index + i,
+            .num = 1,
+        };
+        vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_SET_VRING_ENABLE, &state);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_config(struct vhost_dev *dev, const uint8_t *data,
+                                   uint32_t offset, uint32_t size,
+                                   uint32_t flags)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa_config *config;
+    int ret;
+    unsigned long config_size = offsetof(struct vhost_vdpa_config, buf);
+    config = g_malloc(size + config_size);
+    if (config == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    config->off = offset;
+    config->len = size;
+    memcpy(config->buf, data, size);
+    ret = vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_SET_CONFIG, config);
+    g_free(config);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_get_config(struct vhost_dev *dev, uint8_t *config,
+                                   uint32_t config_len)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa_config *v_config;
+    unsigned long config_size = offsetof(struct vhost_vdpa_config, buf);
+    int ret;
+
+    v_config = g_malloc(config_len + config_size);
+    if (v_config == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    v_config->len = config_len;
+    v_config->off = 0;
+    ret = vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_GET_CONFIG, v_config);
+    memcpy(config, v_config->buf, config_len);
+    g_free(v_config);
+    return ret;
+ }
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *dev, bool started)
+{
+    struct vhost_vdpa *v = dev->opaque;
+    if (started) {
+        uint8_t status = 0;
+        memory_listener_register(&v->listener, &address_space_memory);
+        vhost_vdpa_set_vring_ready(dev);
+        vhost_vdpa_add_status(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER_OK);
+        vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_VDPA_GET_STATUS, &status);
+
+        return !(status & VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER_OK);
+    } else {
+        vhost_vdpa_reset_device(dev);
+        vhost_vdpa_add_status(dev, VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_ACKNOWLEDGE |
+                                   VIRTIO_CONFIG_S_DRIVER);
+        memory_listener_unregister(&v->listener);
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_log_base(struct vhost_dev *dev, uint64_t base,
+                                     struct vhost_log *log)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_LOG_BASE, &base);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_vring_addr(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                       struct vhost_vring_addr *addr)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_VRING_ADDR, addr);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_vring_num(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                      struct vhost_vring_state *ring)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_VRING_NUM, ring);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_vring_base(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                       struct vhost_vring_state *ring)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_VRING_BASE, ring);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_get_vring_base(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                       struct vhost_vring_state *ring)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_GET_VRING_BASE, ring);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_vring_kick(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                       struct vhost_vring_file *file)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_VRING_KICK, file);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_vring_call(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                       struct vhost_vring_file *file)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_VRING_CALL, file);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_get_features(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                     uint64_t *features)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_GET_FEATURES, features);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_set_owner(struct vhost_dev *dev)
+{
+    return vhost_vdpa_call(dev, VHOST_SET_OWNER, NULL);
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_vq_get_addr(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                    struct vhost_vring_addr *addr, struct vhost_virtqueue *vq)
+{
+    assert(dev->vhost_ops->backend_type == VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA);
+    addr->desc_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->desc_phys;
+    addr->avail_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->avail_phys;
+    addr->used_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->used_phys;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static bool  vhost_vdpa_force_iommu(struct vhost_dev *dev)
+{
+    return true;
+}
+
+const VhostOps vdpa_ops = {
+        .backend_type = VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA,
+        .vhost_backend_init = vhost_vdpa_init,
+        .vhost_backend_cleanup = vhost_vdpa_cleanup,
+        .vhost_set_log_base = vhost_vdpa_set_log_base,
+        .vhost_set_vring_addr = vhost_vdpa_set_vring_addr,
+        .vhost_set_vring_num = vhost_vdpa_set_vring_num,
+        .vhost_set_vring_base = vhost_vdpa_set_vring_base,
+        .vhost_get_vring_base = vhost_vdpa_get_vring_base,
+        .vhost_set_vring_kick = vhost_vdpa_set_vring_kick,
+        .vhost_set_vring_call = vhost_vdpa_set_vring_call,
+        .vhost_get_features = vhost_vdpa_get_features,
+        .vhost_set_owner = vhost_vdpa_set_owner,
+        .vhost_set_vring_endian = NULL,
+        .vhost_backend_memslots_limit = vhost_vdpa_memslots_limit,
+        .vhost_set_mem_table = vhost_vdpa_set_mem_table,
+        .vhost_set_features = vhost_vdpa_set_features,
+        .vhost_reset_device = vhost_vdpa_reset_device,
+        .vhost_get_vq_index = vhost_vdpa_get_vq_index,
+        .vhost_get_config  = vhost_vdpa_get_config,
+        .vhost_set_config = vhost_vdpa_set_config,
+        .vhost_requires_shm_log = NULL,
+        .vhost_migration_done = NULL,
+        .vhost_backend_can_merge = NULL,
+        .vhost_net_set_mtu = NULL,
+        .vhost_set_iotlb_callback = NULL,
+        .vhost_send_device_iotlb_msg = NULL,
+        .vhost_dev_start = vhost_vdpa_dev_start,
+        .vhost_get_device_id = vhost_vdpa_get_device_id,
+         .vhost_vq_get_addr = vhost_vdpa_vq_get_addr,
+         .vhost_force_iommu = vhost_vdpa_force_iommu,
+};
diff --git a/hw/virtio/vhost.c b/hw/virtio/vhost.c
index 5fd25fe520..1a1384e7a6 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/vhost.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/vhost.c
@@ -773,15 +773,25 @@ static int vhost_virtqueue_set_addr(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                                     struct vhost_virtqueue *vq,
                                     unsigned idx, bool enable_log)
 {
-    struct vhost_vring_addr addr = {
-        .index = idx,
-        .desc_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->desc,
-        .avail_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->avail,
-        .used_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->used,
-        .log_guest_addr = vq->used_phys,
-        .flags = enable_log ? (1 << VHOST_VRING_F_LOG) : 0,
-    };
-    int r = dev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_vring_addr(dev, &addr);
+    struct vhost_vring_addr addr;
+    int r;
+    memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(struct vhost_vring_addr));
+
+    if (dev->vhost_ops->vhost_vq_get_addr) {
+        r = dev->vhost_ops->vhost_vq_get_addr(dev, &addr, vq);
+        if (r < 0) {
+            VHOST_OPS_DEBUG("vhost_vq_get_addr failed");
+            return -errno;
+        }
+    } else {
+        addr.desc_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->desc;
+        addr.avail_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->avail;
+        addr.used_user_addr = (uint64_t)(unsigned long)vq->used;
+    }
+    addr.index = idx;
+    addr.log_guest_addr = vq->used_phys;
+    addr.flags = enable_log ? (1 << VHOST_VRING_F_LOG) : 0;
+    r = dev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_vring_addr(dev, &addr);
     if (r < 0) {
         VHOST_OPS_DEBUG("vhost_set_vring_addr failed");
         return -errno;
@@ -800,6 +810,11 @@ static int vhost_dev_set_features(struct vhost_dev *dev,
     if (!vhost_dev_has_iommu(dev)) {
         features &= ~(0x1ULL << VIRTIO_F_IOMMU_PLATFORM);
     }
+    if (dev->vhost_ops->vhost_force_iommu) {
+        if (dev->vhost_ops->vhost_force_iommu(dev) == true) {
+            features |= 0x1ULL << VIRTIO_F_IOMMU_PLATFORM;
+       }
+    }
     r = dev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_features(dev, features);
     if (r < 0) {
         VHOST_OPS_DEBUG("vhost_set_features failed");
@@ -1685,9 +1700,15 @@ int vhost_dev_start(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev)
             goto fail_log;
         }
     }
-
-    if (vhost_dev_has_iommu(hdev)) {
-        hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_iotlb_callback(hdev, true);
+    if (hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start) {
+        r = hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start(hdev, true);
+        if (r) {
+            goto fail_log;
+        }
+    }
+    if (vhost_dev_has_iommu(hdev) &&
+        hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_iotlb_callback) {
+            hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_iotlb_callback(hdev, true);
 
         /* Update used ring information for IOTLB to work correctly,
          * vhost-kernel code requires for this.*/
@@ -1722,6 +1743,9 @@ void vhost_dev_stop(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev)
     /* should only be called after backend is connected */
     assert(hdev->vhost_ops);
 
+    if (hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start) {
+        hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_dev_start(hdev, false);
+    }
     for (i = 0; i < hdev->nvqs; ++i) {
         vhost_virtqueue_stop(hdev,
                              vdev,
@@ -1730,7 +1754,9 @@ void vhost_dev_stop(struct vhost_dev *hdev, VirtIODevice *vdev)
     }
 
     if (vhost_dev_has_iommu(hdev)) {
-        hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_iotlb_callback(hdev, false);
+        if (hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_iotlb_callback) {
+            hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_set_iotlb_callback(hdev, false);
+        }
         memory_listener_unregister(&hdev->iommu_listener);
     }
     vhost_log_put(hdev, true);
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio-balloon.c b/hw/virtio/virtio-balloon.c
index 10507b2a43..ae31f0817a 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/virtio-balloon.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio-balloon.c
@@ -63,6 +63,12 @@ static bool virtio_balloon_pbp_matches(PartiallyBalloonedPage *pbp,
     return pbp->base_gpa == base_gpa;
 }
 
+static bool virtio_balloon_inhibited(void)
+{
+    /* Postcopy cannot deal with concurrent discards, so it's special. */
+    return ram_block_discard_is_disabled() || migration_in_incoming_postcopy();
+}
+
 static void balloon_inflate_page(VirtIOBalloon *balloon,
                                  MemoryRegion *mr, hwaddr mr_offset,
                                  PartiallyBalloonedPage *pbp)
@@ -336,7 +342,7 @@ static void virtio_balloon_handle_report(VirtIODevice *vdev, VirtQueue *vq)
          * accessible by another device or process, or if the guest is
          * expecting it to retain a non-zero value.
          */
-        if (qemu_balloon_is_inhibited() || dev->poison_val) {
+        if (virtio_balloon_inhibited() || dev->poison_val) {
             goto skip_element;
         }
 
@@ -421,7 +427,7 @@ static void virtio_balloon_handle_output(VirtIODevice *vdev, VirtQueue *vq)
 
             trace_virtio_balloon_handle_output(memory_region_name(section.mr),
                                                pa);
-            if (!qemu_balloon_is_inhibited()) {
+            if (!virtio_balloon_inhibited()) {
                 if (vq == s->ivq) {
                     balloon_inflate_page(s, section.mr,
                                          section.offset_within_region, &pbp);
@@ -628,8 +634,13 @@ static void virtio_balloon_free_page_done(VirtIOBalloon *s)
 {
     VirtIODevice *vdev = VIRTIO_DEVICE(s);
 
-    s->free_page_report_status = FREE_PAGE_REPORT_S_DONE;
-    virtio_notify_config(vdev);
+    if (s->free_page_report_status != FREE_PAGE_REPORT_S_DONE) {
+        /* See virtio_balloon_free_page_stop() */
+        qemu_mutex_lock(&s->free_page_lock);
+        s->free_page_report_status = FREE_PAGE_REPORT_S_DONE;
+        qemu_mutex_unlock(&s->free_page_lock);
+        virtio_notify_config(vdev);
+    }
 }
 
 static int
@@ -653,17 +664,26 @@ virtio_balloon_free_page_report_notify(NotifierWithReturn *n, void *data)
     case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_SETUP:
         precopy_enable_free_page_optimization();
         break;
-    case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_COMPLETE:
-    case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_CLEANUP:
     case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_BEFORE_BITMAP_SYNC:
         virtio_balloon_free_page_stop(dev);
         break;
     case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_AFTER_BITMAP_SYNC:
         if (vdev->vm_running) {
             virtio_balloon_free_page_start(dev);
-        } else {
-            virtio_balloon_free_page_done(dev);
+            break;
         }
+        /*
+         * Set S_DONE before migrating the vmstate, so the guest will reuse
+         * all hinted pages once running on the destination. Fall through.
+         */
+    case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_CLEANUP:
+        /*
+         * Especially, if something goes wrong during precopy or if migration
+         * is canceled, we have to properly communicate S_DONE to the VM.
+         */
+        virtio_balloon_free_page_done(dev);
+        break;
+    case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_COMPLETE:
         break;
     default:
         virtio_error(vdev, "%s: %d reason unknown", __func__, pnd->reason);
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a8e854123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.c
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/*
+ * Virtio MEM PCI device
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ *  David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "virtio-mem-pci.h"
+#include "hw/mem/memory-device.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "qapi/qapi-events-misc.h"
+
+static void virtio_mem_pci_realize(VirtIOPCIProxy *vpci_dev, Error **errp)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMPCI *mem_pci = VIRTIO_MEM_PCI(vpci_dev);
+    DeviceState *vdev = DEVICE(&mem_pci->vdev);
+
+    qdev_set_parent_bus(vdev, BUS(&vpci_dev->bus));
+    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(vdev), true, "realized", errp);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_pci_set_addr(MemoryDeviceState *md, uint64_t addr,
+                                    Error **errp)
+{
+    object_property_set_uint(OBJECT(md), addr, VIRTIO_MEM_ADDR_PROP, errp);
+}
+
+static uint64_t virtio_mem_pci_get_addr(const MemoryDeviceState *md)
+{
+    return object_property_get_uint(OBJECT(md), VIRTIO_MEM_ADDR_PROP,
+                                    &error_abort);
+}
+
+static MemoryRegion *virtio_mem_pci_get_memory_region(MemoryDeviceState *md,
+                                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMPCI *pci_mem = VIRTIO_MEM_PCI(md);
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(&pci_mem->vdev);
+    VirtIOMEMClass *vmc = VIRTIO_MEM_GET_CLASS(vmem);
+
+    return vmc->get_memory_region(vmem, errp);
+}
+
+static uint64_t virtio_mem_pci_get_plugged_size(const MemoryDeviceState *md,
+                                                Error **errp)
+{
+    return object_property_get_uint(OBJECT(md), VIRTIO_MEM_SIZE_PROP,
+                                    errp);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_pci_fill_device_info(const MemoryDeviceState *md,
+                                            MemoryDeviceInfo *info)
+{
+    VirtioMEMDeviceInfo *vi = g_new0(VirtioMEMDeviceInfo, 1);
+    VirtIOMEMPCI *pci_mem = VIRTIO_MEM_PCI(md);
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(&pci_mem->vdev);
+    VirtIOMEMClass *vpc = VIRTIO_MEM_GET_CLASS(vmem);
+    DeviceState *dev = DEVICE(md);
+
+    if (dev->id) {
+        vi->has_id = true;
+        vi->id = g_strdup(dev->id);
+    }
+
+    /* let the real device handle everything else */
+    vpc->fill_device_info(vmem, vi);
+
+    info->u.virtio_mem.data = vi;
+    info->type = MEMORY_DEVICE_INFO_KIND_VIRTIO_MEM;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_pci_size_change_notify(Notifier *notifier, void *data)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMPCI *pci_mem = container_of(notifier, VirtIOMEMPCI,
+                                         size_change_notifier);
+    DeviceState *dev = DEVICE(pci_mem);
+    const uint64_t * const size_p = data;
+    const char *id = NULL;
+
+    if (dev->id) {
+        id = g_strdup(dev->id);
+    }
+
+    qapi_event_send_memory_device_size_change(!!id, id, *size_p);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_pci_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
+{
+    DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+    VirtioPCIClass *k = VIRTIO_PCI_CLASS(klass);
+    PCIDeviceClass *pcidev_k = PCI_DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+    MemoryDeviceClass *mdc = MEMORY_DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+
+    k->realize = virtio_mem_pci_realize;
+    set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_MISC, dc->categories);
+    pcidev_k->vendor_id = PCI_VENDOR_ID_REDHAT_QUMRANET;
+    pcidev_k->device_id = PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIRTIO_MEM;
+    pcidev_k->revision = VIRTIO_PCI_ABI_VERSION;
+    pcidev_k->class_id = PCI_CLASS_OTHERS;
+
+    mdc->get_addr = virtio_mem_pci_get_addr;
+    mdc->set_addr = virtio_mem_pci_set_addr;
+    mdc->get_plugged_size = virtio_mem_pci_get_plugged_size;
+    mdc->get_memory_region = virtio_mem_pci_get_memory_region;
+    mdc->fill_device_info = virtio_mem_pci_fill_device_info;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_pci_instance_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMPCI *dev = VIRTIO_MEM_PCI(obj);
+    VirtIOMEMClass *vmc;
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem;
+
+    virtio_instance_init_common(obj, &dev->vdev, sizeof(dev->vdev),
+                                TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM);
+
+    dev->size_change_notifier.notify = virtio_mem_pci_size_change_notify;
+    vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(&dev->vdev);
+    vmc = VIRTIO_MEM_GET_CLASS(vmem);
+    /*
+     * We never remove the notifier again, as we expect both devices to
+     * disappear at the same time.
+     */
+    vmc->add_size_change_notifier(vmem, &dev->size_change_notifier);
+
+    object_property_add_alias(obj, VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP,
+                              OBJECT(&dev->vdev), VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP);
+    object_property_add_alias(obj, VIRTIO_MEM_SIZE_PROP, OBJECT(&dev->vdev),
+                              VIRTIO_MEM_SIZE_PROP);
+    object_property_add_alias(obj, VIRTIO_MEM_REQUESTED_SIZE_PROP,
+                              OBJECT(&dev->vdev),
+                              VIRTIO_MEM_REQUESTED_SIZE_PROP);
+}
+
+static const VirtioPCIDeviceTypeInfo virtio_mem_pci_info = {
+    .base_name = TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI,
+    .generic_name = "virtio-mem-pci",
+    .instance_size = sizeof(VirtIOMEMPCI),
+    .instance_init = virtio_mem_pci_instance_init,
+    .class_init = virtio_mem_pci_class_init,
+    .interfaces = (InterfaceInfo[]) {
+        { TYPE_MEMORY_DEVICE },
+        { }
+    },
+};
+
+static void virtio_mem_pci_register_types(void)
+{
+    virtio_pci_types_register(&virtio_mem_pci_info);
+}
+type_init(virtio_mem_pci_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.h b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b51a28b275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem-pci.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Virtio MEM PCI device
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ *  David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+#ifndef QEMU_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI_H
+#define QEMU_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI_H
+
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio-pci.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h"
+
+typedef struct VirtIOMEMPCI VirtIOMEMPCI;
+
+/*
+ * virtio-mem-pci: This extends VirtioPCIProxy.
+ */
+#define TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI "virtio-mem-pci-base"
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_PCI(obj) \
+        OBJECT_CHECK(VirtIOMEMPCI, (obj), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI)
+
+struct VirtIOMEMPCI {
+    VirtIOPCIProxy parent_obj;
+    VirtIOMEM vdev;
+    Notifier size_change_notifier;
+};
+
+#endif /* QEMU_VIRTIO_MEM_PCI_H */
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..65850530e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.c
@@ -0,0 +1,873 @@
+/*
+ * Virtio MEM device
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ *  David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu-common.h"
+#include "qemu/iov.h"
+#include "qemu/cutils.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "qemu/units.h"
+#include "sysemu/numa.h"
+#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
+#include "sysemu/reset.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio-access.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include "qapi/visitor.h"
+#include "exec/ram_addr.h"
+#include "migration/misc.h"
+#include "hw/boards.h"
+#include "hw/qdev-properties.h"
+#include "config-devices.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+
+/*
+ * Use QEMU_VMALLOC_ALIGN, so no THP will have to be split when unplugging
+ * memory (e.g., 2MB on x86_64).
+ */
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE QEMU_VMALLOC_ALIGN
+/*
+ * Size the usable region bigger than the requested size if possible. Esp.
+ * Linux guests will only add (aligned) memory blocks in case they fully
+ * fit into the usable region, but plug+online only a subset of the pages.
+ * The memory block size corresponds mostly to the section size.
+ *
+ * This allows e.g., to add 20MB with a section size of 128MB on x86_64, and
+ * a section size of 1GB on arm64 (as long as the start address is properly
+ * aligned, similar to ordinary DIMMs).
+ *
+ * We can change this at any time and maybe even make it configurable if
+ * necessary (as the section size can change). But it's more likely that the
+ * section size will rather get smaller and not bigger over time.
+ */
+#if defined(TARGET_X86_64) || defined(TARGET_I386)
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_USABLE_EXTENT (2 * (128 * MiB))
+#else
+#error VIRTIO_MEM_USABLE_EXTENT not defined
+#endif
+
+static bool virtio_mem_is_busy(void)
+{
+    /*
+     * Postcopy cannot handle concurrent discards and we don't want to migrate
+     * pages on-demand with stale content when plugging new blocks.
+     *
+     * For precopy, we don't want unplugged blocks in our migration stream, and
+     * when plugging new blocks, the page content might differ between source
+     * and destination (observable by the guest when not initializing pages
+     * after plugging them) until we're running on the destination (as we didn't
+     * migrate these blocks when they were unplugged).
+     */
+    return migration_in_incoming_postcopy() || !migration_is_idle();
+}
+
+static bool virtio_mem_test_bitmap(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t start_gpa,
+                                   uint64_t size, bool plugged)
+{
+    const unsigned long first_bit = (start_gpa - vmem->addr) / vmem->block_size;
+    const unsigned long last_bit = first_bit + (size / vmem->block_size) - 1;
+    unsigned long found_bit;
+
+    /* We fake a shorter bitmap to avoid searching too far. */
+    if (plugged) {
+        found_bit = find_next_zero_bit(vmem->bitmap, last_bit + 1, first_bit);
+    } else {
+        found_bit = find_next_bit(vmem->bitmap, last_bit + 1, first_bit);
+    }
+    return found_bit > last_bit;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_set_bitmap(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t start_gpa,
+                                  uint64_t size, bool plugged)
+{
+    const unsigned long bit = (start_gpa - vmem->addr) / vmem->block_size;
+    const unsigned long nbits = size / vmem->block_size;
+
+    if (plugged) {
+        bitmap_set(vmem->bitmap, bit, nbits);
+    } else {
+        bitmap_clear(vmem->bitmap, bit, nbits);
+    }
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_send_response(VirtIOMEM *vmem, VirtQueueElement *elem,
+                                     struct virtio_mem_resp *resp)
+{
+    VirtIODevice *vdev = VIRTIO_DEVICE(vmem);
+    VirtQueue *vq = vmem->vq;
+
+    trace_virtio_mem_send_response(le16_to_cpu(resp->type));
+    iov_from_buf(elem->in_sg, elem->in_num, 0, resp, sizeof(*resp));
+
+    virtqueue_push(vq, elem, sizeof(*resp));
+    virtio_notify(vdev, vq);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_send_response_simple(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                            VirtQueueElement *elem,
+                                            uint16_t type)
+{
+    struct virtio_mem_resp resp = {
+        .type = cpu_to_le16(type),
+    };
+
+    virtio_mem_send_response(vmem, elem, &resp);
+}
+
+static bool virtio_mem_valid_range(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t gpa, uint64_t size)
+{
+    if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(gpa, vmem->block_size)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (gpa + size < gpa || !size) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (gpa < vmem->addr || gpa >= vmem->addr + vmem->usable_region_size) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (gpa + size > vmem->addr + vmem->usable_region_size) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_set_block_state(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t start_gpa,
+                                      uint64_t size, bool plug)
+{
+    const uint64_t offset = start_gpa - vmem->addr;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (virtio_mem_is_busy()) {
+        return -EBUSY;
+    }
+
+    if (!plug) {
+        ret = ram_block_discard_range(vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block, offset, size);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("Unexpected error discarding RAM: %s",
+                         strerror(-ret));
+            return -EBUSY;
+        }
+    }
+    virtio_mem_set_bitmap(vmem, start_gpa, size, plug);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_state_change_request(VirtIOMEM *vmem, uint64_t gpa,
+                                           uint16_t nb_blocks, bool plug)
+{
+    const uint64_t size = nb_blocks * vmem->block_size;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!virtio_mem_valid_range(vmem, gpa, size)) {
+        return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (plug && (vmem->size + size > vmem->requested_size)) {
+        return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_NACK;
+    }
+
+    /* test if really all blocks are in the opposite state */
+    if (!virtio_mem_test_bitmap(vmem, gpa, size, !plug)) {
+        return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    ret = virtio_mem_set_block_state(vmem, gpa, size, plug);
+    if (ret) {
+        return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_BUSY;
+    }
+    if (plug) {
+        vmem->size += size;
+    } else {
+        vmem->size -= size;
+    }
+    notifier_list_notify(&vmem->size_change_notifiers, &vmem->size);
+    return VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ACK;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_plug_request(VirtIOMEM *vmem, VirtQueueElement *elem,
+                                    struct virtio_mem_req *req)
+{
+    const uint64_t gpa = le64_to_cpu(req->u.plug.addr);
+    const uint16_t nb_blocks = le16_to_cpu(req->u.plug.nb_blocks);
+    uint16_t type;
+
+    trace_virtio_mem_plug_request(gpa, nb_blocks);
+    type = virtio_mem_state_change_request(vmem, gpa, nb_blocks, true);
+    virtio_mem_send_response_simple(vmem, elem, type);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_unplug_request(VirtIOMEM *vmem, VirtQueueElement *elem,
+                                      struct virtio_mem_req *req)
+{
+    const uint64_t gpa = le64_to_cpu(req->u.unplug.addr);
+    const uint16_t nb_blocks = le16_to_cpu(req->u.unplug.nb_blocks);
+    uint16_t type;
+
+    trace_virtio_mem_unplug_request(gpa, nb_blocks);
+    type = virtio_mem_state_change_request(vmem, gpa, nb_blocks, false);
+    virtio_mem_send_response_simple(vmem, elem, type);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_resize_usable_region(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                            uint64_t requested_size,
+                                            bool can_shrink)
+{
+    uint64_t newsize = MIN(memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr),
+                           requested_size + VIRTIO_MEM_USABLE_EXTENT);
+
+    if (!requested_size) {
+        newsize = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (newsize < vmem->usable_region_size && !can_shrink) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    trace_virtio_mem_resized_usable_region(vmem->usable_region_size, newsize);
+    vmem->usable_region_size = newsize;
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_unplug_all(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
+{
+    RAMBlock *rb = vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (virtio_mem_is_busy()) {
+        return -EBUSY;
+    }
+
+    ret = ram_block_discard_range(rb, 0, qemu_ram_get_used_length(rb));
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("Unexpected error discarding RAM: %s", strerror(-ret));
+        return -EBUSY;
+    }
+    bitmap_clear(vmem->bitmap, 0, vmem->bitmap_size);
+    if (vmem->size) {
+        vmem->size = 0;
+        notifier_list_notify(&vmem->size_change_notifiers, &vmem->size);
+    }
+    trace_virtio_mem_unplugged_all();
+    virtio_mem_resize_usable_region(vmem, vmem->requested_size, true);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_unplug_all_request(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                          VirtQueueElement *elem)
+{
+    trace_virtio_mem_unplug_all_request();
+    if (virtio_mem_unplug_all(vmem)) {
+        virtio_mem_send_response_simple(vmem, elem, VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_BUSY);
+    } else {
+        virtio_mem_send_response_simple(vmem, elem, VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ACK);
+    }
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_state_request(VirtIOMEM *vmem, VirtQueueElement *elem,
+                                     struct virtio_mem_req *req)
+{
+    const uint16_t nb_blocks = le16_to_cpu(req->u.state.nb_blocks);
+    const uint64_t gpa = le64_to_cpu(req->u.state.addr);
+    const uint64_t size = nb_blocks * vmem->block_size;
+    struct virtio_mem_resp resp = {
+        .type = cpu_to_le16(VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ACK),
+    };
+
+    trace_virtio_mem_state_request(gpa, nb_blocks);
+    if (!virtio_mem_valid_range(vmem, gpa, size)) {
+        virtio_mem_send_response_simple(vmem, elem, VIRTIO_MEM_RESP_ERROR);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (virtio_mem_test_bitmap(vmem, gpa, size, true)) {
+        resp.u.state.state = cpu_to_le16(VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_PLUGGED);
+    } else if (virtio_mem_test_bitmap(vmem, gpa, size, false)) {
+        resp.u.state.state = cpu_to_le16(VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_UNPLUGGED);
+    } else {
+        resp.u.state.state = cpu_to_le16(VIRTIO_MEM_STATE_MIXED);
+    }
+    trace_virtio_mem_state_response(le16_to_cpu(resp.u.state.state));
+    virtio_mem_send_response(vmem, elem, &resp);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_handle_request(VirtIODevice *vdev, VirtQueue *vq)
+{
+    const int len = sizeof(struct virtio_mem_req);
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(vdev);
+    VirtQueueElement *elem;
+    struct virtio_mem_req req;
+    uint16_t type;
+
+    while (true) {
+        elem = virtqueue_pop(vq, sizeof(VirtQueueElement));
+        if (!elem) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (iov_to_buf(elem->out_sg, elem->out_num, 0, &req, len) < len) {
+            virtio_error(vdev, "virtio-mem protocol violation: invalid request"
+                         " size: %d", len);
+            g_free(elem);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (iov_size(elem->in_sg, elem->in_num) <
+            sizeof(struct virtio_mem_resp)) {
+            virtio_error(vdev, "virtio-mem protocol violation: not enough space"
+                         " for response: %zu",
+                         iov_size(elem->in_sg, elem->in_num));
+            g_free(elem);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        type = le16_to_cpu(req.type);
+        switch (type) {
+        case VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_PLUG:
+            virtio_mem_plug_request(vmem, elem, &req);
+            break;
+        case VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG:
+            virtio_mem_unplug_request(vmem, elem, &req);
+            break;
+        case VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG_ALL:
+            virtio_mem_unplug_all_request(vmem, elem);
+            break;
+        case VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_STATE:
+            virtio_mem_state_request(vmem, elem, &req);
+            break;
+        default:
+            virtio_error(vdev, "virtio-mem protocol violation: unknown request"
+                         " type: %d", type);
+            g_free(elem);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        g_free(elem);
+    }
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_get_config(VirtIODevice *vdev, uint8_t *config_data)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(vdev);
+    struct virtio_mem_config *config = (void *) config_data;
+
+    config->block_size = cpu_to_le64(vmem->block_size);
+    config->node_id = cpu_to_le16(vmem->node);
+    config->requested_size = cpu_to_le64(vmem->requested_size);
+    config->plugged_size = cpu_to_le64(vmem->size);
+    config->addr = cpu_to_le64(vmem->addr);
+    config->region_size = cpu_to_le64(memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr));
+    config->usable_region_size = cpu_to_le64(vmem->usable_region_size);
+}
+
+static uint64_t virtio_mem_get_features(VirtIODevice *vdev, uint64_t features,
+                                        Error **errp)
+{
+    MachineState *ms = MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
+
+    if (ms->numa_state) {
+#if defined(CONFIG_ACPI)
+        virtio_add_feature(&features, VIRTIO_MEM_F_ACPI_PXM);
+#endif
+    }
+    return features;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_system_reset(void *opaque)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(opaque);
+
+    /*
+     * During usual resets, we will unplug all memory and shrink the usable
+     * region size. This is, however, not possible in all scenarios. Then,
+     * the guest has to deal with this manually (VIRTIO_MEM_REQ_UNPLUG_ALL).
+     */
+    virtio_mem_unplug_all(vmem);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_device_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
+{
+    MachineState *ms = MACHINE(qdev_get_machine());
+    int nb_numa_nodes = ms->numa_state ? ms->numa_state->num_nodes : 0;
+    VirtIODevice *vdev = VIRTIO_DEVICE(dev);
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(dev);
+    uint64_t page_size;
+    RAMBlock *rb;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!vmem->memdev) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property is not set", VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP);
+        return;
+    } else if (host_memory_backend_is_mapped(vmem->memdev)) {
+        char *path = object_get_canonical_path_component(OBJECT(vmem->memdev));
+
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property specifies a busy memdev: %s",
+                   VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP, path);
+        g_free(path);
+        return;
+    } else if (!memory_region_is_ram(&vmem->memdev->mr) ||
+        memory_region_is_rom(&vmem->memdev->mr) ||
+        !vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property specifies an unsupported memdev",
+                   VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if ((nb_numa_nodes && vmem->node >= nb_numa_nodes) ||
+        (!nb_numa_nodes && vmem->node)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property has value '%" PRIu32 "', which exceeds"
+                   "the number of numa nodes: %d", VIRTIO_MEM_NODE_PROP,
+                   vmem->node, nb_numa_nodes ? nb_numa_nodes : 1);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (enable_mlock) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Incompatible with mlock");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rb = vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block;
+    page_size = qemu_ram_pagesize(rb);
+
+    if (vmem->block_size < page_size) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property has to be at least the page size (0x%"
+                   PRIx64 ")", VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP, page_size);
+        return;
+    } else if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(vmem->requested_size, vmem->block_size)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property has to be multiples of '%s' (0x%" PRIx64
+                   ")", VIRTIO_MEM_REQUESTED_SIZE_PROP,
+                   VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP, vmem->block_size);
+        return;
+    } else if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr),
+                                vmem->block_size)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property memdev size has to be multiples of"
+                   "'%s' (0x%" PRIx64 ")", VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP,
+                   VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP, vmem->block_size);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (ram_block_discard_require(true)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Discarding RAM is disabled");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    ret = ram_block_discard_range(rb, 0, qemu_ram_get_used_length(rb));
+    if (ret) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Unexpected error discarding RAM");
+        ram_block_discard_require(false);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    virtio_mem_resize_usable_region(vmem, vmem->requested_size, true);
+
+    vmem->bitmap_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr) /
+                        vmem->block_size;
+    vmem->bitmap = bitmap_new(vmem->bitmap_size);
+
+    virtio_init(vdev, TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM, VIRTIO_ID_MEM,
+                sizeof(struct virtio_mem_config));
+    vmem->vq = virtio_add_queue(vdev, 128, virtio_mem_handle_request);
+
+    host_memory_backend_set_mapped(vmem->memdev, true);
+    vmstate_register_ram(&vmem->memdev->mr, DEVICE(vmem));
+    qemu_register_reset(virtio_mem_system_reset, vmem);
+    precopy_add_notifier(&vmem->precopy_notifier);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_device_unrealize(DeviceState *dev)
+{
+    VirtIODevice *vdev = VIRTIO_DEVICE(dev);
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(dev);
+
+    precopy_remove_notifier(&vmem->precopy_notifier);
+    qemu_unregister_reset(virtio_mem_system_reset, vmem);
+    vmstate_unregister_ram(&vmem->memdev->mr, DEVICE(vmem));
+    host_memory_backend_set_mapped(vmem->memdev, false);
+    virtio_del_queue(vdev, 0);
+    virtio_cleanup(vdev);
+    g_free(vmem->bitmap);
+    ram_block_discard_require(false);
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_restore_unplugged(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
+{
+    RAMBlock *rb = vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block;
+    unsigned long first_zero_bit, last_zero_bit;
+    uint64_t offset, length;
+    int ret;
+
+    /* Find consecutive unplugged blocks and discard the consecutive range. */
+    first_zero_bit = find_first_zero_bit(vmem->bitmap, vmem->bitmap_size);
+    while (first_zero_bit < vmem->bitmap_size) {
+        offset = first_zero_bit * vmem->block_size;
+        last_zero_bit = find_next_bit(vmem->bitmap, vmem->bitmap_size,
+                                      first_zero_bit + 1) - 1;
+        length = (last_zero_bit - first_zero_bit + 1) * vmem->block_size;
+
+        ret = ram_block_discard_range(rb, offset, length);
+        if (ret) {
+            error_report("Unexpected error discarding RAM: %s",
+                         strerror(-ret));
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        first_zero_bit = find_next_zero_bit(vmem->bitmap, vmem->bitmap_size,
+                                            last_zero_bit + 2);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
+{
+    if (migration_in_incoming_postcopy()) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return virtio_mem_restore_unplugged(VIRTIO_MEM(opaque));
+}
+
+typedef struct VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks {
+    VirtIOMEM *parent;
+    uint64_t addr;
+    uint64_t region_size;
+    uint64_t block_size;
+    uint32_t node;
+} VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks;
+
+static int virtio_mem_mig_sanity_checks_pre_save(void *opaque)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks *tmp = opaque;
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = tmp->parent;
+
+    tmp->addr = vmem->addr;
+    tmp->region_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+    tmp->block_size = vmem->block_size;
+    tmp->node = vmem->node;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_mig_sanity_checks_post_load(void *opaque, int version_id)
+{
+    VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks *tmp = opaque;
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = tmp->parent;
+    const uint64_t new_region_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+
+    if (tmp->addr != vmem->addr) {
+        error_report("Property '%s' changed from 0x%" PRIx64 " to 0x%" PRIx64,
+                     VIRTIO_MEM_ADDR_PROP, tmp->addr, vmem->addr);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    /*
+     * Note: Preparation for resizeable memory regions. The maximum size
+     * of the memory region must not change during migration.
+     */
+    if (tmp->region_size != new_region_size) {
+        error_report("Property '%s' size changed from 0x%" PRIx64 " to 0x%"
+                     PRIx64, VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP, tmp->region_size,
+                     new_region_size);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    if (tmp->block_size != vmem->block_size) {
+        error_report("Property '%s' changed from 0x%" PRIx64 " to 0x%" PRIx64,
+                     VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP, tmp->block_size,
+                     vmem->block_size);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    if (tmp->node != vmem->node) {
+        error_report("Property '%s' changed from %" PRIu32 " to %" PRIu32,
+                     VIRTIO_MEM_NODE_PROP, tmp->node, vmem->node);
+        return -EINVAL;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static const VMStateDescription vmstate_virtio_mem_sanity_checks = {
+    .name = "virtio-mem-device/sanity-checks",
+    .pre_save = virtio_mem_mig_sanity_checks_pre_save,
+    .post_load = virtio_mem_mig_sanity_checks_post_load,
+    .fields = (VMStateField[]) {
+        VMSTATE_UINT64(addr, VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks),
+        VMSTATE_UINT64(region_size, VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks),
+        VMSTATE_UINT64(block_size, VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(node, VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks),
+        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST(),
+    },
+};
+
+static const VMStateDescription vmstate_virtio_mem_device = {
+    .name = "virtio-mem-device",
+    .minimum_version_id = 1,
+    .version_id = 1,
+    .post_load = virtio_mem_post_load,
+    .fields = (VMStateField[]) {
+        VMSTATE_WITH_TMP(VirtIOMEM, VirtIOMEMMigSanityChecks,
+                         vmstate_virtio_mem_sanity_checks),
+        VMSTATE_UINT64(usable_region_size, VirtIOMEM),
+        VMSTATE_UINT64(size, VirtIOMEM),
+        VMSTATE_UINT64(requested_size, VirtIOMEM),
+        VMSTATE_BITMAP(bitmap, VirtIOMEM, 0, bitmap_size),
+        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
+    },
+};
+
+static const VMStateDescription vmstate_virtio_mem = {
+    .name = "virtio-mem",
+    .minimum_version_id = 1,
+    .version_id = 1,
+    .fields = (VMStateField[]) {
+        VMSTATE_VIRTIO_DEVICE,
+        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
+    },
+};
+
+static void virtio_mem_fill_device_info(const VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                        VirtioMEMDeviceInfo *vi)
+{
+    vi->memaddr = vmem->addr;
+    vi->node = vmem->node;
+    vi->requested_size = vmem->requested_size;
+    vi->size = vmem->size;
+    vi->max_size = memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr);
+    vi->block_size = vmem->block_size;
+    vi->memdev = object_get_canonical_path(OBJECT(vmem->memdev));
+}
+
+static MemoryRegion *virtio_mem_get_memory_region(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Error **errp)
+{
+    if (!vmem->memdev) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property must be set", VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return &vmem->memdev->mr;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_add_size_change_notifier(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                                Notifier *notifier)
+{
+    notifier_list_add(&vmem->size_change_notifiers, notifier);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_remove_size_change_notifier(VirtIOMEM *vmem,
+                                                   Notifier *notifier)
+{
+    notifier_remove(notifier);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_get_size(Object *obj, Visitor *v, const char *name,
+                                void *opaque, Error **errp)
+{
+    const VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(obj);
+    uint64_t value = vmem->size;
+
+    visit_type_size(v, name, &value, errp);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_get_requested_size(Object *obj, Visitor *v,
+                                          const char *name, void *opaque,
+                                          Error **errp)
+{
+    const VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(obj);
+    uint64_t value = vmem->requested_size;
+
+    visit_type_size(v, name, &value, errp);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_set_requested_size(Object *obj, Visitor *v,
+                                          const char *name, void *opaque,
+                                          Error **errp)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(obj);
+    Error *err = NULL;
+    uint64_t value;
+
+    visit_type_size(v, name, &value, &err);
+    if (err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * The block size and memory backend are not fixed until the device was
+     * realized. realize() will verify these properties then.
+     */
+    if (DEVICE(obj)->realized) {
+        if (!QEMU_IS_ALIGNED(value, vmem->block_size)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "'%s' has to be multiples of '%s' (0x%" PRIx64
+                       ")", name, VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP,
+                       vmem->block_size);
+            return;
+        } else if (value > memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "'%s' cannot exceed the memory backend size"
+                       "(0x%" PRIx64 ")", name,
+                       memory_region_size(&vmem->memdev->mr));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (value != vmem->requested_size) {
+            virtio_mem_resize_usable_region(vmem, value, false);
+            vmem->requested_size = value;
+        }
+        /*
+         * Trigger a config update so the guest gets notified. We trigger
+         * even if the size didn't change (especially helpful for debugging).
+         */
+        virtio_notify_config(VIRTIO_DEVICE(vmem));
+    } else {
+        vmem->requested_size = value;
+    }
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_get_block_size(Object *obj, Visitor *v, const char *name,
+                                      void *opaque, Error **errp)
+{
+    const VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(obj);
+    uint64_t value = vmem->block_size;
+
+    visit_type_size(v, name, &value, errp);
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_set_block_size(Object *obj, Visitor *v, const char *name,
+                                      void *opaque, Error **errp)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(obj);
+    Error *err = NULL;
+    uint64_t value;
+
+    if (DEVICE(obj)->realized) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' cannot be changed", name);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    visit_type_size(v, name, &value, &err);
+    if (err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (value < VIRTIO_MEM_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property has to be at least 0x%" PRIx32, name,
+                   VIRTIO_MEM_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE);
+        return;
+    } else if (!is_power_of_2(value)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' property has to be a power of two", name);
+        return;
+    }
+    vmem->block_size = value;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_precopy_exclude_unplugged(VirtIOMEM *vmem)
+{
+    void * const host = qemu_ram_get_host_addr(vmem->memdev->mr.ram_block);
+    unsigned long first_zero_bit, last_zero_bit;
+    uint64_t offset, length;
+
+    /*
+     * Find consecutive unplugged blocks and exclude them from migration.
+     *
+     * Note: Blocks cannot get (un)plugged during precopy, no locking needed.
+     */
+    first_zero_bit = find_first_zero_bit(vmem->bitmap, vmem->bitmap_size);
+    while (first_zero_bit < vmem->bitmap_size) {
+        offset = first_zero_bit * vmem->block_size;
+        last_zero_bit = find_next_bit(vmem->bitmap, vmem->bitmap_size,
+                                      first_zero_bit + 1) - 1;
+        length = (last_zero_bit - first_zero_bit + 1) * vmem->block_size;
+
+        qemu_guest_free_page_hint(host + offset, length);
+        first_zero_bit = find_next_zero_bit(vmem->bitmap, vmem->bitmap_size,
+                                            last_zero_bit + 2);
+    }
+}
+
+static int virtio_mem_precopy_notify(NotifierWithReturn *n, void *data)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = container_of(n, VirtIOMEM, precopy_notifier);
+    PrecopyNotifyData *pnd = data;
+
+    switch (pnd->reason) {
+    case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_SETUP:
+        precopy_enable_free_page_optimization();
+        break;
+    case PRECOPY_NOTIFY_AFTER_BITMAP_SYNC:
+        virtio_mem_precopy_exclude_unplugged(vmem);
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void virtio_mem_instance_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    VirtIOMEM *vmem = VIRTIO_MEM(obj);
+
+    vmem->block_size = VIRTIO_MEM_MIN_BLOCK_SIZE;
+    notifier_list_init(&vmem->size_change_notifiers);
+    vmem->precopy_notifier.notify = virtio_mem_precopy_notify;
+
+    object_property_add(obj, VIRTIO_MEM_SIZE_PROP, "size", virtio_mem_get_size,
+                        NULL, NULL, NULL);
+    object_property_add(obj, VIRTIO_MEM_REQUESTED_SIZE_PROP, "size",
+                        virtio_mem_get_requested_size,
+                        virtio_mem_set_requested_size, NULL, NULL);
+    object_property_add(obj, VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP, "size",
+                        virtio_mem_get_block_size, virtio_mem_set_block_size,
+                        NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static Property virtio_mem_properties[] = {
+    DEFINE_PROP_UINT64(VIRTIO_MEM_ADDR_PROP, VirtIOMEM, addr, 0),
+    DEFINE_PROP_UINT32(VIRTIO_MEM_NODE_PROP, VirtIOMEM, node, 0),
+    DEFINE_PROP_LINK(VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP, VirtIOMEM, memdev,
+                     TYPE_MEMORY_BACKEND, HostMemoryBackend *),
+    DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(),
+};
+
+static void virtio_mem_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
+{
+    DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+    VirtioDeviceClass *vdc = VIRTIO_DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+    VirtIOMEMClass *vmc = VIRTIO_MEM_CLASS(klass);
+
+    device_class_set_props(dc, virtio_mem_properties);
+    dc->vmsd = &vmstate_virtio_mem;
+
+    set_bit(DEVICE_CATEGORY_MISC, dc->categories);
+    vdc->realize = virtio_mem_device_realize;
+    vdc->unrealize = virtio_mem_device_unrealize;
+    vdc->get_config = virtio_mem_get_config;
+    vdc->get_features = virtio_mem_get_features;
+    vdc->vmsd = &vmstate_virtio_mem_device;
+
+    vmc->fill_device_info = virtio_mem_fill_device_info;
+    vmc->get_memory_region = virtio_mem_get_memory_region;
+    vmc->add_size_change_notifier = virtio_mem_add_size_change_notifier;
+    vmc->remove_size_change_notifier = virtio_mem_remove_size_change_notifier;
+}
+
+static const TypeInfo virtio_mem_info = {
+    .name = TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM,
+    .parent = TYPE_VIRTIO_DEVICE,
+    .instance_size = sizeof(VirtIOMEM),
+    .instance_init = virtio_mem_instance_init,
+    .class_init = virtio_mem_class_init,
+    .class_size = sizeof(VirtIOMEMClass),
+};
+
+static void virtio_register_types(void)
+{
+    type_register_static(&virtio_mem_info);
+}
+
+type_init(virtio_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio-pci.c b/hw/virtio/virtio-pci.c
index 7bc8c1c056..8554cf2a03 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/virtio-pci.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio-pci.c
@@ -1107,6 +1107,18 @@ static AddressSpace *virtio_pci_get_dma_as(DeviceState *d)
     return pci_get_address_space(dev);
 }
 
+static bool virtio_pci_queue_enabled(DeviceState *d, int n)
+{
+    VirtIOPCIProxy *proxy = VIRTIO_PCI(d);
+    VirtIODevice *vdev = virtio_bus_get_device(&proxy->bus);
+
+    if (virtio_vdev_has_feature(vdev, VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1)) {
+        return proxy->vqs[vdev->queue_sel].enabled;
+    }
+
+    return virtio_queue_enabled(vdev, n);
+}
+
 static int virtio_pci_add_mem_cap(VirtIOPCIProxy *proxy,
                                    struct virtio_pci_cap *cap)
 {
@@ -2064,6 +2076,7 @@ static void virtio_pci_bus_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
     k->ioeventfd_enabled = virtio_pci_ioeventfd_enabled;
     k->ioeventfd_assign = virtio_pci_ioeventfd_assign;
     k->get_dma_as = virtio_pci_get_dma_as;
+    k->queue_enabled = virtio_pci_queue_enabled;
 }
 
 static const TypeInfo virtio_pci_bus_info = {
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio.c b/hw/virtio/virtio.c
index cc9c9dc162..5bd2a2f621 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/virtio.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio.c
@@ -3286,6 +3286,12 @@ hwaddr virtio_queue_get_desc_addr(VirtIODevice *vdev, int n)
 
 bool virtio_queue_enabled(VirtIODevice *vdev, int n)
 {
+    BusState *qbus = qdev_get_parent_bus(DEVICE(vdev));
+    VirtioBusClass *k = VIRTIO_BUS_GET_CLASS(qbus);
+
+    if (k->queue_enabled) {
+        return k->queue_enabled(qbus->parent, n);
+    }
     return virtio_queue_get_desc_addr(vdev, n) != 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/include/block/block.h b/include/block/block.h
index e8fc814996..bca3bb831c 100644
--- a/include/block/block.h
+++ b/include/block/block.h
@@ -22,11 +22,6 @@ typedef struct BlockDriverInfo {
     int64_t vm_state_offset;
     bool is_dirty;
     /*
-     * True if unallocated blocks read back as zeroes. This is equivalent
-     * to the LBPRZ flag in the SCSI logical block provisioning page.
-     */
-    bool unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
-    /*
      * True if this block driver only supports compressed writes
      */
     bool needs_compressed_writes;
@@ -450,6 +445,7 @@ typedef void BlockDriverAmendStatusCB(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                                       int64_t total_work_size, void *opaque);
 int bdrv_amend_options(BlockDriverState *bs_new, QemuOpts *opts,
                        BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb, void *cb_opaque,
+                       bool force,
                        Error **errp);
 
 /* check if a named node can be replaced when doing drive-mirror */
@@ -488,7 +484,6 @@ int bdrv_pdiscard(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes);
 int bdrv_co_pdiscard(BdrvChild *child, int64_t offset, int64_t bytes);
 int bdrv_has_zero_init_1(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int bdrv_has_zero_init(BlockDriverState *bs);
-bool bdrv_unallocated_blocks_are_zero(BlockDriverState *bs);
 bool bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(BlockDriverState *bs);
 int bdrv_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t offset,
                       int64_t bytes, int64_t *pnum, int64_t *map,
diff --git a/include/block/block_int.h b/include/block/block_int.h
index 791de6a59c..3d6cf88592 100644
--- a/include/block/block_int.h
+++ b/include/block/block_int.h
@@ -123,7 +123,17 @@ struct BlockDriver {
      */
     bool bdrv_needs_filename;
 
-    /* Set if a driver can support backing files */
+    /*
+     * Set if a driver can support backing files. This also implies the
+     * following semantics:
+     *
+     *  - Return status 0 of .bdrv_co_block_status means that corresponding
+     *    blocks are not allocated in this layer of backing-chain
+     *  - For such (unallocated) blocks, read will:
+     *    - fill buffer with zeros if there is no backing file
+     *    - read from the backing file otherwise, where the block layer
+     *      takes care of reading zeros beyond EOF if backing file is short
+     */
     bool supports_backing;
 
     /* For handling image reopen for split or non-split files */
@@ -141,12 +151,27 @@ struct BlockDriver {
     int (*bdrv_file_open)(BlockDriverState *bs, QDict *options, int flags,
                           Error **errp);
     void (*bdrv_close)(BlockDriverState *bs);
+
+
     int coroutine_fn (*bdrv_co_create)(BlockdevCreateOptions *opts,
                                        Error **errp);
     int coroutine_fn (*bdrv_co_create_opts)(BlockDriver *drv,
                                             const char *filename,
                                             QemuOpts *opts,
                                             Error **errp);
+
+    int coroutine_fn (*bdrv_co_amend)(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                                      BlockdevAmendOptions *opts,
+                                      bool force,
+                                      Error **errp);
+
+    int (*bdrv_amend_options)(BlockDriverState *bs,
+                              QemuOpts *opts,
+                              BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
+                              void *cb_opaque,
+                              bool force,
+                              Error **errp);
+
     int (*bdrv_make_empty)(BlockDriverState *bs);
 
     /*
@@ -420,6 +445,10 @@ struct BlockDriver {
 
     /* List of options for creating images, terminated by name == NULL */
     QemuOptsList *create_opts;
+
+    /* List of options for image amend */
+    QemuOptsList *amend_opts;
+
     /*
      * If this driver supports reopening images this contains a
      * NULL-terminated list of the runtime options that can be
@@ -437,11 +466,6 @@ struct BlockDriver {
                                       BdrvCheckResult *result,
                                       BdrvCheckMode fix);
 
-    int (*bdrv_amend_options)(BlockDriverState *bs, QemuOpts *opts,
-                              BlockDriverAmendStatusCB *status_cb,
-                              void *cb_opaque,
-                              Error **errp);
-
     void (*bdrv_debug_event)(BlockDriverState *bs, BlkdebugEvent event);
 
     /* TODO Better pass a option string/QDict/QemuOpts to add any rule? */
diff --git a/include/crypto/block.h b/include/crypto/block.h
index c77ccaf9c0..d274819791 100644
--- a/include/crypto/block.h
+++ b/include/crypto/block.h
@@ -144,6 +144,28 @@ QCryptoBlock *qcrypto_block_create(QCryptoBlockCreateOptions *options,
                                    void *opaque,
                                    Error **errp);
 
+/**
+ * qcrypto_block_amend_options:
+ * @block: the block encryption object
+ *
+ * @readfunc: callback for reading data from the volume header
+ * @writefunc: callback for writing data to the volume header
+ * @opaque: data to pass to @readfunc and @writefunc
+ * @options: the new/amended encryption options
+ * @force: hint for the driver to allow unsafe operation
+ * @errp: error pointer
+ *
+ * Changes the crypto options of the encryption format
+ *
+ */
+int qcrypto_block_amend_options(QCryptoBlock *block,
+                                QCryptoBlockReadFunc readfunc,
+                                QCryptoBlockWriteFunc writefunc,
+                                void *opaque,
+                                QCryptoBlockAmendOptions *options,
+                                bool force,
+                                Error **errp);
+
 
 /**
  * qcrypto_block_calculate_payload_offset:
diff --git a/include/crypto/tls-cipher-suites.h b/include/crypto/tls-cipher-suites.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28b3a73ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/crypto/tls-cipher-suites.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU TLS Cipher Suites Registry (RFC8447)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2018-2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Author: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philmd@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#ifndef QCRYPTO_TLSCIPHERSUITES_H
+#define QCRYPTO_TLSCIPHERSUITES_H
+
+#include "qom/object.h"
+#include "crypto/tlscreds.h"
+
+#define TYPE_QCRYPTO_TLS_CIPHER_SUITES "tls-cipher-suites"
+#define QCRYPTO_TLS_CIPHER_SUITES(obj) \
+    OBJECT_CHECK(QCryptoTLSCipherSuites, (obj), TYPE_QCRYPTO_TLS_CIPHER_SUITES)
+
+typedef struct QCryptoTLSCipherSuites {
+    /* <private> */
+    QCryptoTLSCreds parent_obj;
+    /* <public> */
+} QCryptoTLSCipherSuites;
+
+/**
+  * qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_get_data:
+  * @obj: pointer to a TLS cipher suites object
+  * @errp: pointer to a NULL-initialized error object
+  *
+  * Returns: reference to a byte array containing the data.
+  * The caller should release the reference when no longer
+  * required.
+  */
+GByteArray *qcrypto_tls_cipher_suites_get_data(QCryptoTLSCipherSuites *obj,
+                                               Error **errp);
+
+#endif /* QCRYPTO_TLSCIPHERSUITES_H */
diff --git a/include/exec/memory.h b/include/exec/memory.h
index 84ee5b7a01..307e527835 100644
--- a/include/exec/memory.h
+++ b/include/exec/memory.h
@@ -2478,6 +2478,47 @@ static inline MemOp devend_memop(enum device_endian end)
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Inhibit technologies that require discarding of pages in RAM blocks, e.g.,
+ * to manage the actual amount of memory consumed by the VM (then, the memory
+ * provided by RAM blocks might be bigger than the desired memory consumption).
+ * This *must* be set if:
+ * - Discarding parts of a RAM blocks does not result in the change being
+ *   reflected in the VM and the pages getting freed.
+ * - All memory in RAM blocks is pinned or duplicated, invaldiating any previous
+ *   discards blindly.
+ * - Discarding parts of a RAM blocks will result in integrity issues (e.g.,
+ *   encrypted VMs).
+ * Technologies that only temporarily pin the current working set of a
+ * driver are fine, because we don't expect such pages to be discarded
+ * (esp. based on guest action like balloon inflation).
+ *
+ * This is *not* to be used to protect from concurrent discards (esp.,
+ * postcopy).
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if successful. Returns -EBUSY if a technology that relies on
+ * discards to work reliably is active.
+ */
+int ram_block_discard_disable(bool state);
+
+/*
+ * Inhibit technologies that disable discarding of pages in RAM blocks.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if successful. Returns -EBUSY if discards are already set to
+ * broken.
+ */
+int ram_block_discard_require(bool state);
+
+/*
+ * Test if discarding of memory in ram blocks is disabled.
+ */
+bool ram_block_discard_is_disabled(void);
+
+/*
+ * Test if discarding of memory in ram blocks is required to work reliably.
+ */
+bool ram_block_discard_is_required(void);
+
 #endif
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/fpu/softfloat.h b/include/fpu/softfloat.h
index ff4e2605b1..f1a19df066 100644
--- a/include/fpu/softfloat.h
+++ b/include/fpu/softfloat.h
@@ -794,7 +794,31 @@ static inline bool floatx80_unordered_quiet(floatx80 a, floatx80 b,
 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 static inline bool floatx80_invalid_encoding(floatx80 a)
 {
+#if defined(TARGET_M68K)
+    /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    | With m68k, the explicit integer bit can be zero in the case of:
+    | - zeros                (exp == 0, mantissa == 0)
+    | - denormalized numbers (exp == 0, mantissa != 0)
+    | - unnormalized numbers (exp != 0, exp < 0x7FFF)
+    | - infinities           (exp == 0x7FFF, mantissa == 0)
+    | - not-a-numbers        (exp == 0x7FFF, mantissa != 0)
+    |
+    | For infinities and NaNs, the explicit integer bit can be either one or
+    | zero.
+    |
+    | The IEEE 754 standard does not define a zero integer bit. Such a number
+    | is an unnormalized number. Hardware does not directly support
+    | denormalized and unnormalized numbers, but implicitly supports them by
+    | trapping them as unimplemented data types, allowing efficient conversion
+    | in software.
+    |
+    | See "M68000 FAMILY PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE MANUAL",
+    |     "1.6 FLOATING-POINT DATA TYPES"
+    *------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+    return false;
+#else
     return (a.low & (1ULL << 63)) == 0 && (a.high & 0x7FFF) != 0;
+#endif
 }
 
 #define floatx80_zero make_floatx80(0x0000, 0x0000000000000000LL)
diff --git a/include/hw/audio/pcspk.h b/include/hw/audio/pcspk.h
index 7e7f5f49dc..06cba00b83 100644
--- a/include/hw/audio/pcspk.h
+++ b/include/hw/audio/pcspk.h
@@ -31,18 +31,10 @@
 
 #define TYPE_PC_SPEAKER "isa-pcspk"
 
-static inline ISADevice *pcspk_init(ISABus *bus, ISADevice *pit)
+static inline void pcspk_init(ISADevice *isadev, ISABus *bus, ISADevice *pit)
 {
-    DeviceState *dev;
-    ISADevice *isadev;
-
-    isadev = isa_new(TYPE_PC_SPEAKER);
-    dev = DEVICE(isadev);
-    qdev_prop_set_uint32(dev, "iobase", 0x61);
-    object_property_set_link(OBJECT(dev), OBJECT(pit), "pit", NULL);
+    object_property_set_link(OBJECT(isadev), OBJECT(pit), "pit", NULL);
     isa_realize_and_unref(isadev, bus, &error_fatal);
-
-    return isadev;
 }
 
 #endif /* HW_PCSPK_H */
diff --git a/include/hw/audio/soundhw.h b/include/hw/audio/soundhw.h
index c8eef82418..f09a297854 100644
--- a/include/hw/audio/soundhw.h
+++ b/include/hw/audio/soundhw.h
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ void isa_register_soundhw(const char *name, const char *descr,
 
 void pci_register_soundhw(const char *name, const char *descr,
                           int (*init_pci)(PCIBus *bus));
+void deprecated_register_soundhw(const char *name, const char *descr,
+                                 int isa, const char *typename);
 
 void soundhw_init(void);
 void select_soundhw(const char *optarg);
diff --git a/include/hw/boards.h b/include/hw/boards.h
index 18815d9be2..426ce5f625 100644
--- a/include/hw/boards.h
+++ b/include/hw/boards.h
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ struct MachineClass {
     const char **valid_cpu_types;
     strList *allowed_dynamic_sysbus_devices;
     bool auto_enable_numa_with_memhp;
+    bool auto_enable_numa_with_memdev;
     void (*numa_auto_assign_ram)(MachineClass *mc, NodeInfo *nodes,
                                  int nb_nodes, ram_addr_t size);
     bool ignore_boot_device_suffixes;
diff --git a/include/hw/i386/pc.h b/include/hw/i386/pc.h
index dce1273c7d..a802e69974 100644
--- a/include/hw/i386/pc.h
+++ b/include/hw/i386/pc.h
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ struct PCMachineState {
     PCIBus *bus;
     I2CBus *smbus;
     PFlashCFI01 *flash[2];
+    ISADevice *pcspk;
 
     /* Configuration options: */
     uint64_t max_ram_below_4g;
@@ -160,11 +161,10 @@ void pc_memory_init(PCMachineState *pcms,
                     MemoryRegion **ram_memory);
 uint64_t pc_pci_hole64_start(void);
 DeviceState *pc_vga_init(ISABus *isa_bus, PCIBus *pci_bus);
-void pc_basic_device_init(ISABus *isa_bus, qemu_irq *gsi,
+void pc_basic_device_init(struct PCMachineState *pcms,
+                          ISABus *isa_bus, qemu_irq *gsi,
                           ISADevice **rtc_state,
                           bool create_fdctrl,
-                          bool no_vmport,
-                          bool has_pit,
                           uint32_t hpet_irqs);
 void pc_init_ne2k_isa(ISABus *bus, NICInfo *nd);
 void pc_cmos_init(PCMachineState *pcms,
diff --git a/include/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.h b/include/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.h
index 25d9307018..11feae3177 100644
--- a/include/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.h
+++ b/include/hw/nvram/fw_cfg.h
@@ -9,11 +9,36 @@
 #define TYPE_FW_CFG     "fw_cfg"
 #define TYPE_FW_CFG_IO  "fw_cfg_io"
 #define TYPE_FW_CFG_MEM "fw_cfg_mem"
+#define TYPE_FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_INTERFACE "fw_cfg-data-generator"
 
 #define FW_CFG(obj)     OBJECT_CHECK(FWCfgState,    (obj), TYPE_FW_CFG)
 #define FW_CFG_IO(obj)  OBJECT_CHECK(FWCfgIoState,  (obj), TYPE_FW_CFG_IO)
 #define FW_CFG_MEM(obj) OBJECT_CHECK(FWCfgMemState, (obj), TYPE_FW_CFG_MEM)
 
+#define FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_CLASS(class) \
+    OBJECT_CLASS_CHECK(FWCfgDataGeneratorClass, (class), \
+                       TYPE_FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_INTERFACE)
+#define FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+    OBJECT_GET_CLASS(FWCfgDataGeneratorClass, (obj), \
+                     TYPE_FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR_INTERFACE)
+
+typedef struct FWCfgDataGeneratorClass {
+    /*< private >*/
+    InterfaceClass parent_class;
+    /*< public >*/
+
+    /**
+     * get_data:
+     * @obj: the object implementing this interface
+     * @errp: pointer to a NULL-initialized error object
+     *
+     * Returns: reference to a byte array containing the data.
+     * The caller should release the reference when no longer
+     * required.
+     */
+    GByteArray *(*get_data)(Object *obj, Error **errp);
+} FWCfgDataGeneratorClass;
+
 typedef struct fw_cfg_file FWCfgFile;
 
 #define FW_CFG_ORDER_OVERRIDE_VGA    70
@@ -263,6 +288,24 @@ void fw_cfg_add_file_callback(FWCfgState *s, const char *filename,
 void *fw_cfg_modify_file(FWCfgState *s, const char *filename, void *data,
                          size_t len);
 
+/**
+ * fw_cfg_add_from_generator:
+ * @s: fw_cfg device being modified
+ * @filename: name of new fw_cfg file item
+ * @gen_id: name of object implementing FW_CFG_DATA_GENERATOR interface
+ * @errp: pointer to a NULL initialized error object
+ *
+ * Add a new NAMED fw_cfg item with the content generated from the
+ * @gen_id object. The data generated by the @gen_id object is copied
+ * into the data structure of the fw_cfg device.
+ * The next available (unused) selector key starting at FW_CFG_FILE_FIRST
+ * will be used; also, a new entry will be added to the file directory
+ * structure residing at key value FW_CFG_FILE_DIR, containing the item name,
+ * data size, and assigned selector key value.
+ */
+void fw_cfg_add_from_generator(FWCfgState *s, const char *filename,
+                               const char *gen_id, Error **errp);
+
 FWCfgState *fw_cfg_init_io_dma(uint32_t iobase, uint32_t dma_iobase,
                                 AddressSpace *dma_as);
 FWCfgState *fw_cfg_init_io(uint32_t iobase);
diff --git a/include/hw/pci/pci.h b/include/hw/pci/pci.h
index a4e9c33416..c1bf7d5356 100644
--- a/include/hw/pci/pci.h
+++ b/include/hw/pci/pci.h
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ extern bool pci_available;
 #define PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIRTIO_VSOCK       0x1012
 #define PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIRTIO_PMEM        0x1013
 #define PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIRTIO_IOMMU       0x1014
+#define PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIRTIO_MEM         0x1015
 
 #define PCI_VENDOR_ID_REDHAT             0x1b36
 #define PCI_DEVICE_ID_REDHAT_BRIDGE      0x0001
diff --git a/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
index fd564209ac..c78f3ff559 100644
--- a/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
+++ b/include/hw/vfio/vfio-common.h
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ typedef struct VFIODevice {
     bool reset_works;
     bool needs_reset;
     bool no_mmap;
-    bool balloon_allowed;
+    bool ram_block_discard_allowed;
     VFIODeviceOps *ops;
     unsigned int num_irqs;
     unsigned int num_regions;
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ typedef struct VFIOGroup {
     QLIST_HEAD(, VFIODevice) device_list;
     QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGroup) next;
     QLIST_ENTRY(VFIOGroup) container_next;
-    bool balloon_allowed;
+    bool ram_block_discard_allowed;
 } VFIOGroup;
 
 typedef struct VFIODMABuf {
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h
index 6f6670783f..8825bd278f 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-backend.h
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ typedef enum VhostBackendType {
     VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_NONE = 0,
     VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_KERNEL = 1,
     VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_USER = 2,
-    VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_MAX = 3,
+    VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA = 3,
+    VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_MAX = 4,
 } VhostBackendType;
 
 typedef enum VhostSetConfigType {
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ struct vhost_vring_state;
 struct vhost_vring_addr;
 struct vhost_scsi_target;
 struct vhost_iotlb_msg;
+struct vhost_virtqueue;
 
 typedef int (*vhost_backend_init)(struct vhost_dev *dev, void *opaque);
 typedef int (*vhost_backend_cleanup)(struct vhost_dev *dev);
@@ -112,6 +114,16 @@ typedef int (*vhost_get_inflight_fd_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
 typedef int (*vhost_set_inflight_fd_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                                         struct vhost_inflight *inflight);
 
+typedef int (*vhost_dev_start_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev, bool started);
+
+typedef int (*vhost_vq_get_addr_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                    struct vhost_vring_addr *addr,
+                    struct vhost_virtqueue *vq);
+
+typedef int (*vhost_get_device_id_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev, uint32_t *dev_id);
+
+typedef bool (*vhost_force_iommu_op)(struct vhost_dev *dev);
+
 typedef struct VhostOps {
     VhostBackendType backend_type;
     vhost_backend_init vhost_backend_init;
@@ -152,9 +164,14 @@ typedef struct VhostOps {
     vhost_backend_mem_section_filter_op vhost_backend_mem_section_filter;
     vhost_get_inflight_fd_op vhost_get_inflight_fd;
     vhost_set_inflight_fd_op vhost_set_inflight_fd;
+    vhost_dev_start_op vhost_dev_start;
+    vhost_vq_get_addr_op  vhost_vq_get_addr;
+    vhost_get_device_id_op vhost_get_device_id;
+    vhost_force_iommu_op vhost_force_iommu;
 } VhostOps;
 
 extern const VhostOps user_ops;
+extern const VhostOps vdpa_ops;
 
 int vhost_set_backend_type(struct vhost_dev *dev,
                            VhostBackendType backend_type);
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6455663388
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ * vhost-vdpa.h
+ *
+ * Copyright(c) 2017-2018 Intel Corporation.
+ * Copyright(c) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef HW_VIRTIO_VHOST_VDPA_H
+#define HW_VIRTIO_VHOST_VDPA_H
+
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio.h"
+
+typedef struct vhost_vdpa {
+    int device_fd;
+    uint32_t msg_type;
+    MemoryListener listener;
+} VhostVDPA;
+
+extern AddressSpace address_space_memory;
+extern int vhost_vdpa_get_device_id(struct vhost_dev *dev,
+                                   uint32_t *device_id);
+#endif
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h b/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
index 085450c6f8..767a95ec0b 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/vhost.h
@@ -92,6 +92,13 @@ struct vhost_dev {
     const VhostDevConfigOps *config_ops;
 };
 
+struct vhost_net {
+    struct vhost_dev dev;
+    struct vhost_virtqueue vqs[2];
+    int backend;
+    NetClientState *nc;
+};
+
 int vhost_dev_init(struct vhost_dev *hdev, void *opaque,
                    VhostBackendType backend_type,
                    uint32_t busyloop_timeout);
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h
index 38c9399cd4..0f6f215925 100644
--- a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-bus.h
@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ typedef struct VirtioBusClass {
     int (*ioeventfd_assign)(DeviceState *d, EventNotifier *notifier,
                             int n, bool assign);
     /*
+     * Whether queue number n is enabled.
+     */
+    bool (*queue_enabled)(DeviceState *d, int n);
+    /*
      * Does the transport have variable vring alignment?
      * (ie can it ever call virtio_queue_set_align()?)
      * Note that changing this will break migration for this transport.
diff --git a/include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0778224964
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/hw/virtio/virtio-mem.h
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/*
+ * Virtio MEM device
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * Authors:
+ *  David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+#ifndef HW_VIRTIO_MEM_H
+#define HW_VIRTIO_MEM_H
+
+#include "standard-headers/linux/virtio_mem.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/virtio.h"
+#include "qapi/qapi-types-misc.h"
+#include "sysemu/hostmem.h"
+
+#define TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM "virtio-mem"
+
+#define VIRTIO_MEM(obj) \
+        OBJECT_CHECK(VirtIOMEM, (obj), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM)
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_CLASS(oc) \
+        OBJECT_CLASS_CHECK(VirtIOMEMClass, (oc), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM)
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_GET_CLASS(obj) \
+        OBJECT_GET_CLASS(VirtIOMEMClass, (obj), TYPE_VIRTIO_MEM)
+
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_MEMDEV_PROP "memdev"
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_NODE_PROP "node"
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_SIZE_PROP "size"
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_REQUESTED_SIZE_PROP "requested-size"
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_BLOCK_SIZE_PROP "block-size"
+#define VIRTIO_MEM_ADDR_PROP "memaddr"
+
+typedef struct VirtIOMEM {
+    VirtIODevice parent_obj;
+
+    /* guest -> host request queue */
+    VirtQueue *vq;
+
+    /* bitmap used to track unplugged memory */
+    int32_t bitmap_size;
+    unsigned long *bitmap;
+
+    /* assigned memory backend and memory region */
+    HostMemoryBackend *memdev;
+
+    /* NUMA node */
+    uint32_t node;
+
+    /* assigned address of the region in guest physical memory */
+    uint64_t addr;
+
+    /* usable region size (<= region_size) */
+    uint64_t usable_region_size;
+
+    /* actual size (how much the guest plugged) */
+    uint64_t size;
+
+    /* requested size */
+    uint64_t requested_size;
+
+    /* block size and alignment */
+    uint64_t block_size;
+
+    /* notifiers to notify when "size" changes */
+    NotifierList size_change_notifiers;
+
+    /* don't migrate unplugged memory */
+    NotifierWithReturn precopy_notifier;
+} VirtIOMEM;
+
+typedef struct VirtIOMEMClass {
+    /* private */
+    VirtIODevice parent;
+
+    /* public */
+    void (*fill_device_info)(const VirtIOMEM *vmen, VirtioMEMDeviceInfo *vi);
+    MemoryRegion *(*get_memory_region)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Error **errp);
+    void (*add_size_change_notifier)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Notifier *notifier);
+    void (*remove_size_change_notifier)(VirtIOMEM *vmem, Notifier *notifier);
+} VirtIOMEMClass;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/include/migration/colo.h b/include/migration/colo.h
index 1636e6f907..768e1f04c3 100644
--- a/include/migration/colo.h
+++ b/include/migration/colo.h
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ void migrate_start_colo_process(MigrationState *s);
 bool migration_in_colo_state(void);
 
 /* loadvm */
-void migration_incoming_enable_colo(void);
+int migration_incoming_enable_colo(void);
 void migration_incoming_disable_colo(void);
 bool migration_incoming_colo_enabled(void);
 void *colo_process_incoming_thread(void *opaque);
diff --git a/include/migration/misc.h b/include/migration/misc.h
index d2762257aa..34e7d75713 100644
--- a/include/migration/misc.h
+++ b/include/migration/misc.h
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ bool migration_has_failed(MigrationState *);
 /* ...and after the device transmission */
 bool migration_in_postcopy_after_devices(MigrationState *);
 void migration_global_dump(Monitor *mon);
+/* True if incomming migration entered POSTCOPY_INCOMING_DISCARD */
+bool migration_in_incoming_postcopy(void);
 
 /* migration/block-dirty-bitmap.c */
 void dirty_bitmap_mig_init(void);
diff --git a/include/net/net.h b/include/net/net.h
index 39085d9444..e7ef42d62b 100644
--- a/include/net/net.h
+++ b/include/net/net.h
@@ -176,6 +176,7 @@ void hmp_info_network(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict);
 void net_socket_rs_init(SocketReadState *rs,
                         SocketReadStateFinalize *finalize,
                         bool vnet_hdr);
+NetClientState *qemu_get_peer(NetClientState *nc, int queue_index);
 
 /* NIC info */
 
diff --git a/include/net/vhost-vdpa.h b/include/net/vhost-vdpa.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..45e34b7cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/net/vhost-vdpa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ * vhost-vdpa.h
+ *
+ * Copyright(c) 2017-2018 Intel Corporation.
+ * Copyright(c) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef VHOST_VDPA_H
+#define VHOST_VDPA_H
+
+#define TYPE_VHOST_VDPA "vhost-vdpa"
+
+struct vhost_net *vhost_vdpa_get_vhost_net(NetClientState *nc);
+uint64_t vhost_vdpa_get_acked_features(NetClientState *nc);
+
+extern const int vdpa_feature_bits[];
+
+#endif /* VHOST_VDPA_H */
diff --git a/include/net/vhost_net.h b/include/net/vhost_net.h
index 77e47398c4..172b0051d8 100644
--- a/include/net/vhost_net.h
+++ b/include/net/vhost_net.h
@@ -28,6 +28,11 @@ void vhost_net_cleanup(VHostNetState *net);
 uint64_t vhost_net_get_features(VHostNetState *net, uint64_t features);
 void vhost_net_ack_features(VHostNetState *net, uint64_t features);
 
+int vhost_net_get_config(struct vhost_net *net,  uint8_t *config,
+                         uint32_t config_len);
+
+int vhost_net_set_config(struct vhost_net *net, const uint8_t *data,
+                         uint32_t offset, uint32_t size, uint32_t flags);
 bool vhost_net_virtqueue_pending(VHostNetState *net, int n);
 void vhost_net_virtqueue_mask(VHostNetState *net, VirtIODevice *dev,
                               int idx, bool mask);
diff --git a/include/qemu/host-utils.h b/include/qemu/host-utils.h
index 4cd170e6cd..cdca2991d8 100644
--- a/include/qemu/host-utils.h
+++ b/include/qemu/host-utils.h
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ static inline int divs128(int64_t *plow, int64_t *phigh, int64_t divisor)
     }
 }
 #else
-void muls64(uint64_t *phigh, uint64_t *plow, int64_t a, int64_t b);
-void mulu64(uint64_t *phigh, uint64_t *plow, uint64_t a, uint64_t b);
+void muls64(uint64_t *plow, uint64_t *phigh, int64_t a, int64_t b);
+void mulu64(uint64_t *plow, uint64_t *phigh, uint64_t a, uint64_t b);
 int divu128(uint64_t *plow, uint64_t *phigh, uint64_t divisor);
 int divs128(int64_t *plow, int64_t *phigh, int64_t divisor);
 
diff --git a/include/qemu/module.h b/include/qemu/module.h
index 011ae1ae76..9121a475c1 100644
--- a/include/qemu/module.h
+++ b/include/qemu/module.h
@@ -70,5 +70,7 @@ void register_dso_module_init(void (*fn)(void), module_init_type type);
 
 void module_call_init(module_init_type type);
 bool module_load_one(const char *prefix, const char *lib_name);
+void module_load_qom_one(const char *type);
+void module_load_qom_all(void);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/include/qemu/option.h b/include/qemu/option.h
index eb4097889d..ac50d25774 100644
--- a/include/qemu/option.h
+++ b/include/qemu/option.h
@@ -28,6 +28,19 @@
 
 #include "qemu/queue.h"
 
+/**
+ * get_opt_value
+ * @p: a pointer to the option name, delimited by commas
+ * @value: a non-NULL pointer that will received the delimited options
+ *
+ * The @value char pointer will be allocated and filled with
+ * the delimited options.
+ *
+ * Returns the position of the comma delimiter/zero byte after the
+ * option name in @p.
+ * The memory pointer in @value must be released with a call to g_free()
+ * when no longer required.
+ */
 const char *get_opt_value(const char *p, char **value);
 
 void parse_option_size(const char *name, const char *value,
diff --git a/include/qom/object.h b/include/qom/object.h
index 94a61ccc3f..51f188137f 100644
--- a/include/qom/object.h
+++ b/include/qom/object.h
@@ -994,6 +994,18 @@ bool object_class_is_abstract(ObjectClass *klass);
  */
 ObjectClass *object_class_by_name(const char *typename);
 
+/**
+ * module_object_class_by_name:
+ * @typename: The QOM typename to obtain the class for.
+ *
+ * For objects which might be provided by a module.  Behaves like
+ * object_class_by_name, but additionally tries to load the module
+ * needed in case the class is not available.
+ *
+ * Returns: The class for @typename or %NULL if not found.
+ */
+ObjectClass *module_object_class_by_name(const char *typename);
+
 void object_class_foreach(void (*fn)(ObjectClass *klass, void *opaque),
                           const char *implements_type, bool include_abstract,
                           void *opaque);
diff --git a/include/sysemu/balloon.h b/include/sysemu/balloon.h
index aea0c44985..20a2defe3a 100644
--- a/include/sysemu/balloon.h
+++ b/include/sysemu/balloon.h
@@ -23,7 +23,5 @@ typedef void (QEMUBalloonStatus)(void *opaque, BalloonInfo *info);
 int qemu_add_balloon_handler(QEMUBalloonEvent *event_func,
                              QEMUBalloonStatus *stat_func, void *opaque);
 void qemu_remove_balloon_handler(void *opaque);
-bool qemu_balloon_is_inhibited(void);
-void qemu_balloon_inhibit(bool state);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/migration/migration.c b/migration/migration.c
index 481a590f72..92e44e021e 100644
--- a/migration/migration.c
+++ b/migration/migration.c
@@ -338,12 +338,18 @@ bool migration_incoming_colo_enabled(void)
 
 void migration_incoming_disable_colo(void)
 {
+    ram_block_discard_disable(false);
     migration_colo_enabled = false;
 }
 
-void migration_incoming_enable_colo(void)
+int migration_incoming_enable_colo(void)
 {
+    if (ram_block_discard_disable(true)) {
+        error_report("COLO: cannot disable RAM discard");
+        return -EBUSY;
+    }
     migration_colo_enabled = true;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 void migrate_add_address(SocketAddress *address)
@@ -1772,6 +1778,13 @@ bool migration_in_postcopy_after_devices(MigrationState *s)
     return migration_in_postcopy() && s->postcopy_after_devices;
 }
 
+bool migration_in_incoming_postcopy(void)
+{
+    PostcopyState ps = postcopy_state_get();
+
+    return ps >= POSTCOPY_INCOMING_DISCARD && ps < POSTCOPY_INCOMING_END;
+}
+
 bool migration_is_idle(void)
 {
     MigrationState *s = current_migration;
diff --git a/migration/postcopy-ram.c b/migration/postcopy-ram.c
index bef2a3afed..1bb22f2b6c 100644
--- a/migration/postcopy-ram.c
+++ b/migration/postcopy-ram.c
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 #include "qemu/notify.h"
 #include "qemu/rcu.h"
 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
-#include "sysemu/balloon.h"
 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "hw/boards.h"
@@ -521,20 +520,6 @@ int postcopy_ram_incoming_init(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
 }
 
 /*
- * Manage a single vote to the QEMU balloon inhibitor for all postcopy usage,
- * last caller wins.
- */
-static void postcopy_balloon_inhibit(bool state)
-{
-    static bool cur_state = false;
-
-    if (state != cur_state) {
-        qemu_balloon_inhibit(state);
-        cur_state = state;
-    }
-}
-
-/*
  * At the end of a migration where postcopy_ram_incoming_init was called.
  */
 int postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
@@ -565,8 +550,6 @@ int postcopy_ram_incoming_cleanup(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
         mis->have_fault_thread = false;
     }
 
-    postcopy_balloon_inhibit(false);
-
     if (enable_mlock) {
         if (os_mlock() < 0) {
             error_report("mlock: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -1160,12 +1143,6 @@ int postcopy_ram_incoming_setup(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
     }
     memset(mis->postcopy_tmp_zero_page, '\0', mis->largest_page_size);
 
-    /*
-     * Ballooning can mark pages as absent while we're postcopying
-     * that would cause false userfaults.
-     */
-    postcopy_balloon_inhibit(true);
-
     trace_postcopy_ram_enable_notify();
 
     return 0;
diff --git a/migration/rdma.c b/migration/rdma.c
index 3b18823268..bea6532813 100644
--- a/migration/rdma.c
+++ b/migration/rdma.c
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 #include "qemu/sockets.h"
 #include "qemu/bitmap.h"
 #include "qemu/coroutine.h"
+#include "exec/memory.h"
 #include <sys/socket.h>
 #include <netdb.h>
 #include <arpa/inet.h>
@@ -4016,8 +4017,14 @@ void rdma_start_incoming_migration(const char *host_port, Error **errp)
     Error *local_err = NULL;
 
     trace_rdma_start_incoming_migration();
-    rdma = qemu_rdma_data_init(host_port, &local_err);
 
+    /* Avoid ram_block_discard_disable(), cannot change during migration. */
+    if (ram_block_discard_is_required()) {
+        error_setg(errp, "RDMA: cannot disable RAM discard");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rdma = qemu_rdma_data_init(host_port, &local_err);
     if (rdma == NULL) {
         goto err;
     }
@@ -4066,10 +4073,17 @@ void rdma_start_outgoing_migration(void *opaque,
                             const char *host_port, Error **errp)
 {
     MigrationState *s = opaque;
-    RDMAContext *rdma = qemu_rdma_data_init(host_port, errp);
     RDMAContext *rdma_return_path = NULL;
+    RDMAContext *rdma;
     int ret = 0;
 
+    /* Avoid ram_block_discard_disable(), cannot change during migration. */
+    if (ram_block_discard_is_required()) {
+        error_setg(errp, "RDMA: cannot disable RAM discard");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    rdma = qemu_rdma_data_init(host_port, errp);
     if (rdma == NULL) {
         goto err;
     }
diff --git a/migration/savevm.c b/migration/savevm.c
index b979ea6e7f..6e01724605 100644
--- a/migration/savevm.c
+++ b/migration/savevm.c
@@ -2111,8 +2111,15 @@ static int loadvm_handle_recv_bitmap(MigrationIncomingState *mis,
 
 static int loadvm_process_enable_colo(MigrationIncomingState *mis)
 {
-    migration_incoming_enable_colo();
-    return colo_init_ram_cache();
+    int ret = migration_incoming_enable_colo();
+
+    if (!ret) {
+        ret = colo_init_ram_cache();
+        if (ret) {
+            migration_incoming_disable_colo();
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/monitor/hmp-cmds.c b/monitor/hmp-cmds.c
index 2b0b58a336..2ec13e4cc3 100644
--- a/monitor/hmp-cmds.c
+++ b/monitor/hmp-cmds.c
@@ -1821,6 +1821,7 @@ void hmp_info_memory_devices(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
     MemoryDeviceInfoList *info_list = qmp_query_memory_devices(&err);
     MemoryDeviceInfoList *info;
     VirtioPMEMDeviceInfo *vpi;
+    VirtioMEMDeviceInfo *vmi;
     MemoryDeviceInfo *value;
     PCDIMMDeviceInfo *di;
 
@@ -1855,6 +1856,21 @@ void hmp_info_memory_devices(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
                 monitor_printf(mon, "  size: %" PRIu64 "\n", vpi->size);
                 monitor_printf(mon, "  memdev: %s\n", vpi->memdev);
                 break;
+            case MEMORY_DEVICE_INFO_KIND_VIRTIO_MEM:
+                vmi = value->u.virtio_mem.data;
+                monitor_printf(mon, "Memory device [%s]: \"%s\"\n",
+                               MemoryDeviceInfoKind_str(value->type),
+                               vmi->id ? vmi->id : "");
+                monitor_printf(mon, "  memaddr: 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", vmi->memaddr);
+                monitor_printf(mon, "  node: %" PRId64 "\n", vmi->node);
+                monitor_printf(mon, "  requested-size: %" PRIu64 "\n",
+                               vmi->requested_size);
+                monitor_printf(mon, "  size: %" PRIu64 "\n", vmi->size);
+                monitor_printf(mon, "  max-size: %" PRIu64 "\n", vmi->max_size);
+                monitor_printf(mon, "  block-size: %" PRIu64 "\n",
+                               vmi->block_size);
+                monitor_printf(mon, "  memdev: %s\n", vmi->memdev);
+                break;
             default:
                 g_assert_not_reached();
             }
diff --git a/monitor/monitor.c b/monitor/monitor.c
index 125494410a..19dcb8fbe3 100644
--- a/monitor/monitor.c
+++ b/monitor/monitor.c
@@ -235,6 +235,7 @@ static MonitorQAPIEventConf monitor_qapi_event_conf[QAPI_EVENT__MAX] = {
     [QAPI_EVENT_QUORUM_REPORT_BAD] = { 1000 * SCALE_MS },
     [QAPI_EVENT_QUORUM_FAILURE]    = { 1000 * SCALE_MS },
     [QAPI_EVENT_VSERPORT_CHANGE]   = { 1000 * SCALE_MS },
+    [QAPI_EVENT_MEMORY_DEVICE_SIZE_CHANGE] = { 1000 * SCALE_MS },
 };
 
 /*
diff --git a/net/Makefile.objs b/net/Makefile.objs
index c5d076d19c..5ab45545db 100644
--- a/net/Makefile.objs
+++ b/net/Makefile.objs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ tap-obj-$(CONFIG_SOLARIS) = tap-solaris.o
 tap-obj-y ?= tap-stub.o
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_POSIX) += tap.o $(tap-obj-y)
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_WIN32) += tap-win32.o
-
+common-obj-$(CONFIG_VHOST_NET_VDPA) += vhost-vdpa.o
 vde.o-libs = $(VDE_LIBS)
 
 common-obj-$(CONFIG_CAN_BUS) += can/
diff --git a/net/clients.h b/net/clients.h
index a6ef267e19..92f9b59aed 100644
--- a/net/clients.h
+++ b/net/clients.h
@@ -61,4 +61,6 @@ int net_init_netmap(const Netdev *netdev, const char *name,
 int net_init_vhost_user(const Netdev *netdev, const char *name,
                         NetClientState *peer, Error **errp);
 
+int net_init_vhost_vdpa(const Netdev *netdev, const char *name,
+                        NetClientState *peer, Error **errp);
 #endif /* QEMU_NET_CLIENTS_H */
diff --git a/net/net.c b/net/net.c
index d1130296e1..94dc546fb2 100644
--- a/net/net.c
+++ b/net/net.c
@@ -325,6 +325,13 @@ void *qemu_get_nic_opaque(NetClientState *nc)
     return nic->opaque;
 }
 
+NetClientState *qemu_get_peer(NetClientState *nc, int queue_index)
+{
+    assert(nc != NULL);
+    NetClientState *ncs = nc + queue_index;
+    return ncs->peer;
+}
+
 static void qemu_cleanup_net_client(NetClientState *nc)
 {
     QTAILQ_REMOVE(&net_clients, nc, next);
@@ -959,6 +966,9 @@ static int (* const net_client_init_fun[NET_CLIENT_DRIVER__MAX])(
 #ifdef CONFIG_VHOST_NET_USER
         [NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_USER] = net_init_vhost_user,
 #endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_VHOST_NET_VDPA
+        [NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA] = net_init_vhost_vdpa,
+#endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_L2TPV3
         [NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_L2TPV3]    = net_init_l2tpv3,
 #endif
diff --git a/net/tap-solaris.c b/net/tap-solaris.c
index 4725d2314e..d03165c57c 100644
--- a/net/tap-solaris.c
+++ b/net/tap-solaris.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "tap_int.h"
 #include "qemu/ctype.h"
 #include "qemu/cutils.h"
+#include "qemu-common.h"
 
 #include <sys/ethernet.h>
 #include <sys/sockio.h>
diff --git a/net/vhost-vdpa.c b/net/vhost-vdpa.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc0e0d2d35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/net/vhost-vdpa.c
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+/*
+ * vhost-vdpa.c
+ *
+ * Copyright(c) 2017-2018 Intel Corporation.
+ * Copyright(c) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
+ * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "clients.h"
+#include "net/vhost_net.h"
+#include "net/vhost-vdpa.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/vhost-vdpa.h"
+#include "qemu/config-file.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "qemu/option.h"
+#include "qapi/error.h"
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <err.h>
+#include "standard-headers/linux/virtio_net.h"
+#include "monitor/monitor.h"
+#include "hw/virtio/vhost.h"
+
+/* Todo:need to add the multiqueue support here */
+typedef struct VhostVDPAState {
+    NetClientState nc;
+    struct vhost_vdpa vhost_vdpa;
+    VHostNetState *vhost_net;
+    uint64_t acked_features;
+    bool started;
+} VhostVDPAState;
+
+const int vdpa_feature_bits[] = {
+    VIRTIO_F_NOTIFY_ON_EMPTY,
+    VIRTIO_RING_F_INDIRECT_DESC,
+    VIRTIO_RING_F_EVENT_IDX,
+    VIRTIO_F_ANY_LAYOUT,
+    VIRTIO_F_VERSION_1,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_CSUM,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_CSUM,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_GSO,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_TSO4,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_TSO6,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_ECN,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_UFO,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_TSO4,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_TSO6,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_ECN,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_UFO,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_MRG_RXBUF,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_MTU,
+    VIRTIO_F_IOMMU_PLATFORM,
+    VIRTIO_F_RING_PACKED,
+    VIRTIO_NET_F_GUEST_ANNOUNCE,
+    VHOST_INVALID_FEATURE_BIT
+};
+
+VHostNetState *vhost_vdpa_get_vhost_net(NetClientState *nc)
+{
+    VhostVDPAState *s = DO_UPCAST(VhostVDPAState, nc, nc);
+    assert(nc->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA);
+    return s->vhost_net;
+}
+
+uint64_t vhost_vdpa_get_acked_features(NetClientState *nc)
+{
+    VhostVDPAState *s = DO_UPCAST(VhostVDPAState, nc, nc);
+    assert(nc->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA);
+    s->acked_features = vhost_net_get_acked_features(s->vhost_net);
+
+    return s->acked_features;
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_net_check_device_id(struct vhost_net *net)
+{
+    uint32_t device_id;
+    int ret;
+    struct vhost_dev *hdev;
+
+    hdev = (struct vhost_dev *)&net->dev;
+    ret = hdev->vhost_ops->vhost_get_device_id(hdev, &device_id);
+    if (device_id != VIRTIO_ID_NET) {
+        return -ENOTSUP;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static void vhost_vdpa_del(NetClientState *ncs)
+{
+    VhostVDPAState *s;
+    assert(ncs->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA);
+    s = DO_UPCAST(VhostVDPAState, nc, ncs);
+    if (s->vhost_net) {
+        vhost_net_cleanup(s->vhost_net);
+    }
+}
+
+static int vhost_vdpa_add(NetClientState *ncs, void *be)
+{
+    VhostNetOptions options;
+    struct vhost_net *net = NULL;
+    VhostVDPAState *s;
+    int ret;
+
+    options.backend_type = VHOST_BACKEND_TYPE_VDPA;
+    assert(ncs->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA);
+    s = DO_UPCAST(VhostVDPAState, nc, ncs);
+    options.net_backend = ncs;
+    options.opaque      = be;
+    options.busyloop_timeout = 0;
+
+    net = vhost_net_init(&options);
+    if (!net) {
+        error_report("failed to init vhost_net for queue");
+        goto err;
+    }
+    if (s->vhost_net) {
+        vhost_net_cleanup(s->vhost_net);
+        g_free(s->vhost_net);
+    }
+    s->vhost_net = net;
+    ret = vhost_vdpa_net_check_device_id(net);
+    if (ret) {
+        goto err;
+    }
+    return 0;
+err:
+    if (net) {
+        vhost_net_cleanup(net);
+    }
+    vhost_vdpa_del(ncs);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static void vhost_vdpa_cleanup(NetClientState *nc)
+{
+    VhostVDPAState *s = DO_UPCAST(VhostVDPAState, nc, nc);
+
+    if (s->vhost_net) {
+        vhost_net_cleanup(s->vhost_net);
+        g_free(s->vhost_net);
+        s->vhost_net = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool vhost_vdpa_has_vnet_hdr(NetClientState *nc)
+{
+    assert(nc->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static bool vhost_vdpa_has_ufo(NetClientState *nc)
+{
+    assert(nc->info->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA);
+    VhostVDPAState *s = DO_UPCAST(VhostVDPAState, nc, nc);
+    uint64_t features = 0;
+    features |= (1ULL << VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_UFO);
+    features = vhost_net_get_features(s->vhost_net, features);
+    return !!(features & (1ULL << VIRTIO_NET_F_HOST_UFO));
+
+}
+
+static NetClientInfo net_vhost_vdpa_info = {
+        .type = NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA,
+        .size = sizeof(VhostVDPAState),
+        .cleanup = vhost_vdpa_cleanup,
+        .has_vnet_hdr = vhost_vdpa_has_vnet_hdr,
+        .has_ufo = vhost_vdpa_has_ufo,
+};
+
+static int net_vhost_vdpa_init(NetClientState *peer, const char *device,
+                               const char *name, const char *vhostdev)
+{
+    NetClientState *nc = NULL;
+    VhostVDPAState *s;
+    int vdpa_device_fd = -1;
+    int ret = 0;
+    assert(name);
+    nc = qemu_new_net_client(&net_vhost_vdpa_info, peer, device, name);
+    snprintf(nc->info_str, sizeof(nc->info_str), TYPE_VHOST_VDPA);
+    nc->queue_index = 0;
+    s = DO_UPCAST(VhostVDPAState, nc, nc);
+    vdpa_device_fd = qemu_open(vhostdev, O_RDWR);
+    if (vdpa_device_fd == -1) {
+        return -errno;
+    }
+    s->vhost_vdpa.device_fd = vdpa_device_fd;
+    ret = vhost_vdpa_add(nc, (void *)&s->vhost_vdpa);
+    assert(s->vhost_net);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int net_vhost_check_net(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
+{
+    const char *name = opaque;
+    const char *driver, *netdev;
+
+    driver = qemu_opt_get(opts, "driver");
+    netdev = qemu_opt_get(opts, "netdev");
+    if (!driver || !netdev) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (strcmp(netdev, name) == 0 &&
+        !g_str_has_prefix(driver, "virtio-net-")) {
+        error_setg(errp, "vhost-vdpa requires frontend driver virtio-net-*");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int net_init_vhost_vdpa(const Netdev *netdev, const char *name,
+                        NetClientState *peer, Error **errp)
+{
+    const NetdevVhostVDPAOptions *opts;
+
+    assert(netdev->type == NET_CLIENT_DRIVER_VHOST_VDPA);
+    opts = &netdev->u.vhost_vdpa;
+    /* verify net frontend */
+    if (qemu_opts_foreach(qemu_find_opts("device"), net_vhost_check_net,
+                          (char *)name, errp)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return net_vhost_vdpa_init(peer, TYPE_VHOST_VDPA, name, opts->vhostdev);
+}
diff --git a/qapi/block-core.json b/qapi/block-core.json
index 0e1c6a59f2..b20332e592 100644
--- a/qapi/block-core.json
+++ b/qapi/block-core.json
@@ -4675,6 +4675,74 @@
             'options': 'BlockdevCreateOptions' } }
 
 ##
+# @BlockdevAmendOptionsLUKS:
+#
+# Driver specific image amend options for LUKS.
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'struct': 'BlockdevAmendOptionsLUKS',
+  'base': 'QCryptoBlockAmendOptionsLUKS',
+  'data': { }
+}
+
+##
+# @BlockdevAmendOptionsQcow2:
+#
+# Driver specific image amend options for qcow2.
+# For now, only encryption options can be amended
+#
+# @encrypt          Encryption options to be amended
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'struct': 'BlockdevAmendOptionsQcow2',
+  'data': { '*encrypt':         'QCryptoBlockAmendOptions' } }
+
+##
+# @BlockdevAmendOptions:
+#
+# Options for amending an image format
+#
+# @driver:          Block driver of the node to amend.
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'union': 'BlockdevAmendOptions',
+  'base': {
+      'driver':         'BlockdevDriver' },
+  'discriminator': 'driver',
+  'data': {
+      'luks':           'BlockdevAmendOptionsLUKS',
+      'qcow2':          'BlockdevAmendOptionsQcow2' } }
+
+##
+# @x-blockdev-amend:
+#
+# Starts a job to amend format specific options of an existing open block device
+# The job is automatically finalized, but a manual job-dismiss is required.
+#
+# @job-id:          Identifier for the newly created job.
+#
+# @node-name:       Name of the block node to work on
+#
+# @options:         Options (driver specific)
+#
+# @force:           Allow unsafe operations, format specific
+#                   For luks that allows erase of the last active keyslot
+#                   (permanent loss of data),
+#                   and replacement of an active keyslot
+#                   (possible loss of data if IO error happens)
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'command': 'x-blockdev-amend',
+  'data': { 'job-id': 'str',
+            'node-name': 'str',
+            'options': 'BlockdevAmendOptions',
+            '*force': 'bool' } }
+
+##
 # @BlockErrorAction:
 #
 # An enumeration of action that has been taken when a DISK I/O occurs
diff --git a/qapi/crypto.json b/qapi/crypto.json
index b2a4cff683..5a68e0db25 100644
--- a/qapi/crypto.json
+++ b/qapi/crypto.json
@@ -297,7 +297,6 @@
            'uuid': 'str',
            'slots': [ 'QCryptoBlockInfoLUKSSlot' ] }}
 
-
 ##
 # @QCryptoBlockInfo:
 #
@@ -309,3 +308,75 @@
   'base': 'QCryptoBlockInfoBase',
   'discriminator': 'format',
   'data': { 'luks': 'QCryptoBlockInfoLUKS' } }
+
+##
+# @QCryptoBlockLUKSKeyslotState:
+#
+# Defines state of keyslots that are affected by the update
+#
+# @active:    The slots contain the given password and marked as active
+# @inactive:  The slots are erased (contain garbage) and marked as inactive
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'enum': 'QCryptoBlockLUKSKeyslotState',
+  'data': [ 'active', 'inactive' ] }
+
+
+##
+# @QCryptoBlockAmendOptionsLUKS:
+#
+# This struct defines the update parameters that activate/de-activate set
+# of keyslots
+#
+# @state: the desired state of the keyslots
+#
+# @new-secret:    The ID of a QCryptoSecret object providing the password to be
+#                 written into added active keyslots
+#
+# @old-secret:    Optional (for deactivation only)
+#                 If given will deactive all keyslots that
+#                 match password located in QCryptoSecret with this ID
+#
+# @iter-time:     Optional (for activation only)
+#                 Number of milliseconds to spend in
+#                 PBKDF passphrase processing for the newly activated keyslot.
+#                 Currently defaults to 2000.
+#
+# @keyslot:       Optional. ID of the keyslot to activate/deactivate.
+#                 For keyslot activation, keyslot should not be active already
+#                 (this is unsafe to update an active keyslot),
+#                 but possible if 'force' parameter is given.
+#                 If keyslot is not given, first free keyslot will be written.
+#
+#                 For keyslot deactivation, this parameter specifies the exact
+#                 keyslot to deactivate
+#
+# @secret:        Optional. The ID of a QCryptoSecret object providing the
+#                 password to use to retrive current master key.
+#                 Defaults to the same secret that was used to open the image
+#
+#
+# Since 5.1
+##
+{ 'struct': 'QCryptoBlockAmendOptionsLUKS',
+  'data': { 'state': 'QCryptoBlockLUKSKeyslotState',
+            '*new-secret': 'str',
+            '*old-secret': 'str',
+            '*keyslot': 'int',
+            '*iter-time': 'int',
+            '*secret': 'str' } }
+
+##
+# @QCryptoBlockAmendOptions:
+#
+# The options that are available for all encryption formats
+# when amending encryption settings
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'union': 'QCryptoBlockAmendOptions',
+  'base': 'QCryptoBlockOptionsBase',
+  'discriminator': 'format',
+  'data': {
+          'luks': 'QCryptoBlockAmendOptionsLUKS' } }
diff --git a/qapi/job.json b/qapi/job.json
index 5e658281f5..c48a0c3e34 100644
--- a/qapi/job.json
+++ b/qapi/job.json
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@
 #
 # @create: image creation job type, see "blockdev-create" (since 3.0)
 #
+# @amend: image options amend job type, see "x-blockdev-amend" (since 5.1)
+#
 # Since: 1.7
 ##
 { 'enum': 'JobType',
-  'data': ['commit', 'stream', 'mirror', 'backup', 'create'] }
+  'data': ['commit', 'stream', 'mirror', 'backup', 'create', 'amend'] }
 
 ##
 # @JobStatus:
diff --git a/qapi/misc.json b/qapi/misc.json
index a5a0beb902..149c925246 100644
--- a/qapi/misc.json
+++ b/qapi/misc.json
@@ -1357,18 +1357,55 @@
 }
 
 ##
+# @VirtioMEMDeviceInfo:
+#
+# VirtioMEMDevice state information
+#
+# @id: device's ID
+#
+# @memaddr: physical address in memory, where device is mapped
+#
+# @requested-size: the user requested size of the device
+#
+# @size: the (current) size of memory that the device provides
+#
+# @max-size: the maximum size of memory that the device can provide
+#
+# @block-size: the block size of memory that the device provides
+#
+# @node: NUMA node number where device is assigned to
+#
+# @memdev: memory backend linked with the region
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'struct': 'VirtioMEMDeviceInfo',
+  'data': { '*id': 'str',
+            'memaddr': 'size',
+            'requested-size': 'size',
+            'size': 'size',
+            'max-size': 'size',
+            'block-size': 'size',
+            'node': 'int',
+            'memdev': 'str'
+          }
+}
+
+##
 # @MemoryDeviceInfo:
 #
 # Union containing information about a memory device
 #
 # nvdimm is included since 2.12. virtio-pmem is included since 4.1.
+# virtio-mem is included since 5.1.
 #
 # Since: 2.1
 ##
 { 'union': 'MemoryDeviceInfo',
   'data': { 'dimm': 'PCDIMMDeviceInfo',
             'nvdimm': 'PCDIMMDeviceInfo',
-            'virtio-pmem': 'VirtioPMEMDeviceInfo'
+            'virtio-pmem': 'VirtioPMEMDeviceInfo',
+            'virtio-mem': 'VirtioMEMDeviceInfo'
           }
 }
 
@@ -1398,6 +1435,31 @@
 { 'command': 'query-memory-devices', 'returns': ['MemoryDeviceInfo'] }
 
 ##
+# @MEMORY_DEVICE_SIZE_CHANGE:
+#
+# Emitted when the size of a memory device changes. Only emitted for memory
+# devices that can actually change the size (e.g., virtio-mem due to guest
+# action).
+#
+# @id: device's ID
+# @size: the new size of memory that the device provides
+#
+# Note: this event is rate-limited.
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+#
+# Example:
+#
+# <- { "event": "MEMORY_DEVICE_SIZE_CHANGE",
+#      "data": { "id": "vm0", "size": 1073741824},
+#      "timestamp": { "seconds": 1588168529, "microseconds": 201316 } }
+#
+##
+{ 'event': 'MEMORY_DEVICE_SIZE_CHANGE',
+  'data': { '*id': 'str', 'size': 'size' } }
+
+
+##
 # @MEM_UNPLUG_ERROR:
 #
 # Emitted when memory hot unplug error occurs.
diff --git a/qapi/net.json b/qapi/net.json
index 9244c9af56..558d520a2f 100644
--- a/qapi/net.json
+++ b/qapi/net.json
@@ -429,15 +429,38 @@
     '*queues':        'int' } }
 
 ##
+# @NetdevVhostVDPAOptions:
+#
+# Vhost-vdpa network backend
+#
+# vDPA device is a device that uses a datapath which complies with the virtio
+# specifications with a vendor specific control path.
+#
+# @vhostdev: path of vhost-vdpa device
+#            (default:'/dev/vhost-vdpa-0')
+#
+# @queues: number of queues to be created for multiqueue vhost-vdpa
+#          (default: 1)
+#
+# Since: 5.1
+##
+{ 'struct': 'NetdevVhostVDPAOptions',
+  'data': {
+    '*vhostdev':     'str',
+    '*queues':       'int' } }
+
+##
 # @NetClientDriver:
 #
 # Available netdev drivers.
 #
 # Since: 2.7
+#
+# @vhost-vdpa since 5.1
 ##
 { 'enum': 'NetClientDriver',
   'data': [ 'none', 'nic', 'user', 'tap', 'l2tpv3', 'socket', 'vde',
-            'bridge', 'hubport', 'netmap', 'vhost-user' ] }
+            'bridge', 'hubport', 'netmap', 'vhost-user', 'vhost-vdpa' ] }
 
 ##
 # @Netdev:
@@ -465,7 +488,8 @@
     'bridge':   'NetdevBridgeOptions',
     'hubport':  'NetdevHubPortOptions',
     'netmap':   'NetdevNetmapOptions',
-    'vhost-user': 'NetdevVhostUserOptions' } }
+    'vhost-user': 'NetdevVhostUserOptions',
+    'vhost-vdpa': 'NetdevVhostVDPAOptions' } }
 
 ##
 # @NetFilterDirection:
diff --git a/qdev-monitor.c b/qdev-monitor.c
index 22da107484..648b8ac4fa 100644
--- a/qdev-monitor.c
+++ b/qdev-monitor.c
@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ typedef struct QDevAlias
 
 /* Please keep this table sorted by typename. */
 static const QDevAlias qdev_alias_table[] = {
+    { "AC97", "ac97" }, /* -soundhw name */
     { "e1000", "e1000-82540em" },
+    { "ES1370", "es1370" }, /* -soundhw name */
     { "ich9-ahci", "ahci" },
     { "lsi53c895a", "lsi" },
     { "virtio-9p-ccw", "virtio-9p", QEMU_ARCH_S390X },
@@ -147,6 +149,7 @@ static void qdev_print_devinfos(bool show_no_user)
     int i;
     bool cat_printed;
 
+    module_load_qom_all();
     list = object_class_get_list_sorted(TYPE_DEVICE, false);
 
     for (i = 0; i <= DEVICE_CATEGORY_MAX; i++) {
@@ -215,13 +218,13 @@ static DeviceClass *qdev_get_device_class(const char **driver, Error **errp)
     DeviceClass *dc;
     const char *original_name = *driver;
 
-    oc = object_class_by_name(*driver);
+    oc = module_object_class_by_name(*driver);
     if (!oc) {
         const char *typename = find_typename_by_alias(*driver);
 
         if (typename) {
             *driver = typename;
-            oc = object_class_by_name(*driver);
+            oc = module_object_class_by_name(*driver);
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/qemu-img-cmds.hx b/qemu-img-cmds.hx
index 10b910b67c..b89c019b76 100644
--- a/qemu-img-cmds.hx
+++ b/qemu-img-cmds.hx
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ HXCOMM When amending the rST sections, please remember to copy the usage
 HXCOMM over to the per-command sections in docs/tools/qemu-img.rst.
 
 DEF("amend", img_amend,
-    "amend [--object objectdef] [--image-opts] [-p] [-q] [-f fmt] [-t cache] -o options filename")
+    "amend [--object objectdef] [--image-opts] [-p] [-q] [-f fmt] [-t cache] [--force] -o options filename")
 SRST
-.. option:: amend [--object OBJECTDEF] [--image-opts] [-p] [-q] [-f FMT] [-t CACHE] -o OPTIONS FILENAME
+.. option:: amend [--object OBJECTDEF] [--image-opts] [-p] [-q] [-f FMT] [-t CACHE] [--force] -o OPTIONS FILENAME
 ERST
 
 DEF("bench", img_bench,
diff --git a/qemu-img.c b/qemu-img.c
index bdb9f6aa46..53bd32bf8f 100644
--- a/qemu-img.c
+++ b/qemu-img.c
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ enum {
     OPTION_DISABLE = 273,
     OPTION_MERGE = 274,
     OPTION_BITMAPS = 275,
+    OPTION_FORCE = 276,
 };
 
 typedef enum OutputFormat {
@@ -1680,7 +1681,6 @@ typedef struct ImgConvertState {
     BlockBackend *target;
     bool has_zero_init;
     bool compressed;
-    bool unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
     bool target_is_new;
     bool target_has_backing;
     int64_t target_backing_sectors; /* negative if unknown */
@@ -1725,7 +1725,7 @@ static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
 
     if (s->target_backing_sectors >= 0) {
         if (sector_num >= s->target_backing_sectors) {
-            post_backing_zero = s->unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
+            post_backing_zero = true;
         } else if (sector_num + n > s->target_backing_sectors) {
             /* Split requests around target_backing_sectors (because
              * starting from there, zeros are handled differently) */
@@ -2677,7 +2677,6 @@ static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
     } else {
         s.compressed = s.compressed || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
         s.cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
-        s.unallocated_blocks_are_zero = bdi.unallocated_blocks_are_zero;
     }
 
     ret = convert_do_copy(&s);
@@ -4067,12 +4066,11 @@ static int print_amend_option_help(const char *format)
         return 1;
     }
 
-    /* Every driver supporting amendment must have create_opts */
-    assert(drv->create_opts);
+    /* Every driver supporting amendment must have amend_opts */
+    assert(drv->amend_opts);
 
-    printf("Creation options for '%s':\n", format);
-    qemu_opts_print_help(drv->create_opts, false);
-    printf("\nNote that not all of these options may be amendable.\n");
+    printf("Amend options for '%s':\n", format);
+    qemu_opts_print_help(drv->amend_opts, false);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -4081,7 +4079,7 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
     Error *err = NULL;
     int c, ret = 0;
     char *options = NULL;
-    QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
+    QemuOptsList *amend_opts = NULL;
     QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
     const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
     int flags;
@@ -4090,6 +4088,7 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
     BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
     bool image_opts = false;
+    bool force = false;
 
     cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
     for (;;) {
@@ -4097,6 +4096,7 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
+            {"force", no_argument, 0, OPTION_FORCE},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
         c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":ho:f:t:pq",
@@ -4144,6 +4144,9 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
         case OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS:
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        case OPTION_FORCE:
+            force = true;
+            break;
         }
     }
 
@@ -4207,13 +4210,28 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
         goto out;
     }
 
-    /* Every driver supporting amendment must have create_opts */
-    assert(bs->drv->create_opts);
+    /* Every driver supporting amendment must have amend_opts */
+    assert(bs->drv->amend_opts);
 
-    create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
-    opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
+    amend_opts = qemu_opts_append(amend_opts, bs->drv->amend_opts);
+    opts = qemu_opts_create(amend_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
     qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err);
+
     if (err) {
+        /* Try to parse options using the create options */
+        Error *err1 = NULL;
+        amend_opts = qemu_opts_append(amend_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
+        qemu_opts_del(opts);
+        opts = qemu_opts_create(amend_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
+        qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err1);
+
+        if (!err1) {
+            error_append_hint(&err,
+                              "This option is only supported for image creation\n");
+        } else {
+            error_free(err1);
+        }
+
         error_report_err(err);
         ret = -1;
         goto out;
@@ -4221,7 +4239,7 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
 
     /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
     qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
-    ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL, &err);
+    ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb, NULL, force, &err);
     qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
     if (ret < 0) {
         error_report_err(err);
@@ -4234,7 +4252,7 @@ out:
 out_no_progress:
     blk_unref(blk);
     qemu_opts_del(opts);
-    qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
+    qemu_opts_free(amend_opts);
     g_free(options);
 
     if (ret) {
diff --git a/qemu-options.hx b/qemu-options.hx
index 196f468786..c6edb4047b 100644
--- a/qemu-options.hx
+++ b/qemu-options.hx
@@ -2419,6 +2419,10 @@ DEF("netdev", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_netdev,
     "-netdev vhost-user,id=str,chardev=dev[,vhostforce=on|off]\n"
     "                configure a vhost-user network, backed by a chardev 'dev'\n"
 #endif
+#ifdef __linux__
+    "-netdev vhost-vdpa,id=str,vhostdev=/path/to/dev\n"
+    "                configure a vhost-vdpa network,Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev\n"
+#endif
     "-netdev hubport,id=str,hubid=n[,netdev=nd]\n"
     "                configure a hub port on the hub with ID 'n'\n", QEMU_ARCH_ALL)
 DEF("nic", HAS_ARG, QEMU_OPTION_nic,
@@ -2897,6 +2901,14 @@ SRST
              -netdev type=vhost-user,id=net0,chardev=chr0 \
              -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0
 
+``-netdev vhost-vdpa,vhostdev=/path/to/dev``
+    Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev.
+
+    vDPA device is a device that uses a datapath which complies with
+    the virtio specifications with a vendor specific control path.
+    vDPA devices can be both physically located on the hardware or
+    emulated by software.
+
 ``-netdev hubport,id=id,hubid=hubid[,netdev=nd]``
     Create a hub port on the emulated hub with ID hubid.
 
@@ -4567,6 +4579,43 @@ SRST
         string as described at
         https://gnutls.org/manual/html_node/Priority-Strings.html.
 
+    ``-object tls-cipher-suites,id=id,priority=priority``
+        Creates a TLS cipher suites object, which can be used to control
+        the TLS cipher/protocol algorithms that applications are permitted
+        to use.
+
+        The ``id`` parameter is a unique ID which frontends will use to
+        access the ordered list of permitted TLS cipher suites from the
+        host.
+
+        The ``priority`` parameter allows to override the global default
+        priority used by gnutls. This can be useful if the system
+        administrator needs to use a weaker set of crypto priorities for
+        QEMU without potentially forcing the weakness onto all
+        applications. Or conversely if one wants wants a stronger
+        default for QEMU than for all other applications, they can do
+        this through this parameter. Its format is a gnutls priority
+        string as described at
+        https://gnutls.org/manual/html_node/Priority-Strings.html.
+
+        An example of use of this object is to control UEFI HTTPS Boot.
+        The tls-cipher-suites object exposes the ordered list of permitted
+        TLS cipher suites from the host side to the guest firmware, via
+        fw_cfg. The list is represented as an array of IANA_TLS_CIPHER
+        objects. The firmware uses the IANA_TLS_CIPHER array for configuring
+        guest-side TLS.
+
+        In the following example, the priority at which the host-side policy
+        is retrieved is given by the ``priority`` property.
+        Given that QEMU uses GNUTLS, ``priority=@SYSTEM`` may be used to
+        refer to /etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/gnutls.config.
+
+        .. parsed-literal::
+
+             # |qemu_system| \
+                 -object tls-cipher-suites,id=mysuite0,priority=@SYSTEM \
+                 -fw_cfg name=etc/edk2/https/ciphers,gen_id=mysuite0
+
     ``-object filter-buffer,id=id,netdev=netdevid,interval=t[,queue=all|rx|tx][,status=on|off][,position=head|tail|id=<id>][,insert=behind|before]``
         Interval t can't be 0, this filter batches the packet delivery:
         all packets arriving in a given interval on netdev netdevid are
diff --git a/qom/object.c b/qom/object.c
index 6ece96bc2b..34daaf1280 100644
--- a/qom/object.c
+++ b/qom/object.c
@@ -985,6 +985,20 @@ ObjectClass *object_class_by_name(const char *typename)
     return type->class;
 }
 
+ObjectClass *module_object_class_by_name(const char *typename)
+{
+    ObjectClass *oc;
+
+    oc = object_class_by_name(typename);
+#ifdef CONFIG_MODULES
+    if (!oc) {
+        module_load_qom_one(typename);
+        oc = object_class_by_name(typename);
+    }
+#endif
+    return oc;
+}
+
 ObjectClass *object_class_get_parent(ObjectClass *class)
 {
     TypeImpl *type = type_get_parent(class->type);
diff --git a/qom/qom-qmp-cmds.c b/qom/qom-qmp-cmds.c
index c5249e44d0..5e2c8cbf33 100644
--- a/qom/qom-qmp-cmds.c
+++ b/qom/qom-qmp-cmds.c
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ ObjectTypeInfoList *qmp_qom_list_types(bool has_implements,
 {
     ObjectTypeInfoList *ret = NULL;
 
+    module_load_qom_all();
     object_class_foreach(qom_list_types_tramp, implements, abstract, &ret);
 
     return ret;
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ ObjectPropertyInfoList *qmp_device_list_properties(const char *typename,
     ObjectPropertyIterator iter;
     ObjectPropertyInfoList *prop_list = NULL;
 
-    klass = object_class_by_name(typename);
+    klass = module_object_class_by_name(typename);
     if (klass == NULL) {
         error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
                   "Device '%s' not found", typename);
diff --git a/softmmu/vl.c b/softmmu/vl.c
index 3e15ee2435..f3ff5d06ca 100644
--- a/softmmu/vl.c
+++ b/softmmu/vl.c
@@ -489,6 +489,11 @@ static QemuOptsList qemu_fw_cfg_opts = {
             .name = "string",
             .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
             .help = "Sets content of the blob to be inserted from a string",
+        }, {
+            .name = "gen_id",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "Sets id of the object generating the fw_cfg blob "
+                    "to be inserted",
         },
         { /* end of list */ }
     },
@@ -1772,8 +1777,8 @@ static bool vga_interface_available(VGAInterfaceType t)
 
     assert(t < VGA_TYPE_MAX);
     return !ti->class_names[0] ||
-           object_class_by_name(ti->class_names[0]) ||
-           object_class_by_name(ti->class_names[1]);
+           module_object_class_by_name(ti->class_names[0]) ||
+           module_object_class_by_name(ti->class_names[1]);
 }
 
 static const char *
@@ -2020,7 +2025,7 @@ static int parse_fw_cfg(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
 {
     gchar *buf;
     size_t size;
-    const char *name, *file, *str;
+    const char *name, *file, *str, *gen_id;
     FWCfgState *fw_cfg = (FWCfgState *) opaque;
 
     if (fw_cfg == NULL) {
@@ -2030,14 +2035,13 @@ static int parse_fw_cfg(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
     name = qemu_opt_get(opts, "name");
     file = qemu_opt_get(opts, "file");
     str = qemu_opt_get(opts, "string");
+    gen_id = qemu_opt_get(opts, "gen_id");
 
-    /* we need name and either a file or the content string */
-    if (!(nonempty_str(name) && (nonempty_str(file) || nonempty_str(str)))) {
-        error_setg(errp, "invalid argument(s)");
-        return -1;
-    }
-    if (nonempty_str(file) && nonempty_str(str)) {
-        error_setg(errp, "file and string are mutually exclusive");
+    /* we need the name, and exactly one of: file, content string, gen_id */
+    if (!nonempty_str(name) ||
+        nonempty_str(file) + nonempty_str(str) + nonempty_str(gen_id) != 1) {
+        error_setg(errp, "name, plus exactly one of file,"
+                         " string and gen_id, are needed");
         return -1;
     }
     if (strlen(name) > FW_CFG_MAX_FILE_PATH - 1) {
@@ -2045,13 +2049,28 @@ static int parse_fw_cfg(void *opaque, QemuOpts *opts, Error **errp)
                    FW_CFG_MAX_FILE_PATH - 1);
         return -1;
     }
-    if (strncmp(name, "opt/", 4) != 0) {
+    if (nonempty_str(gen_id)) {
+        /*
+         * In this particular case where the content is populated
+         * internally, the "etc/" namespace protection is relaxed,
+         * so do not emit a warning.
+         */
+    } else if (strncmp(name, "opt/", 4) != 0) {
         warn_report("externally provided fw_cfg item names "
                     "should be prefixed with \"opt/\"");
     }
     if (nonempty_str(str)) {
         size = strlen(str); /* NUL terminator NOT included in fw_cfg blob */
         buf = g_memdup(str, size);
+    } else if (nonempty_str(gen_id)) {
+        Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+        fw_cfg_add_from_generator(fw_cfg, name, gen_id, errp);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        return 0;
     } else {
         GError *err = NULL;
         if (!g_file_get_contents(file, &buf, &size, &err)) {
@@ -3832,17 +3851,7 @@ void qemu_init(int argc, char **argv, char **envp)
                                               machine_class);
 
     os_daemonize();
-
-    /*
-     * If QTest is enabled, keep the rcu_atfork enabled, since system processes
-     * may be forked testing purposes (e.g. fork-server based fuzzing) The fork
-     * should happen before a signle cpu instruction is executed, to prevent
-     * deadlocks. See commit 73c6e40, rcu: "completely disable pthread_atfork
-     * callbacks as soon as possible"
-     */
-    if (!qtest_enabled()) {
-        rcu_disable_atfork();
-    }
+    rcu_disable_atfork();
 
     if (pid_file && !qemu_write_pidfile(pid_file, &err)) {
         error_reportf_err(err, "cannot create PID file: ");
@@ -4131,12 +4140,17 @@ void qemu_init(int argc, char **argv, char **envp)
                       fsdev_init_func, NULL, &error_fatal);
 #endif
 
+    /* spice needs the timers to be initialized by this point */
+    /* spice must initialize before audio as it changes the default auiodev */
+    qemu_spice_init();
+
     /*
-     * Note: we need to create block backends before
+     * Note: we need to create audio and block backends before
      * machine_set_property(), so machine properties can refer to
      * them.
      */
     configure_blockdev(&bdo_queue, machine_class, snapshot);
+    audio_init_audiodevs();
 
     machine_opts = qemu_get_machine_opts();
     qemu_opt_foreach(machine_opts, machine_set_property, current_machine,
@@ -4230,9 +4244,6 @@ void qemu_init(int argc, char **argv, char **envp)
         semihosting_arg_fallback(kernel_filename, kernel_cmdline);
     }
 
-    /* spice needs the timers to be initialized by this point */
-    qemu_spice_init();
-
     cpu_ticks_init();
 
     if (default_net) {
@@ -4342,8 +4353,6 @@ void qemu_init(int argc, char **argv, char **envp)
         create_default_memdev(current_machine, mem_path);
     }
 
-    audio_init_audiodevs();
-
     /* from here on runstate is RUN_STATE_PRELAUNCH */
     machine_run_board_init(current_machine);
 
diff --git a/stubs/Makefile.objs b/stubs/Makefile.objs
index f32b9e47a3..d42046afe4 100644
--- a/stubs/Makefile.objs
+++ b/stubs/Makefile.objs
@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ stub-obj-y += fdset.o
 stub-obj-y += gdbstub.o
 stub-obj-y += iothread-lock.o
 stub-obj-y += is-daemonized.o
+stub-obj-y += isa-bus.o
 stub-obj-$(CONFIG_LINUX_AIO) += linux-aio.o
 stub-obj-$(CONFIG_LINUX_IO_URING) += io_uring.o
 stub-obj-y += monitor-core.o
 stub-obj-y += notify-event.o
+stub-obj-y += pci-bus.o
 stub-obj-y += qmp_memory_device.o
 stub-obj-y += qtest.o
 stub-obj-y += ramfb.o
@@ -19,10 +21,10 @@ stub-obj-y += replay.o
 stub-obj-y += runstate-check.o
 stub-obj-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += semihost.o
 stub-obj-y += set-fd-handler.o
-stub-obj-y += vmgenid.o
 stub-obj-y += sysbus.o
 stub-obj-y += tpm.o
 stub-obj-y += trace-control.o
+stub-obj-y += vmgenid.o
 stub-obj-y += vmstate.o
 stub-obj-$(CONFIG_SOFTMMU) += win32-kbd-hook.o
 
diff --git a/stubs/isa-bus.c b/stubs/isa-bus.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..522f448997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stubs/isa-bus.c
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "hw/isa/isa.h"
+
+ISADevice *isa_create_simple(ISABus *bus, const char *name)
+{
+    g_assert_not_reached();
+}
diff --git a/stubs/pci-bus.c b/stubs/pci-bus.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8932fa932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stubs/pci-bus.c
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "hw/pci/pci.h"
+
+PCIDevice *pci_create_simple(PCIBus *bus, int devfn, const char *name)
+{
+    g_assert_not_reached();
+}
diff --git a/target/i386/sev.c b/target/i386/sev.c
index d273174ad3..f100a53231 100644
--- a/target/i386/sev.c
+++ b/target/i386/sev.c
@@ -680,6 +680,12 @@ sev_guest_init(const char *id)
     uint32_t host_cbitpos;
     struct sev_user_data_status status = {};
 
+    ret = ram_block_discard_disable(true);
+    if (ret) {
+        error_report("%s: cannot disable RAM discard", __func__);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
     sev = lookup_sev_guest_info(id);
     if (!sev) {
         error_report("%s: '%s' is not a valid '%s' object",
@@ -751,6 +757,7 @@ sev_guest_init(const char *id)
     return sev;
 err:
     sev_guest = NULL;
+    ram_block_discard_disable(false);
     return NULL;
 }
 
diff --git a/target/m68k/helper.c b/target/m68k/helper.c
index 79b0b10ea9..3ff5765795 100644
--- a/target/m68k/helper.c
+++ b/target/m68k/helper.c
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ static int get_physical_address(CPUM68KState *env, hwaddr *physical,
                 /* Transparent Translation Register bit */
                 env->mmu.mmusr = M68K_MMU_T_040 | M68K_MMU_R_040;
             }
-            *physical = address & TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
+            *physical = address;
             *page_size = TARGET_PAGE_SIZE;
             return 0;
         }
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ static int get_physical_address(CPUM68KState *env, hwaddr *physical,
     }
     *page_size = 1 << page_bits;
     page_mask = ~(*page_size - 1);
-    *physical = next & page_mask;
+    *physical = (next & page_mask) + (address & (*page_size - 1));
 
     if (access_type & ACCESS_PTEST) {
         env->mmu.mmusr |= next & M68K_MMU_SR_MASK_040;
@@ -820,10 +820,12 @@ hwaddr m68k_cpu_get_phys_page_debug(CPUState *cs, vaddr addr)
     if (env->sr & SR_S) {
         access_type |= ACCESS_SUPER;
     }
+
     if (get_physical_address(env, &phys_addr, &prot,
                              addr, access_type, &page_size) != 0) {
         return -1;
     }
+
     return phys_addr;
 }
 
@@ -887,10 +889,8 @@ bool m68k_cpu_tlb_fill(CPUState *cs, vaddr address, int size,
     ret = get_physical_address(&cpu->env, &physical, &prot,
                                address, access_type, &page_size);
     if (likely(ret == 0)) {
-        address &= TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-        physical += address & (page_size - 1);
-        tlb_set_page(cs, address, physical,
-                     prot, mmu_idx, TARGET_PAGE_SIZE);
+        tlb_set_page(cs, address & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
+                     physical & TARGET_PAGE_MASK, prot, mmu_idx, page_size);
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -1379,9 +1379,8 @@ void HELPER(ptest)(CPUM68KState *env, uint32_t addr, uint32_t is_read)
     ret = get_physical_address(env, &physical, &prot, addr,
                                access_type, &page_size);
     if (ret == 0) {
-        addr &= TARGET_PAGE_MASK;
-        physical += addr & (page_size - 1);
-        tlb_set_page(env_cpu(env), addr, physical,
+        tlb_set_page(env_cpu(env), addr & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
+                     physical & TARGET_PAGE_MASK,
                      prot, access_type & ACCESS_SUPER ?
                      MMU_KERNEL_IDX : MMU_USER_IDX, page_size);
     }
diff --git a/tcg/ppc/tcg-target.inc.c b/tcg/ppc/tcg-target.inc.c
index 7da67086c6..c8d1e765d9 100644
--- a/tcg/ppc/tcg-target.inc.c
+++ b/tcg/ppc/tcg-target.inc.c
@@ -2610,21 +2610,24 @@ static void tcg_out_op(TCGContext *s, TCGOpcode opc, const TCGArg *args,
 
     case INDEX_op_shl_i32:
         if (const_args[2]) {
-            tcg_out_shli32(s, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+            /* Limit immediate shift count lest we create an illegal insn.  */
+            tcg_out_shli32(s, args[0], args[1], args[2] & 31);
         } else {
             tcg_out32(s, SLW | SAB(args[1], args[0], args[2]));
         }
         break;
     case INDEX_op_shr_i32:
         if (const_args[2]) {
-            tcg_out_shri32(s, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+            /* Limit immediate shift count lest we create an illegal insn.  */
+            tcg_out_shri32(s, args[0], args[1], args[2] & 31);
         } else {
             tcg_out32(s, SRW | SAB(args[1], args[0], args[2]));
         }
         break;
     case INDEX_op_sar_i32:
         if (const_args[2]) {
-            tcg_out32(s, SRAWI | RS(args[1]) | RA(args[0]) | SH(args[2]));
+            /* Limit immediate shift count lest we create an illegal insn.  */
+            tcg_out32(s, SRAWI | RS(args[1]) | RA(args[0]) | SH(args[2] & 31));
         } else {
             tcg_out32(s, SRAW | SAB(args[1], args[0], args[2]));
         }
@@ -2696,14 +2699,16 @@ static void tcg_out_op(TCGContext *s, TCGOpcode opc, const TCGArg *args,
 
     case INDEX_op_shl_i64:
         if (const_args[2]) {
-            tcg_out_shli64(s, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+            /* Limit immediate shift count lest we create an illegal insn.  */
+            tcg_out_shli64(s, args[0], args[1], args[2] & 63);
         } else {
             tcg_out32(s, SLD | SAB(args[1], args[0], args[2]));
         }
         break;
     case INDEX_op_shr_i64:
         if (const_args[2]) {
-            tcg_out_shri64(s, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+            /* Limit immediate shift count lest we create an illegal insn.  */
+            tcg_out_shri64(s, args[0], args[1], args[2] & 63);
         } else {
             tcg_out32(s, SRD | SAB(args[1], args[0], args[2]));
         }
diff --git a/tcg/tcg-op.c b/tcg/tcg-op.c
index e60b74fb82..4b8a473fad 100644
--- a/tcg/tcg-op.c
+++ b/tcg/tcg-op.c
@@ -3189,8 +3189,9 @@ static void do_nonatomic_op_i32(TCGv_i32 ret, TCGv addr, TCGv_i32 val,
 
     memop = tcg_canonicalize_memop(memop, 0, 0);
 
-    tcg_gen_qemu_ld_i32(t1, addr, idx, memop & ~MO_SIGN);
-    gen(t2, t1, val);
+    tcg_gen_qemu_ld_i32(t1, addr, idx, memop);
+    tcg_gen_ext_i32(t2, val, memop);
+    gen(t2, t1, t2);
     tcg_gen_qemu_st_i32(t2, addr, idx, memop);
 
     tcg_gen_ext_i32(ret, (new_val ? t2 : t1), memop);
@@ -3232,8 +3233,9 @@ static void do_nonatomic_op_i64(TCGv_i64 ret, TCGv addr, TCGv_i64 val,
 
     memop = tcg_canonicalize_memop(memop, 1, 0);
 
-    tcg_gen_qemu_ld_i64(t1, addr, idx, memop & ~MO_SIGN);
-    gen(t2, t1, val);
+    tcg_gen_qemu_ld_i64(t1, addr, idx, memop);
+    tcg_gen_ext_i64(t2, val, memop);
+    gen(t2, t1, t2);
     tcg_gen_qemu_st_i64(t2, addr, idx, memop);
 
     tcg_gen_ext_i64(ret, (new_val ? t2 : t1), memop);
diff --git a/tests/acceptance/machine_sparc64_sun4u.py b/tests/acceptance/machine_sparc64_sun4u.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..458165500e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/acceptance/machine_sparc64_sun4u.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Functional test that boots a Linux kernel and checks the console
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2020 Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# Author:
+#  Thomas Huth <thuth@redhat.com>
+#
+# This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or
+# later. See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+
+import os
+
+from avocado_qemu import wait_for_console_pattern
+from avocado.utils import archive
+from boot_linux_console import LinuxKernelTest
+
+class Sun4uMachine(LinuxKernelTest):
+    """Boots the Linux kernel and checks that the console is operational"""
+
+    timeout = 90
+
+    def test_sparc64_sun4u(self):
+        """
+        :avocado: tags=arch:sparc64
+        :avocado: tags=machine:sun4u
+        """
+        tar_url = ('https://www.qemu-advent-calendar.org'
+                   '/2018/download/day23.tar.xz')
+        tar_hash = '142db83cd974ffadc4f75c8a5cad5bcc5722c240'
+        file_path = self.fetch_asset(tar_url, asset_hash=tar_hash)
+        archive.extract(file_path, self.workdir)
+        self.vm.set_console()
+        self.vm.add_args('-kernel', self.workdir + '/day23/vmlinux',
+                         '-append', self.KERNEL_COMMON_COMMAND_LINE)
+        self.vm.launch()
+        wait_for_console_pattern(self, 'Starting logging: OK')
diff --git a/tests/data/acpi/disassemle-aml.sh b/tests/data/acpi/disassemle-aml.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..1d8a4d0301
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data/acpi/disassemle-aml.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#!/usr/bin/bash
+
+outdir=
+while getopts "o:" arg; do
+  case ${arg} in
+    o )
+        outdir=$OPTARG
+        ;;
+    \? )
+        echo "Usage: ./tests/data/acpi/disassemle-aml.sh [-o <output-directory>]"
+        exit 1
+        ;;
+
+  esac
+done
+
+for machine in tests/data/acpi/*
+do
+    if [[ ! -d "$machine" ]];
+    then
+        continue
+    fi
+
+    if [[ "${outdir}" ]];
+    then
+        mkdir -p "${outdir}"/${machine} || exit $?
+    fi
+    for aml in $machine/*
+    do
+        if [[ "$aml" == $machine/*.dsl ]];
+        then
+            continue
+        fi
+        if [[ "$aml" == $machine/SSDT*.* ]];
+        then
+            dsdt=${aml/SSDT*./DSDT.}
+            extra="-e ${dsdt}"
+        elif [[ "$aml" == $machine/SSDT* ]];
+        then
+            dsdt=${aml/SSDT*/DSDT};
+            extra="-e ${dsdt}"
+        else
+            extra=""
+        fi
+        asl=${aml}.dsl
+        if [[ "${outdir}" ]];
+        then
+            asl="${outdir}"/${machine}/${asl}
+        fi
+        iasl -d -p ${asl} ${extra} ${aml}
+    done
+done
diff --git a/tests/data/acpi/rebuild-expected-aml.sh b/tests/data/acpi/rebuild-expected-aml.sh
index 9cbaab1a4d..76cd797d1e 100755
--- a/tests/data/acpi/rebuild-expected-aml.sh
+++ b/tests/data/acpi/rebuild-expected-aml.sh
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ old_allowed_dif=`grep -v -e 'List of comma-separated changed AML files to ignore
 echo '/* List of comma-separated changed AML files to ignore */' > ${SRC_PATH}/tests/qtest/bios-tables-test-allowed-diff.h
 
 echo "The files were rebuilt and can be added to git."
+echo "You can use ${SRC_PATH}/tests/data/acpi/disassemle-aml.sh to disassemble them to ASL."
 
 if [ -z "$old_allowed_dif" ]; then
     echo "Note! Please do not commit expected files with source changes"
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out
index c54ae21b86..e77966446b 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out
@@ -4,90 +4,90 @@ QA output created by 049
 == 1. Traditional size parameter ==
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1024
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1024b
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1k
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1K
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1048576 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1048576 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1G
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1073741824 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1073741824 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1T
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1099511627776 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1099511627776 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1024.0
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1024.0b
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1.5k
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1536 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1.5K
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1536 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1.5M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1572864 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1572864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1.5G
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1610612736 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1610612736 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 1.5T
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1649267441664 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1649267441664 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 == 2. Specifying size via -o ==
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1024 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1024b TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1K TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1M TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1048576 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1048576 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1G TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1073741824 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1073741824 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1T TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1099511627776 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1099511627776 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1024.0 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1024.0b TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1024 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1.5k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1536 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1.5K TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1536 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1.5M TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1572864 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1572864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1.5G TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1610612736 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1610612736 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1.5T TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=1649267441664 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1649267441664 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 == 3. Invalid sizes ==
 
@@ -129,84 +129,84 @@ qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: The image size must be specified only once
 == Check correct interpretation of suffixes for cluster size ==
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=1024 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=1024 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=1024b TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=1024 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=1k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=1024 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=1K TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=1024 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=1M TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=1048576 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=1048576 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=1024.0 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=1024 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=1024.0b TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=1024 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=1024 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=0.5k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=512 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=512 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=0.5K TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=512 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=512 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=0.5M TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=524288 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=524288 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 == Check compat level option ==
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=0.10 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=0.10 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=0.10 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=1.1 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=1.1 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=1.1 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=0.42 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid parameter '0.42'
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=0.42 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=0.42 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=foobar TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid parameter 'foobar'
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=foobar cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=foobar lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 == Check preallocation option ==
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o preallocation=off TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=65536 preallocation=off lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 preallocation=off compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o preallocation=metadata TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=65536 preallocation=metadata lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 preallocation=metadata compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o preallocation=1234 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Invalid parameter '1234'
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=65536 preallocation=1234 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 preallocation=1234 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 == Check encryption option ==
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o encryption=off TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 encryption=off cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 encryption=off cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 --object secret,id=sec0,data=123456 -o encryption=on,encrypt.key-secret=sec0 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 encryption=on encrypt.key-secret=sec0 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 encryption=on encrypt.key-secret=sec0 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 == Check lazy_refcounts option (only with v3) ==
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=1.1,lazy_refcounts=off TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=1.1 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=1.1 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=1.1,lazy_refcounts=on TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=1.1 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=1.1 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=0.10,lazy_refcounts=off TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=0.10 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=0.10 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o compat=0.10,lazy_refcounts=on TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 64M
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Lazy refcounts only supported with compatibility level 1.1 and above (use version=v3 or greater)
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 compat=0.10 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 compat=0.10 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16
 
 *** done
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/061.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/061.out
index 2f03cf045c..b0f8befe30 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/061.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/061.out
@@ -381,16 +381,20 @@ qemu-img: Lazy refcounts only supported with compatibility level 1.1 and above (
 qemu-img: Lazy refcounts only supported with compatibility level 1.1 and above (use compat=1.1 or greater)
 qemu-img: Unknown compatibility level 0.42
 qemu-img: Invalid parameter 'foo'
-qemu-img: Changing the cluster size is not supported
-qemu-img: Changing the encryption flag is not supported
-qemu-img: Cannot change preallocation mode
+qemu-img: Invalid parameter 'cluster_size'
+This option is only supported for image creation
+qemu-img: Invalid parameter 'encryption'
+This option is only supported for image creation
+qemu-img: Invalid parameter 'preallocation'
+This option is only supported for image creation
 
 === Testing correct handling of unset value ===
 
 Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=67108864
 Should work:
 Should not work:
-qemu-img: Changing the cluster size is not supported
+qemu-img: Invalid parameter 'cluster_size'
+This option is only supported for image creation
 
 === Testing zero expansion on inactive clusters ===
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/082.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/082.out
index 529a1214e1..a4a2b69030 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/082.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/082.out
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ QA output created by 082
 === create: Options specified more than once ===
 
 Testing: create -f foo -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 image: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT
 file format: IMGFMT
 virtual size: 128 MiB (134217728 bytes)
 cluster_size: 65536
 
 Testing: create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=4k -o lazy_refcounts=on TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=4096 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=4096 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16
 image: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT
 file format: IMGFMT
 virtual size: 128 MiB (134217728 bytes)
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Format specific information:
     corrupt: false
 
 Testing: create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=4k -o lazy_refcounts=on -o cluster_size=8k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=8192 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=8192 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=on refcount_bits=16
 image: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT
 file format: IMGFMT
 virtual size: 128 MiB (134217728 bytes)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Format specific information:
     corrupt: false
 
 Testing: create -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=4k,cluster_size=8k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=8192 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=8192 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 image: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT
 file format: IMGFMT
 virtual size: 128 MiB (134217728 bytes)
@@ -237,10 +237,10 @@ Supported options:
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
 Testing: create -f qcow2 -u -o backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,,help TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,,help cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,,help lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 Testing: create -f qcow2 -u -o backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,,? TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,,? cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,,? lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 Testing: create -f qcow2 -o backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2, -o help TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
 qemu-img: Invalid option list: backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ qemu-img: Format driver 'bochs' does not support image creation
 === convert: Options specified more than once ===
 
 Testing: create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 128M
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 Testing: convert -f foo -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.base
 image: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base
@@ -639,205 +639,133 @@ cluster_size: 65536
 === amend: help for -o ===
 
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o help TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o ? TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=4k,help TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=4k,? TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o help,cluster_size=4k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o ?,cluster_size=4k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=4k -o help TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o cluster_size=4k -o ? TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2,,help TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
 
 Testing: rebase -u -b  -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
@@ -856,30 +784,21 @@ Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 -o ,, -o help TEST_DIR/
 qemu-img: Invalid option list: ,,
 
 Testing: amend -f qcow2 -o help
-Creation options for 'qcow2':
+Amend options for 'qcow2':
   backing_file=<str>     - File name of a base image
   backing_fmt=<str>      - Image format of the base image
-  cluster_size=<size>    - qcow2 cluster size
   compat=<str>           - Compatibility level (v2 [0.10] or v3 [1.1])
-  compression_type=<str> - Compression method used for image cluster compression
   data_file=<str>        - File name of an external data file
   data_file_raw=<bool (on/off)> - The external data file must stay valid as a raw image
-  encrypt.cipher-alg=<str> - Name of encryption cipher algorithm
-  encrypt.cipher-mode=<str> - Name of encryption cipher mode
-  encrypt.format=<str>   - Encrypt the image, format choices: 'aes', 'luks'
-  encrypt.hash-alg=<str> - Name of encryption hash algorithm
   encrypt.iter-time=<num> - Time to spend in PBKDF in milliseconds
-  encrypt.ivgen-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator algorithm
-  encrypt.ivgen-hash-alg=<str> - Name of IV generator hash algorithm
-  encrypt.key-secret=<str> - ID of secret providing qcow AES key or LUKS passphrase
-  encryption=<bool (on/off)> - Encrypt the image with format 'aes'. (Deprecated in favor of encrypt.format=aes)
+  encrypt.keyslot=<num>  - Select a single keyslot to modify explicitly
+  encrypt.new-secret=<str> - New secret to set in the matching keyslots. Empty string to erase
+  encrypt.old-secret=<str> - Select all keyslots that match this password
+  encrypt.state=<str>    - Select new state of affected keyslots (active/inactive)
   lazy_refcounts=<bool (on/off)> - Postpone refcount updates
-  preallocation=<str>    - Preallocation mode (allowed values: off, metadata, falloc, full)
   refcount_bits=<num>    - Width of a reference count entry in bits
   size=<size>            - Virtual disk size
 
-Note that not all of these options may be amendable.
-
 Testing: amend -o help
 qemu-img: Expecting one image file name
 
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/085.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/085.out
index a822ff4ef6..d68c06efdf 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/085.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/085.out
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.2', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728
 === Create a single snapshot on virtio0 ===
 
 { 'execute': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'arguments': { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file':'TEST_DIR/1-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT', 'format': 'IMGFMT' } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/1-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.1 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/1-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.1 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 
 === Invalid command - missing device and nodename ===
@@ -30,40 +30,40 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/1-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file
 === Create several transactional group snapshots ===
 
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/1-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/1-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/2-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/3-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/4-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/5-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/6-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/7-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/8-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'transaction', 'arguments': {'actions': [ { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/10-snapshot-v0.IMGFMT' } }, { 'type': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'data' : { 'device': 'virtio1', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/10-snapshot-v1.IMGFMT' } } ] } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/10-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/10-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/10-snapshot-v0.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v0.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/10-snapshot-v1.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/9-snapshot-v1.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 
 === Create a couple of snapshots using blockdev-snapshot ===
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/087 b/tests/qemu-iotests/087
index bdfdad3454..678e748c58 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/087
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/087
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 _supported_fmt qcow2
 _supported_proto file
 _supported_os Linux
+_require_working_luks
 
 do_run_qemu()
 {
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/087.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/087.out
index 2d92ea847b..b61ba638af 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/087.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/087.out
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ QMP_VERSION
 
 === Encrypted image QCow ===
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on encrypt.key-secret=sec0
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on
 Testing:
 QMP_VERSION
 {"return": {}}
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ QMP_VERSION
 
 === Encrypted image LUKS ===
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728
 Testing:
 QMP_VERSION
 {"return": {}}
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ QMP_VERSION
 
 === Missing driver ===
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on encrypt.key-secret=sec0
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on
 Testing: -S
 QMP_VERSION
 {"return": {}}
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/112.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/112.out
index ae0318cabe..182655dbf6 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/112.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/112.out
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ QA output created by 112
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT: Refcount width must be a power of two and may not exceed 64 bits
 Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=67108864
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT: Refcount width must be a power of two and may not exceed 64 bits
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=67108864 refcount_bits=-1
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=67108864
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT: Refcount width must be a power of two and may not exceed 64 bits
 Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=67108864
 qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT: Refcount width must be a power of two and may not exceed 64 bits
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/125 b/tests/qemu-iotests/125
index d510984045..7cb1c19730 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/125
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/125
@@ -164,6 +164,30 @@ for GROWTH_SIZE in 16 48 80; do
 done
 done
 
+# Test image resizing using preallocation and unaligned offsets
+$QEMU_IMG create -f raw "$TEST_IMG.base" 128k | _filter_img_create
+$QEMU_IO -c 'write -q -P 1 0 128k' -f raw "$TEST_IMG.base"
+for orig_size in 31k 33k; do
+    echo "--- Resizing image from $orig_size to 96k ---"
+    _make_test_img -F raw -b "$TEST_IMG.base" -o cluster_size=64k "$orig_size"
+    $QEMU_IMG resize -f "$IMGFMT" --preallocation=full "$TEST_IMG" 96k
+    # The first part of the image should contain data from the backing file
+    $QEMU_IO -c "read -q -P 1 0 ${orig_size}" "$TEST_IMG"
+    # The resized part of the image should contain zeroes
+    $QEMU_IO -c "read -q -P 0 ${orig_size} 63k" "$TEST_IMG"
+    # If the image does not have an external data file we can also verify its
+    # actual size. The resized image should have 7 clusters:
+    # header, L1 table, L2 table, refcount table, refcount block, 2 data clusters
+    if ! _get_data_file "$TEST_IMG" > /dev/null; then
+        expected_file_length=$((65536 * 7))
+        file_length=$(stat -c '%s' "$TEST_IMG_FILE")
+        if [ "$file_length" != "$expected_file_length" ]; then
+            echo "ERROR: file length $file_length (expected $expected_file_length)"
+        fi
+    fi
+    echo
+done
+
 # success, all done
 echo '*** done'
 rm -f $seq.full
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/125.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/125.out
index 596905f533..7f76f7af20 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/125.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/125.out
@@ -767,4 +767,13 @@ wrote 2048000/2048000 bytes at offset 0
 wrote 81920/81920 bytes at offset 2048000
 80 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
 
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=raw size=131072
+--- Resizing image from 31k to 96k ---
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=31744 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base backing_fmt=raw
+Image resized.
+
+--- Resizing image from 33k to 96k ---
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=33792 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base backing_fmt=raw
+Image resized.
+
 *** done
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/134.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/134.out
index 09d46f6b17..4abc5b5f7d 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/134.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/134.out
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 QA output created by 134
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on encrypt.key-secret=sec0
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on
 
 == reading whole image ==
 read 134217728/134217728 bytes at offset 0
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/141 b/tests/qemu-iotests/141
index 5192d256e3..6d1b7b0d4c 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/141
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/141
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ test_blockjob()
     _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE \
         "$1" \
         "$2" \
-        | _filter_img_create | _filter_qmp_empty_return
+        | _filter_img_create_in_qmp | _filter_qmp_empty_return
 
     # We want this to return an error because the block job is still running
     _send_qemu_cmd $QEMU_HANDLE \
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/144.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/144.out
index 885a8874a5..a2172a1308 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/144.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/144.out
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=536870912
 { 'execute': 'qmp_capabilities' }
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'arguments': { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file':'TEST_DIR/tmp.IMGFMT', 'format': 'IMGFMT' } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/tmp.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=536870912 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/tmp.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=536870912 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 
 === Performing block-commit on active layer ===
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/tmp.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=536870912 backing_file=TEST_DIR/
 === Performing Live Snapshot 2 ===
 
 { 'execute': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'arguments': { 'device': 'virtio0', 'snapshot-file':'TEST_DIR/tmp2.IMGFMT', 'format': 'IMGFMT' } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/tmp2.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=536870912 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/tmp2.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=536870912 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 *** done
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/146 b/tests/qemu-iotests/146
index 2e43abddfc..ddc3c1fd80 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/146
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/146
@@ -51,19 +51,25 @@ echo === Testing VPC Autodetect ===
 echo
 _use_sample_img virtualpc-dynamic.vhd.bz2
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Testing VPC with current_size force ===
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Testing VPC with chs force ===
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 _cleanup_test_img
 
@@ -72,19 +78,25 @@ echo === Testing Hyper-V Autodetect ===
 echo
 _use_sample_img hyperv2012r2-dynamic.vhd.bz2
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Testing Hyper-V with current_size force ===
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Testing Hyper-V with chs force ===
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 _cleanup_test_img
 
@@ -93,19 +105,25 @@ echo === Testing d2v Autodetect ===
 echo
 _use_sample_img d2v-zerofilled.vhd.bz2
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Testing d2v with current_size force ===
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Testing d2v with chs force ===
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 _cleanup_test_img
 
@@ -121,19 +139,25 @@ echo
 echo === Read created image, default opts ====
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Read created image, force_size_calc=chs ====
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Read created image, force_size_calc=current_size ====
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Testing Image create, force_size ===
@@ -145,19 +169,25 @@ echo
 echo === Read created image, default opts ====
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Read created image, force_size_calc=chs ====
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=chs,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo
 echo === Read created image, force_size_calc=current_size ====
 echo
 
-${QEMU_IO} -c "open -o driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size ${TEST_IMG}" -c 'map'
+$QEMU_IMG map --output=json --image-opts \
+    "driver=vpc,force_size_calc=current_size,file.filename=$TEST_IMG" \
+    | _filter_qemu_img_map
 
 echo "*** done"
 rm -f $seq.full
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/146.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/146.out
index 1332189d87..80513cdd06 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/146.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/146.out
@@ -2,39 +2,414 @@ QA output created by 146
 
 === Testing VPC Autodetect ===
 
-126.998 GiB (0x1fbfe04000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 136363130880, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Testing VPC with current_size force ===
 
-127 GiB (0x1fc0000000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 136365211648, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Testing VPC with chs force ===
 
-126.998 GiB (0x1fbfe04000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 136363130880, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Testing Hyper-V Autodetect ===
 
-127 GiB (0x1fc0000000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 136365211648, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Testing Hyper-V with current_size force ===
 
-127 GiB (0x1fc0000000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 136365211648, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Testing Hyper-V with chs force ===
 
-126.998 GiB (0x1fbfe04000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 136363130880, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Testing d2v Autodetect ===
 
-251.250 MiB (0xfb40000) bytes     allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 2097152, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 4194304, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 6291456, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 8388608, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 10485760, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 12582912, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 14680064, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 16777216, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 18874368, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 20971520, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 23068672, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 25165824, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 27262976, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 29360128, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 31457280, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 33554432, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 35651584, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 37748736, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 39845888, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 41943040, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 44040192, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 46137344, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 48234496, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
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+{ "start": 52428800, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 54525952, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
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+{ "start": 58720256, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 60817408, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
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+{ "start": 113246208, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
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+{ "start": 121634816, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 123731968, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 125829120, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 127926272, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 130023424, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 132120576, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 134217728, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 136314880, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 138412032, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 140509184, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 142606336, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 144703488, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 146800640, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 148897792, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 150994944, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 153092096, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 155189248, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 157286400, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 159383552, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 161480704, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 163577856, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 165675008, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 167772160, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 169869312, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 171966464, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 174063616, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 176160768, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 178257920, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 180355072, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 182452224, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 184549376, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 186646528, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 188743680, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 190840832, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 192937984, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 195035136, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 197132288, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 199229440, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 201326592, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 203423744, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 205520896, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 207618048, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 209715200, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 211812352, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 213909504, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 216006656, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 218103808, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 220200960, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 222298112, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 224395264, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 226492416, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 228589568, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 230686720, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 232783872, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 234881024, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 236978176, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 239075328, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 241172480, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 243269632, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 245366784, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 247463936, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 249561088, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 251658240, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 253755392, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 255852544, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 257949696, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 260046848, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 262144000, "length": 1310720, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET }]
 
 === Testing d2v with current_size force ===
 
-251.250 MiB (0xfb40000) bytes     allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 2097152, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 4194304, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 6291456, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 8388608, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 10485760, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 12582912, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 14680064, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 16777216, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 18874368, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 20971520, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 23068672, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 25165824, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 27262976, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 29360128, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 31457280, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 33554432, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 35651584, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 37748736, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 39845888, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 41943040, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 44040192, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 46137344, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 48234496, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 50331648, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 52428800, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 54525952, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 56623104, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 58720256, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 60817408, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 62914560, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 65011712, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 67108864, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 69206016, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 71303168, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 73400320, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 75497472, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 77594624, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 79691776, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 81788928, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 83886080, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 85983232, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 88080384, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 90177536, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 92274688, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 94371840, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 96468992, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 98566144, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 100663296, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 102760448, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 104857600, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 106954752, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 109051904, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 111149056, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 113246208, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 115343360, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 117440512, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 119537664, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 121634816, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 123731968, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 125829120, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 127926272, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 130023424, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 132120576, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 134217728, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 136314880, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 138412032, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 140509184, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 142606336, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 144703488, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 146800640, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 148897792, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 150994944, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 153092096, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 155189248, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 157286400, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 159383552, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 161480704, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 163577856, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 165675008, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 167772160, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 169869312, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 171966464, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 174063616, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 176160768, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 178257920, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 180355072, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 182452224, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 184549376, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 186646528, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 188743680, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 190840832, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 192937984, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 195035136, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 197132288, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 199229440, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 201326592, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 203423744, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 205520896, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 207618048, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 209715200, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 211812352, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 213909504, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 216006656, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 218103808, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 220200960, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 222298112, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 224395264, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 226492416, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 228589568, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 230686720, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 232783872, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 234881024, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 236978176, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 239075328, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 241172480, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 243269632, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 245366784, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 247463936, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 249561088, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 251658240, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 253755392, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 255852544, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 257949696, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 260046848, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 262144000, "length": 1310720, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET }]
 
 === Testing d2v with chs force ===
 
-251.250 MiB (0xfb40000) bytes     allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 2097152, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 4194304, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 6291456, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 8388608, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 10485760, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 12582912, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 14680064, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 16777216, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 18874368, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 20971520, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 23068672, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 25165824, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 27262976, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 29360128, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 31457280, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 33554432, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 35651584, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 37748736, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 39845888, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 41943040, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 44040192, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 46137344, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 48234496, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 50331648, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 52428800, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 54525952, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 56623104, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 58720256, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 60817408, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 62914560, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 65011712, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 67108864, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 69206016, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 71303168, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 73400320, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 75497472, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 77594624, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 79691776, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 81788928, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 83886080, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 85983232, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 88080384, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 90177536, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 92274688, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 94371840, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 96468992, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 98566144, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 100663296, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 102760448, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 104857600, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 106954752, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 109051904, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 111149056, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 113246208, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 115343360, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 117440512, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 119537664, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 121634816, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 123731968, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 125829120, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 127926272, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 130023424, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 132120576, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 134217728, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 136314880, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 138412032, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 140509184, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 142606336, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 144703488, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 146800640, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 148897792, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 150994944, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 153092096, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 155189248, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 157286400, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 159383552, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 161480704, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 163577856, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 165675008, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 167772160, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 169869312, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 171966464, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 174063616, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 176160768, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 178257920, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 180355072, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 182452224, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 184549376, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 186646528, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 188743680, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 190840832, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 192937984, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 195035136, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 197132288, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 199229440, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 201326592, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 203423744, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 205520896, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 207618048, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 209715200, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 211812352, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 213909504, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 216006656, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 218103808, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 220200960, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 222298112, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 224395264, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 226492416, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 228589568, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 230686720, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 232783872, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 234881024, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 236978176, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 239075328, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 241172480, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 243269632, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 245366784, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 247463936, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 249561088, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 251658240, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 253755392, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 255852544, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 257949696, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 260046848, "length": 2097152, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET },
+{ "start": 262144000, "length": 1310720, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": OFFSET }]
 
 === Testing Image create, default ===
 
@@ -42,15 +417,15 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/IMGFMT-create-test.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=4294967296
 
 === Read created image, default opts ====
 
-4 GiB (0x10007a000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 4295467008, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Read created image, force_size_calc=chs ====
 
-4 GiB (0x10007a000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 4295467008, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Read created image, force_size_calc=current_size ====
 
-4 GiB (0x10007a000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 4295467008, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Testing Image create, force_size ===
 
@@ -58,13 +433,13 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/IMGFMT-create-test.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=4294967296
 
 === Read created image, default opts ====
 
-4 GiB (0x100000000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 4294967296, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Read created image, force_size_calc=chs ====
 
-4 GiB (0x100000000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 4294967296, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 
 === Read created image, force_size_calc=current_size ====
 
-4 GiB (0x100000000) bytes not allocated at offset 0 bytes (0x0)
+[{ "start": 0, "length": 4294967296, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false }]
 *** done
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/153 b/tests/qemu-iotests/153
index cf961d3609..11e3d28841 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/153
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/153
@@ -167,11 +167,10 @@ done
 
 echo
 echo "== Creating ${TEST_IMG}.[abc] ==" | _filter_testdir
-(
-    $QEMU_IMG create -f qcow2 "${TEST_IMG}.a" -b "${TEST_IMG}"
-    $QEMU_IMG create -f qcow2 "${TEST_IMG}.b" -b "${TEST_IMG}"
-    $QEMU_IMG create -f qcow2 "${TEST_IMG}.c" -b "${TEST_IMG}.b"
-) | _filter_img_create
+$QEMU_IMG create -f qcow2 "${TEST_IMG}.a" -b "${TEST_IMG}" | _filter_img_create
+$QEMU_IMG create -f qcow2 "${TEST_IMG}.b" -b "${TEST_IMG}" | _filter_img_create
+$QEMU_IMG create -f qcow2 "${TEST_IMG}.c" -b "${TEST_IMG}.b" \
+    | _filter_img_create
 
 echo
 echo "== Two devices sharing the same file in backing chain =="
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/158.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/158.out
index 6def216e55..f28a17626b 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/158.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/158.out
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 QA output created by 158
 == create base ==
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on encrypt.key-secret=sec0
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 encryption=on
 
 == writing whole image ==
 wrote 134217728/134217728 bytes at offset 0
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ wrote 134217728/134217728 bytes at offset 0
 read 134217728/134217728 bytes at offset 0
 128 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
 == create overlay ==
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base encryption=on encrypt.key-secret=sec0
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=134217728 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base encryption=on
 
 == writing part of a cluster ==
 wrote 1024/1024 bytes at offset 0
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/178 b/tests/qemu-iotests/178
index 7cf0e27154..f09b27caac 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/178
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/178
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 _supported_fmt raw qcow2
 _supported_proto file
 _supported_os Linux
+_require_working_luks
 
 echo "== Input validation =="
 echo
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/182.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/182.out
index ae43654d32..29e9db3497 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/182.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/182.out
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Is another process using the image [TEST_DIR/t.qcow2]?
 {'execute': 'blockdev-add', 'arguments': { 'node-name': 'node0', 'driver': 'file', 'filename': 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', 'locking': 'on' } }
 {"return": {}}
 {'execute': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'arguments': { 'node-name': 'node0', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.overlay', 'snapshot-node-name': 'node1' } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.overlay', fmt=qcow2 size=197120 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 backing_fmt=file cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.overlay', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=197120 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 backing_fmt=file lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 {'execute': 'blockdev-add', 'arguments': { 'node-name': 'node1', 'driver': 'file', 'filename': 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', 'locking': 'on' } }
 {"return": {}}
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/185.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/185.out
index ac5ab16bc8..62d1ab74d3 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/185.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/185.out
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=IMGFMT size=67108864
 === Creating backing chain ===
 
 { 'execute': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'arguments': { 'device': 'disk', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.mid', 'format': 'IMGFMT', 'mode': 'absolute-paths' } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.mid', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.base backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.mid', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.base backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'human-monitor-command', 'arguments': { 'command-line': 'qemu-io disk "write 0 4M"' } }
 wrote 4194304/4194304 bytes at offset 0
 4 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
 {"return": ""}
 { 'execute': 'blockdev-snapshot-sync', 'arguments': { 'device': 'disk', 'snapshot-file': 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', 'format': 'IMGFMT', 'mode': 'absolute-paths' } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.mid backing_fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.mid backing_fmt=qcow2 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"return": {}}
 
 === Start commit job and exit qemu ===
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.q
 { 'execute': 'qmp_capabilities' }
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'drive-mirror', 'arguments': { 'device': 'disk', 'target': 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.copy', 'format': 'IMGFMT', 'sync': 'full', 'speed': 65536 } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.copy', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.copy', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"timestamp": {"seconds":  TIMESTAMP, "microseconds":  TIMESTAMP}, "event": "JOB_STATUS_CHANGE", "data": {"status": "created", "id": "disk"}}
 {"timestamp": {"seconds":  TIMESTAMP, "microseconds":  TIMESTAMP}, "event": "JOB_STATUS_CHANGE", "data": {"status": "running", "id": "disk"}}
 {"return": {}}
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.copy', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=65536 l
 { 'execute': 'qmp_capabilities' }
 {"return": {}}
 { 'execute': 'drive-backup', 'arguments': { 'device': 'disk', 'target': 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.copy', 'format': 'IMGFMT', 'sync': 'full', 'speed': 65536 } }
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.copy', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.qcow2.copy', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 {"timestamp": {"seconds":  TIMESTAMP, "microseconds":  TIMESTAMP}, "event": "JOB_STATUS_CHANGE", "data": {"status": "created", "id": "disk"}}
 {"timestamp": {"seconds":  TIMESTAMP, "microseconds":  TIMESTAMP}, "event": "JOB_STATUS_CHANGE", "data": {"status": "running", "id": "disk"}}
 {"timestamp": {"seconds":  TIMESTAMP, "microseconds":  TIMESTAMP}, "event": "JOB_STATUS_CHANGE", "data": {"status": "paused", "id": "disk"}}
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/188 b/tests/qemu-iotests/188
index 09b9b6083a..13b225fded 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/188
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/188
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 _supported_fmt qcow2
 _supported_proto generic
 _supported_os Linux
+_require_working_luks
 
 
 size=16M
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/188.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/188.out
index c568ef3701..5426861b18 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/188.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/188.out
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 QA output created by 188
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216
 
 == reading whole image ==
 read 16777216/16777216 bytes at offset 0
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/189 b/tests/qemu-iotests/189
index c9ce9d3bed..e6a84b8a3b 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/189
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/189
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 _supported_fmt qcow2
 _supported_proto generic
 _supported_os Linux
+_require_working_luks
 
 
 size=16M
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/189.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/189.out
index a0b7c9c24c..bc213cbe14 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/189.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/189.out
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 QA output created by 189
 == create base ==
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216
 
 == writing whole image ==
 wrote 16777216/16777216 bytes at offset 0
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ wrote 16777216/16777216 bytes at offset 0
 read 16777216/16777216 bytes at offset 0
 16 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
 == create overlay ==
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec1 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base
 
 == writing part of a cluster ==
 wrote 1024/1024 bytes at offset 0
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/198 b/tests/qemu-iotests/198
index fb0d5a29d3..aeb059d5ea 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/198
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/198
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 _supported_fmt qcow2
 _supported_proto generic
 _supported_os Linux
+_require_working_luks
 
 
 size=16M
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/198.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/198.out
index 6280ae6eed..4b800e70db 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/198.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/198.out
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 QA output created by 198
 == create base ==
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216
 
 == writing whole image base ==
 wrote 16777216/16777216 bytes at offset 0
 16 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
 == create overlay ==
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec1 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=16777216 backing_file=TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT.base
 
 == writing whole image layer ==
 wrote 16777216/16777216 bytes at offset 0
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/206 b/tests/qemu-iotests/206
index f42432a838..11bc51f256 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/206
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/206
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import iotests
 from iotests import imgfmt
 
 iotests.script_initialize(supported_fmts=['qcow2'])
+iotests.verify_working_luks()
 
 with iotests.FilePath('t.qcow2') as disk_path, \
      iotests.FilePath('t.qcow2.base') as backing_path, \
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/255.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/255.out
index a3c99fd62e..d74903db99 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/255.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/255.out
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ Finishing a commit job with background reads
 
 === Create backing chain and start VM ===
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-t.qcow2.mid', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-t.qcow2.mid', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-t.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 === Start background read requests ===
 
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ Closing the VM while a job is being cancelled
 
 === Create images and start VM ===
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-src.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-src.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-dst.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 size=134217728 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-dst.qcow2', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=134217728 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 0
 1 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/263 b/tests/qemu-iotests/263
index d2c030fae9..f598a12899 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/263
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/263
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 _supported_fmt qcow2
 _supported_proto generic
 _supported_os Linux
+_require_working_luks
 
 
 size=1M
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/263.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/263.out
index 0c982c55cb..54bfbeeff8 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/263.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/263.out
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ QA output created by 263
 
 testing LUKS qcow2 encryption
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576
 == reading the whole image ==
 read 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 0
 1 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ read 982528/982528 bytes at offset 66048
 
 testing legacy AES qcow2 encryption
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576 encrypt.format=aes encrypt.key-secret=sec0
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576
 == reading the whole image ==
 read 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 0
 1 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/274.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/274.out
index d24ff681af..d248a1e21b 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/274.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/274.out
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 == Commit tests ==
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=2097152 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=2097152 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-mid', fmt=qcow2 size=1048576 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-mid', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1048576 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=2097152 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-mid cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=2097152 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-mid lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 2097152/2097152 bytes at offset 0
 2 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ read 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 1048576
 1 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
 
 === Testing HMP commit (top -> mid) ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=2097152 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=2097152 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-mid', fmt=qcow2 size=1048576 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-mid', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1048576 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=2097152 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-mid cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=2097152 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-mid lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 2097152/2097152 bytes at offset 0
 2 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ read 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 1048576
 1 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
 
 === Testing QMP active commit (top -> mid) ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=2097152 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=2097152 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-mid', fmt=qcow2 size=1048576 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-mid', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1048576 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=2097152 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-mid cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=2097152 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-mid lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 2097152/2097152 bytes at offset 0
 2 MiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ read 1048576/1048576 bytes at offset 1048576
 
 == Resize tests ==
 === preallocation=off ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=6442450944 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=6442450944 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=1073741824 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=1073741824 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 65536/65536 bytes at offset 5368709120
 64 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -150,9 +150,9 @@ read 65536/65536 bytes at offset 5368709120
 { "start": 1073741824, "length": 7516192768, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false}]
 
 === preallocation=metadata ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=34359738368 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=34359738368 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=32212254720 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=32212254720 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 65536/65536 bytes at offset 33285996544
 64 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ read 65536/65536 bytes at offset 33285996544
 { "start": 34896609280, "length": 536870912, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false, "offset": 2685075456}]
 
 === preallocation=falloc ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=10485760 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=10485760 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=5242880 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=5242880 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 65536/65536 bytes at offset 9437184
 64 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -193,9 +193,9 @@ read 65536/65536 bytes at offset 9437184
 { "start": 5242880, "length": 10485760, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": 327680}]
 
 === preallocation=full ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=16777216 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=16777216 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=8388608 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=8388608 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 65536/65536 bytes at offset 11534336
 64 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@ read 65536/65536 bytes at offset 11534336
 { "start": 8388608, "length": 4194304, "depth": 0, "zero": false, "data": true, "offset": 327680}]
 
 === preallocation=off ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=393216 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=393216 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=259072 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=259072 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 65536/65536 bytes at offset 259072
 64 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -232,9 +232,9 @@ read 65536/65536 bytes at offset 259072
 { "start": 262144, "length": 262144, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false}]
 
 === preallocation=off ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=409600 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=409600 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=262144 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=262144 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 65536/65536 bytes at offset 344064
 64 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
@@ -251,9 +251,9 @@ read 65536/65536 bytes at offset 344064
 { "start": 262144, "length": 262144, "depth": 0, "zero": true, "data": false}]
 
 === preallocation=off ===
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=524288 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=524288 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 size=262144 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-top', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=262144 backing_file=TEST_DIR/PID-base lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 wrote 65536/65536 bytes at offset 446464
 64 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/280.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/280.out
index 92e4d14079..fc59b9bc5c 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/280.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/280.out
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 size=67108864 cluster_size=65536 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16 compression_type=zlib
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/PID-base', fmt=qcow2 cluster_size=65536 compression_type=zlib size=67108864 lazy_refcounts=off refcount_bits=16
 
 === Launch VM ===
 Enabling migration QMP events on VM...
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/284 b/tests/qemu-iotests/284
index 071e89b33e..9f6c29a79c 100755
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/284
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/284
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
 _supported_fmt qcow2
 _supported_proto generic
 _supported_os Linux
+_require_working_luks
 
 
 size=1M
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/284.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/284.out
index 48216f5742..a929239302 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/284.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/284.out
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ QA output created by 284
 
 testing LUKS qcow2 encryption
 
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576
 
 == cluster size 512
 == checking image refcounts ==
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ wrote 1/1 bytes at offset 512
 
 == rechecking image refcounts ==
 No errors were found on the image.
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576
 
 == cluster size 2048
 == checking image refcounts ==
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ wrote 1/1 bytes at offset 2048
 
 == rechecking image refcounts ==
 No errors were found on the image.
-Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576 encrypt.format=luks encrypt.key-secret=sec0 encrypt.iter-time=10
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=1048576
 
 == cluster size 32768
 == checking image refcounts ==
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/293 b/tests/qemu-iotests/293
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..f86fe3b413
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/293
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# Test encryption key management with luks
+# Based on 134
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2019 Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+
+# creator
+owner=mlevitsk@redhat.com
+
+seq=`basename $0`
+echo "QA output created by $seq"
+
+status=1	# failure is the default!
+
+_cleanup()
+{
+	_cleanup_test_img
+}
+trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
+
+# get standard environment, filters and checks
+. ./common.rc
+. ./common.filter
+
+_supported_fmt qcow2 luks
+_supported_proto file #TODO
+_require_working_luks
+
+QEMU_IO_OPTIONS=$QEMU_IO_OPTIONS_NO_FMT
+
+if [ "$IMGFMT" = "qcow2" ] ; then
+	PR="encrypt."
+	EXTRA_IMG_ARGS="-o encrypt.format=luks"
+fi
+
+
+# secrets: you are supposed to see the password as *******, see :-)
+S0="--object secret,id=sec0,data=hunter0"
+S1="--object secret,id=sec1,data=hunter1"
+S2="--object secret,id=sec2,data=hunter2"
+S3="--object secret,id=sec3,data=hunter3"
+S4="--object secret,id=sec4,data=hunter4"
+SECRETS="$S0 $S1 $S2 $S3 $S4"
+
+# image with given secret
+IMGS0="--image-opts driver=$IMGFMT,file.filename=$TEST_IMG,${PR}key-secret=sec0"
+IMGS1="--image-opts driver=$IMGFMT,file.filename=$TEST_IMG,${PR}key-secret=sec1"
+IMGS2="--image-opts driver=$IMGFMT,file.filename=$TEST_IMG,${PR}key-secret=sec2"
+IMGS3="--image-opts driver=$IMGFMT,file.filename=$TEST_IMG,${PR}key-secret=sec3"
+IMGS4="--image-opts driver=$IMGFMT,file.filename=$TEST_IMG,${PR}key-secret=sec4"
+
+
+echo "== creating a test image =="
+_make_test_img $S0 $EXTRA_IMG_ARGS -o ${PR}key-secret=sec0,${PR}iter-time=10 32M
+
+echo
+echo "== test that key 0 opens the image =="
+$QEMU_IO $S0 -c "read 0 4096" $IMGS0 | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+
+echo
+echo "== adding a password to slot 4 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS0 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec4,${PR}iter-time=10,${PR}keyslot=4
+echo "== adding a password to slot 1 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS0 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec1,${PR}iter-time=10
+echo "== adding a password to slot 3 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec3,${PR}iter-time=10,${PR}keyslot=3
+
+echo "== adding a password to slot 2 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS3 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec2,${PR}iter-time=10
+
+
+echo "== erase slot 4 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}keyslot=4 | _filter_img_create
+
+
+echo
+echo "== all secrets should work =="
+for IMG in "$IMGS0" "$IMGS1" "$IMGS2" "$IMGS3"; do
+	$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMG | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+done
+
+echo
+echo "== erase slot 0 and try it =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec0 | _filter_img_create
+$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMGS0 | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+
+echo
+echo "== erase slot 2 and try it =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}keyslot=2 | _filter_img_create
+$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMGS2 | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+
+
+# at this point slots 1 and 3 should be active
+
+echo
+echo "== filling  4 slots with secret 2 =="
+for ((i = 0; i < 4; i++)); do
+	$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS3 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec2,${PR}iter-time=10
+done
+
+echo
+echo "== adding secret 0 =="
+	$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS3 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec0,${PR}iter-time=10
+
+echo
+echo "== adding secret 3 (last slot) =="
+	$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS3 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec3,${PR}iter-time=10
+
+echo
+echo "== trying to add another slot (should fail) =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS2 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec3,${PR}iter-time=10
+
+echo
+echo "== all secrets should work again =="
+for IMG in "$IMGS0" "$IMGS1" "$IMGS2" "$IMGS3"; do
+	$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMG | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+done
+
+
+echo
+
+echo "== erase all keys of secret 2=="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec2
+
+echo "== erase all keys of secret 1=="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec1
+
+echo "== erase all keys of secret 0=="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS0 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec0
+
+echo "== erasing secret3 will fail now since it is the only secret (in 3 slots) =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS3 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec3
+
+echo
+echo "== only secret3 should work now  =="
+for IMG in "$IMGS0" "$IMGS1" "$IMGS2" "$IMGS3"; do
+	$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMG | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+done
+
+echo
+echo "== add secret0  =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS3 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec0,${PR}iter-time=10
+
+echo "== erase secret3 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS0 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec3
+
+echo
+echo "== only secret0 should work now  =="
+for IMG in "$IMGS0" "$IMGS1" "$IMGS2" "$IMGS3"; do
+	$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMG | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+done
+
+echo
+echo "== replace secret0 with secret1 (should fail)  =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS0 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec1,${PR}keyslot=0
+
+echo
+echo "== replace secret0 with secret1 with force (should work)  =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS0 -o ${PR}state=active,${PR}new-secret=sec1,${PR}iter-time=10,${PR}keyslot=0 --force
+
+echo
+echo "== only secret1 should work now  =="
+for IMG in "$IMGS0" "$IMGS1" "$IMGS2" "$IMGS3"; do
+	$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMG | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+done
+
+
+echo
+echo "== erase last secret (should fail)  =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}keyslot=0
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec1
+
+
+echo "== erase non existing secrets (should fail)  =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec5 --force
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}old-secret=sec0 --force
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}keyslot=1 --force
+
+echo
+echo "== erase last secret with force by slot (should work)  =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o ${PR}state=inactive,${PR}keyslot=0 --force
+
+echo
+echo "== we have no secrets now, data is lost forever =="
+for IMG in "$IMGS0" "$IMGS1" "$IMGS2" "$IMGS3"; do
+	$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMG | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+done
+
+# success, all done
+echo "*** done"
+rm -f $seq.full
+status=0
+
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/293.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/293.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7260783126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/293.out
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+QA output created by 293
+== creating a test image ==
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=33554432
+
+== test that key 0 opens the image ==
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+
+== adding a password to slot 4 ==
+== adding a password to slot 1 ==
+== adding a password to slot 3 ==
+== adding a password to slot 2 ==
+== erase slot 4 ==
+
+== all secrets should work ==
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+
+== erase slot 0 and try it ==
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+
+== erase slot 2 and try it ==
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+
+== filling  4 slots with secret 2 ==
+
+== adding secret 0 ==
+
+== adding secret 3 (last slot) ==
+
+== trying to add another slot (should fail) ==
+qemu-img: Can't add a keyslot - all keyslots are in use
+
+== all secrets should work again ==
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+
+== erase all keys of secret 2==
+== erase all keys of secret 1==
+== erase all keys of secret 0==
+== erasing secret3 will fail now since it is the only secret (in 3 slots) ==
+qemu-img: All the active keyslots match the (old) password that was given and erasing them will erase all the data in the image irreversibly - refusing operation
+
+== only secret3 should work now  ==
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+
+== add secret0  ==
+== erase secret3 ==
+
+== only secret0 should work now  ==
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+
+== replace secret0 with secret1 (should fail)  ==
+qemu-img: Refusing to overwrite active keyslot 0 - please erase it first
+
+== replace secret0 with secret1 with force (should work)  ==
+
+== only secret1 should work now  ==
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+
+== erase last secret (should fail)  ==
+qemu-img: Attempt to erase the only active keyslot 0 which will erase all the data in the image irreversibly - refusing operation
+qemu-img: All the active keyslots match the (old) password that was given and erasing them will erase all the data in the image irreversibly - refusing operation
+== erase non existing secrets (should fail)  ==
+qemu-img: No secret with id 'sec5'
+qemu-img: No keyslots match given (old) password for erase operation
+
+== erase last secret with force by slot (should work)  ==
+
+== we have no secrets now, data is lost forever ==
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+*** done
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/294 b/tests/qemu-iotests/294
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..9c95ed8c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/294
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2019 Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+
+# creator
+owner=mlevitsk@redhat.com
+
+seq=`basename $0`
+echo "QA output created by $seq"
+
+status=1	# failure is the default!
+
+_cleanup()
+{
+	_cleanup_test_img
+}
+trap "_cleanup; exit \$status" 0 1 2 3 15
+
+# get standard environment, filters and checks
+. ./common.rc
+. ./common.filter
+
+_supported_fmt luks
+_supported_proto file #TODO
+
+QEMU_IO_OPTIONS=$QEMU_IO_OPTIONS_NO_FMT
+
+# you are supposed to see the password as *******, see :-)
+S0="--object secret,id=sec0,data=hunter0"
+S1="--object secret,id=sec1,data=hunter1"
+SECRETS="$S0 $S1"
+
+
+IMGS0="--image-opts driver=$IMGFMT,file.filename=$TEST_IMG,key-secret=sec0"
+IMGS1="--image-opts driver=$IMGFMT,file.filename=$TEST_IMG,key-secret=sec1"
+
+echo "== creating a test image =="
+_make_test_img $S0 -o "key-secret=sec0,iter-time=10" 32M
+
+echo
+echo "== test that key 0 opens the image =="
+$QEMU_IO $S0 -c "read 0 4096" $IMGS0 | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+
+echo
+echo "== adding a password to slot 1 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS0 -o state=active,new-secret=sec1,keyslot=1,iter-time=10
+
+echo
+echo "== 'backup' the image header =="
+dd if=$TEST_IMG_FILE of=${TEST_IMG_FILE}.bk bs=4K skip=0 count=1
+
+echo
+echo "== erase slot 0 =="
+$QEMU_IMG amend $SECRETS $IMGS1 -o state=inactive,keyslot=0 | _filter_img_create
+
+echo
+echo "== test that key 0 doesn't open the image =="
+$QEMU_IO $S0 -c "read 0 4096" $IMGS0 | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+
+echo
+echo "== 'restore' the image header =="
+dd if=${TEST_IMG_FILE}.bk of=${TEST_IMG_FILE} bs=4K skip=0 count=1 conv=notrunc
+
+echo
+echo "== test that key 0 still doesn't open the image (key material is erased) =="
+$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMGS0 | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+
+echo
+echo "== test that key 1 still works =="
+$QEMU_IO $SECRETS -c "read 0 4096" $IMGS1 | _filter_qemu_io | _filter_testdir
+
+echo "*** done"
+rm -f $seq.full
+status=0
+
+
+exit 0
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/294.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/294.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..994ae87308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/294.out
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+QA output created by 294
+== creating a test image ==
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT', fmt=IMGFMT size=33554432
+
+== test that key 0 opens the image ==
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+
+== adding a password to slot 1 ==
+
+== 'backup' the image header ==
+1+0 records in
+1+0 records out
+
+== erase slot 0 ==
+
+== test that key 0 doesn't open the image ==
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+
+== 'restore' the image header ==
+1+0 records in
+1+0 records out
+
+== test that key 0 still doesn't open the image (key material is erased) ==
+qemu-io: can't open: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+
+== test that key 1 still works ==
+read 4096/4096 bytes at offset 0
+4 KiB, X ops; XX:XX:XX.X (XXX YYY/sec and XXX ops/sec)
+*** done
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/295 b/tests/qemu-iotests/295
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..59e674fa85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/295
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Test case QMP's encrypted key management
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2019 Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+
+import iotests
+import os
+import time
+import json
+
+test_img = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'test.img')
+
+class Secret:
+    def __init__(self, index):
+        self._id = "keysec" + str(index)
+        # you are not supposed to see the password...
+        self._secret = "hunter" + str(index)
+
+    def id(self):
+        return self._id
+
+    def secret(self):
+        return self._secret
+
+    def to_cmdline_object(self):
+        return  [ "secret,id=" + self._id + ",data=" + self._secret]
+
+    def to_qmp_object(self):
+        return { "qom_type" : "secret", "id": self.id(),
+                 "props": { "data": self.secret() } }
+
+################################################################################
+class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
+
+    # test case startup
+    def setUp(self):
+        # start the VM
+        self.vm = iotests.VM()
+        self.vm.launch()
+
+        # create the secrets and load 'em into the VM
+        self.secrets = [ Secret(i) for i in range(0, 6) ]
+        for secret in self.secrets:
+            result = self.vm.qmp("object-add", **secret.to_qmp_object())
+            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+
+        if iotests.imgfmt == "qcow2":
+            self.pfx = "encrypt."
+            self.img_opts = [ '-o', "encrypt.format=luks" ]
+        else:
+            self.pfx = ""
+            self.img_opts = []
+
+    # test case shutdown
+    def tearDown(self):
+        # stop the VM
+        self.vm.shutdown()
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # create the encrypted block device
+    def createImg(self, file, secret):
+
+        iotests.qemu_img(
+            'create',
+            '--object', *secret.to_cmdline_object(),
+            '-f', iotests.imgfmt,
+            '-o', self.pfx + 'key-secret=' + secret.id(),
+            '-o', self.pfx + 'iter-time=10',
+            *self.img_opts,
+            file,
+            '1M')
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # open an encrypted block device
+    def openImageQmp(self, id, file, secret, read_only = False):
+
+        encrypt_options = {
+            'key-secret' : secret.id()
+        }
+
+        if iotests.imgfmt == "qcow2":
+            encrypt_options = {
+                'encrypt': {
+                    'format':'luks',
+                    **encrypt_options
+                }
+            }
+
+        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-add', **
+            {
+                'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                'node-name': id,
+                'read-only': read_only,
+
+                **encrypt_options,
+
+                'file': {
+                    'driver': 'file',
+                    'filename': test_img,
+                }
+            }
+        )
+        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+
+    # close the encrypted block device
+    def closeImageQmp(self, id):
+        result = self.vm.qmp('blockdev-del', **{ 'node-name': id })
+        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # add a key to an encrypted block device
+    def addKeyQmp(self, id, new_secret, secret = None,
+                  slot = None, force = False):
+
+        crypt_options = {
+            'state'      : 'active',
+            'new-secret' : new_secret.id(),
+            'iter-time' : 10
+        }
+
+        if slot != None:
+            crypt_options['keyslot'] = slot
+
+
+        if secret != None:
+            crypt_options['secret'] = secret.id()
+
+        if iotests.imgfmt == "qcow2":
+            crypt_options['format'] = 'luks'
+            crypt_options = {
+                'encrypt': crypt_options
+            }
+
+        args = {
+            'node-name': id,
+            'job-id' : 'job_add_key',
+            'options' : {
+                    'driver' : iotests.imgfmt,
+                    **crypt_options
+                },
+        }
+
+        if force == True:
+            args['force'] = True
+
+        #TODO: check what jobs return
+        result = self.vm.qmp('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
+        assert result['return'] == {}
+        self.vm.run_job('job_add_key')
+
+    # erase a key from an encrypted block device
+    def eraseKeyQmp(self, id, old_secret = None, slot = None, force = False):
+
+        crypt_options = {
+            'state'      : 'inactive',
+        }
+
+        if slot != None:
+            crypt_options['keyslot'] = slot
+        if old_secret != None:
+            crypt_options['old-secret'] = old_secret.id()
+
+        if iotests.imgfmt == "qcow2":
+            crypt_options['format'] = 'luks'
+            crypt_options = {
+                'encrypt': crypt_options
+            }
+
+        args = {
+            'node-name': id,
+            'job-id' : 'job_erase_key',
+            'options' : {
+                    'driver' : iotests.imgfmt,
+                    **crypt_options
+                },
+        }
+
+        if force == True:
+            args['force'] = True
+
+        result = self.vm.qmp('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
+        assert result['return'] == {}
+        self.vm.run_job('job_erase_key')
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # create image, and change its key
+    def testChangeKey(self):
+
+        # create the image with secret0 and open it
+        self.createImg(test_img, self.secrets[0]);
+        self.openImageQmp("testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0])
+
+        # add key to slot 1
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[1])
+
+        # add key to slot 5
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2], slot=5)
+
+        # erase key from slot 0
+        self.eraseKeyQmp("testdev", old_secret = self.secrets[0])
+
+        #reopen the image with secret1
+        self.closeImageQmp("testdev")
+        self.openImageQmp("testdev", test_img, self.secrets[1])
+
+        # close and erase the image for good
+        self.closeImageQmp("testdev")
+        os.remove(test_img)
+
+    # test that if we erase the old password,
+    # we can still change the encryption keys using 'old-secret'
+    def testOldPassword(self):
+
+        # create the image with secret0 and open it
+        self.createImg(test_img, self.secrets[0]);
+        self.openImageQmp("testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0])
+
+        # add key to slot 1
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[1])
+
+        # erase key from slot 0
+        self.eraseKeyQmp("testdev", old_secret = self.secrets[0])
+
+        # this will fail as the old password is no longer valid
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+
+        # this will work
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2], secret = self.secrets[1])
+
+        # close and erase the image for good
+        self.closeImageQmp("testdev")
+        os.remove(test_img)
+
+    def testUseForceLuke(self):
+
+        self.createImg(test_img, self.secrets[0]);
+        self.openImageQmp("testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0])
+
+        # Add bunch of secrets
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[1], slot=4)
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[4], slot=2)
+
+        # overwrite an active secret
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[5], slot=2)
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[5], slot=2, force=True)
+
+        self.addKeyQmp("testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[0])
+
+        # Now erase all the secrets
+        self.eraseKeyQmp("testdev", old_secret = self.secrets[5])
+        self.eraseKeyQmp("testdev", slot=4)
+
+        # erase last keyslot
+        self.eraseKeyQmp("testdev", old_secret = self.secrets[0])
+        self.eraseKeyQmp("testdev", old_secret = self.secrets[0], force=True)
+
+        self.closeImageQmp("testdev")
+        os.remove(test_img)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    iotests.verify_working_luks()
+    # Encrypted formats support
+    iotests.activate_logging()
+    iotests.main(supported_fmts = ['qcow2', 'luks'])
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/295.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/295.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad34b2ca2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/295.out
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_erase_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_erase_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+Job failed: Invalid password, cannot unlock any keyslot
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+Job failed: Refusing to overwrite active keyslot 2 - please erase it first
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_add_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_erase_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_erase_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+Job failed: All the active keyslots match the (old) password that was given and erasing them will erase all the data in the image irreversibly - refusing operation
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_erase_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job_erase_key"}}
+{"return": {}}
+...
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran 3 tests
+
+OK
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/296 b/tests/qemu-iotests/296
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..ec69ec8974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/296
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Test case for encryption key management versus image sharing
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2019 Red Hat, Inc.
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+
+import iotests
+import os
+import time
+import json
+
+test_img = os.path.join(iotests.test_dir, 'test.img')
+
+class Secret:
+    def __init__(self, index):
+        self._id = "keysec" + str(index)
+        # you are not supposed to see the password...
+        self._secret = "hunter" + str(index)
+
+    def id(self):
+        return self._id
+
+    def secret(self):
+        return self._secret
+
+    def to_cmdline_object(self):
+        return  [ "secret,id=" + self._id + ",data=" + self._secret]
+
+    def to_qmp_object(self):
+        return { "qom_type" : "secret", "id": self.id(),
+                 "props": { "data": self.secret() } }
+
+################################################################################
+
+class EncryptionSetupTestCase(iotests.QMPTestCase):
+
+    # test case startup
+    def setUp(self):
+
+        # start the VMs
+        self.vm1 = iotests.VM(path_suffix = 'VM1')
+        self.vm2 = iotests.VM(path_suffix = 'VM2')
+        self.vm1.launch()
+        self.vm2.launch()
+
+        # create the secrets and load 'em into the VMs
+        self.secrets = [ Secret(i) for i in range(0, 4) ]
+        for secret in self.secrets:
+            result = self.vm1.qmp("object-add", **secret.to_qmp_object())
+            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+            result = self.vm2.qmp("object-add", **secret.to_qmp_object())
+            self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+
+    # test case shutdown
+    def tearDown(self):
+        # stop the VM
+        self.vm1.shutdown()
+        self.vm2.shutdown()
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # create the encrypted block device using qemu-img
+    def createImg(self, file, secret):
+
+        output = iotests.qemu_img_pipe(
+            'create',
+            '--object', *secret.to_cmdline_object(),
+            '-f', iotests.imgfmt,
+            '-o', 'key-secret=' + secret.id(),
+            '-o', 'iter-time=10',
+            file,
+            '1M')
+
+        iotests.log(output, filters=[iotests.filter_test_dir])
+
+    # attempts to add a key using qemu-img
+    def addKey(self, file, secret, new_secret):
+
+        image_options = {
+            'key-secret' : secret.id(),
+            'driver' : iotests.imgfmt,
+            'file' : {
+                'driver':'file',
+                'filename': file,
+                }
+            }
+
+        output = iotests.qemu_img_pipe(
+            'amend',
+            '--object', *secret.to_cmdline_object(),
+            '--object', *new_secret.to_cmdline_object(),
+
+            '-o', 'state=active',
+            '-o', 'new-secret=' + new_secret.id(),
+            '-o', 'iter-time=10',
+
+            "json:" + json.dumps(image_options)
+            )
+
+        iotests.log(output, filters=[iotests.filter_test_dir])
+
+    ###########################################################################
+    # open an encrypted block device
+    def openImageQmp(self, vm, id, file, secret,
+                     readOnly = False, reOpen = False):
+
+        command = 'x-blockdev-reopen' if reOpen else 'blockdev-add'
+
+        result = vm.qmp(command, **
+            {
+                'driver': iotests.imgfmt,
+                'node-name': id,
+                'read-only': readOnly,
+                'key-secret' : secret.id(),
+                'file': {
+                    'driver': 'file',
+                    'filename': test_img,
+                }
+            }
+        )
+        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+
+    # close the encrypted block device
+    def closeImageQmp(self, vm, id):
+        result = vm.qmp('blockdev-del', **{ 'node-name': id })
+        self.assert_qmp(result, 'return', {})
+
+    ###########################################################################
+
+    # add a key to an encrypted block device
+    def addKeyQmp(self, vm, id, new_secret):
+
+        args = {
+            'node-name': id,
+            'job-id' : 'job0',
+            'options' : {
+                'state'     : 'active',
+                'driver'    : iotests.imgfmt,
+                'new-secret': new_secret.id(),
+                'iter-time' : 10
+            },
+        }
+
+        result = vm.qmp('x-blockdev-amend', **args)
+        assert result['return'] == {}
+        vm.run_job('job0')
+
+    # test that when the image opened by two qemu processes,
+    # neither of them can update the image
+    def test1(self):
+        self.createImg(test_img, self.secrets[0]);
+
+        # VM1 opens the image and adds a key
+        self.openImageQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0])
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[1])
+
+
+        # VM2 opens the image
+        self.openImageQmp(self.vm2, "testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0])
+
+
+        # neither VMs now should be able to add a key
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm2, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+
+
+        # VM 1 closes the image
+        self.closeImageQmp(self.vm1, "testdev")
+
+
+        # now VM2 can add the key
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm2, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+
+
+        # qemu-img should also not be able to add a key
+        self.addKey(test_img, self.secrets[0], self.secrets[2])
+
+        # cleanup
+        self.closeImageQmp(self.vm2, "testdev")
+        os.remove(test_img)
+
+
+    def test2(self):
+        self.createImg(test_img, self.secrets[0]);
+
+        # VM1 opens the image readonly
+        self.openImageQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0],
+                          readOnly = True)
+
+        # VM2 opens the image
+        self.openImageQmp(self.vm2, "testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0])
+
+        # VM1 can't add a key since image is readonly
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+
+        # VM2 can't add a key since VM is has the image opened
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm2, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+
+
+        #VM1 reopens the image read-write
+        self.openImageQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", test_img, self.secrets[0],
+                          reOpen = True, readOnly = False)
+
+        # VM1 still can't add the key
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+
+        # VM2 gets away
+        self.closeImageQmp(self.vm2, "testdev")
+
+        # VM1 now can add the key
+        self.addKeyQmp(self.vm1, "testdev", new_secret = self.secrets[2])
+
+        self.closeImageQmp(self.vm1, "testdev")
+        os.remove(test_img)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # support only raw luks since luks encrypted qcow2 is a proper
+    # format driver which doesn't allow any sharing
+    iotests.activate_logging()
+    iotests.main(supported_fmts = ['luks'])
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/296.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/296.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..afb6d2d09d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/296.out
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/test.img', fmt=luks size=1048576 key-secret=keysec0 iter-time=10
+
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+Job failed: Failed to get shared "consistent read" lock
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+Job failed: Failed to get shared "consistent read" lock
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+qemu-img: Failed to get shared "consistent read" lock
+Is another process using the image [TEST_DIR/test.img]?
+
+Formatting 'TEST_DIR/test.img', fmt=luks size=1048576 key-secret=keysec0 iter-time=10
+
+Job failed: Block node is read-only
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+Job failed: Failed to get shared "consistent read" lock
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+Job failed: Failed to get shared "consistent read" lock
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+{"execute": "job-dismiss", "arguments": {"id": "job0"}}
+{"return": {}}
+..
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Ran 2 tests
+
+OK
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/common.filter b/tests/qemu-iotests/common.filter
index 03e4f71808..d967adc59a 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/common.filter
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/common.filter
@@ -122,38 +122,96 @@ _filter_actual_image_size()
 # replace driver-specific options in the "Formatting..." line
 _filter_img_create()
 {
-    data_file_filter=()
-    if data_file=$(_get_data_file "$TEST_IMG"); then
-        data_file_filter=(-e "s# data_file=$data_file##")
+    # Split the line into the pre-options part ($filename_part, which
+    # precedes ", fmt=") and the options part ($options, which starts
+    # with "fmt=")
+    # (And just echo everything before the first "^Formatting")
+    readarray formatting_line < <($SED -e 's/, fmt=/\n/')
+
+    filename_part=''
+    options=''
+    lines=${#formatting_line[@]}
+    for ((i = 0; i < $lines; i++)); do
+        line=${formatting_line[i]}
+        unset formatting_line[i]
+
+        filename_part="$filename_part$line"
+
+        if echo "$line" | grep -q '^Formatting'; then
+            next_i=$((i + 1))
+            if [ -n "${formatting_line[next_i]}" ]; then
+                options="fmt=${formatting_line[@]}"
+            fi
+            break
+        fi
+    done
+
+    # Set grep_data_file to '\|data_file' to keep it; make it empty
+    # to drop it.
+    # We want to drop it if it is part of the global $IMGOPTS, and we
+    # want to keep it otherwise (if the test specifically wants to
+    # test data files).
+    grep_data_file=(-e data_file)
+    if _get_data_file "$TEST_IMG" > /dev/null; then
+        grep_data_file=()
     fi
 
-    $SED "${data_file_filter[@]}" \
+    filename_filters=(
         -e "s#$REMOTE_TEST_DIR#TEST_DIR#g" \
         -e "s#$IMGPROTO:$TEST_DIR#TEST_DIR#g" \
         -e "s#$TEST_DIR#TEST_DIR#g" \
         -e "s#$SOCK_DIR#SOCK_DIR#g" \
         -e "s#$IMGFMT#IMGFMT#g" \
         -e 's#nbd:127.0.0.1:[0-9]\\+#TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT#g' \
-        -e 's#nbd+unix:///\??socket=SOCK_DIR/nbd#TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT#g' \
-        -e "s# encryption=off##g" \
-        -e "s# cluster_size=[0-9]\\+##g" \
-        -e "s# table_size=[0-9]\\+##g" \
-        -e "s# compat=[^ ]*##g" \
-        -e "s# compat6=\\(on\\|off\\)##g" \
-        -e "s# static=\\(on\\|off\\)##g" \
-        -e "s# zeroed_grain=\\(on\\|off\\)##g" \
-        -e "s# subformat=[^ ]*##g" \
-        -e "s# adapter_type=[^ ]*##g" \
-        -e "s# hwversion=[^ ]*##g" \
-        -e "s# lazy_refcounts=\\(on\\|off\\)##g" \
-        -e "s# block_size=[0-9]\\+##g" \
-        -e "s# block_state_zero=\\(on\\|off\\)##g" \
-        -e "s# log_size=[0-9]\\+##g" \
-        -e "s# refcount_bits=[0-9]\\+##g" \
-        -e "s# key-secret=[a-zA-Z0-9]\\+##g" \
-        -e "s# iter-time=[0-9]\\+##g" \
-        -e "s# force_size=\\(on\\|off\\)##g" \
-        -e "s# compression_type=[a-zA-Z0-9]\\+##g"
+        -e 's#nbd+unix:///\??socket=SOCK_DIR/nbd#TEST_DIR/t.IMGFMT#g'
+    )
+
+    filename_part=$(echo "$filename_part" | $SED "${filename_filters[@]}")
+
+    # Break the option line before each option (preserving pre-existing
+    # line breaks by replacing them by \0 and restoring them at the end),
+    # then filter out the options we want to keep and sort them according
+    # to some order that all block drivers used at the time of writing
+    # this function.
+    options=$(
+        echo "$options" \
+        | tr '\n' '\0' \
+        | $SED -e 's/ \([a-z0-9_.-]*\)=/\n\1=/g' \
+        | grep -a -e '^fmt' -e '^size' -e '^backing' -e '^preallocation' \
+                  -e '^encryption' "${grep_data_file[@]}" \
+        | $SED "${filename_filters[@]}" \
+            -e 's/^\(fmt\)/0-\1/' \
+            -e 's/^\(size\)/1-\1/' \
+            -e 's/^\(backing\)/2-\1/' \
+            -e 's/^\(data_file\)/3-\1/' \
+            -e 's/^\(encryption\)/4-\1/' \
+            -e 's/^\(preallocation\)/8-\1/' \
+        | sort \
+        | $SED -e 's/^[0-9]-//' \
+        | tr '\n\0' ' \n' \
+        | $SED -e 's/^ *$//' -e 's/ *$//'
+    )
+
+    if [ -n "$options" ]; then
+        echo "$filename_part, $options"
+    elif [ -n "$filename_part" ]; then
+        echo "$filename_part"
+    fi
+}
+
+# Filter the "Formatting..." line in QMP output (leaving the QMP output
+# untouched)
+# (In contrast to _filter_img_create(), this function does not support
+# multi-line Formatting output)
+_filter_img_create_in_qmp()
+{
+    while read -r line; do
+        if echo "$line" | grep -q '^Formatting'; then
+            echo "$line" | _filter_img_create
+        else
+            echo "$line"
+        fi
+    done
 }
 
 _filter_img_create_size()
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/common.rc b/tests/qemu-iotests/common.rc
index ba912555ca..7ac46edc1f 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/common.rc
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/common.rc
@@ -605,6 +605,9 @@ _supported_fmt()
     # setting IMGFMT_GENERIC to false.
     for f; do
         if [ "$f" = "$IMGFMT" -o "$f" = "generic" -a "$IMGFMT_GENERIC" = "true" ]; then
+            if [ "$IMGFMT" = "luks" ]; then
+                _require_working_luks
+            fi
             return
         fi
     done
@@ -740,6 +743,33 @@ _unsupported_imgopts()
     done
 }
 
+# Caution: Overwrites $TEST_DIR/t.luks
+_require_working_luks()
+{
+    file="$TEST_DIR/t.luks"
+
+    output=$(
+        $QEMU_IMG create -f luks \
+            --object secret,id=sec0,data=hunter0 \
+            -o key-secret=sec0 \
+            -o iter-time=10 \
+            "$file" \
+            1M \
+            2>&1
+    )
+    status=$?
+
+    IMGFMT='luks' _rm_test_img "$file"
+
+    if [ $status != 0 ]; then
+        reason=$(echo "$output" | grep "$file:" | $SED -e "s#.*$file: *##")
+        if [ -z "$reason" ]; then
+            reason="Failed to create a LUKS image"
+        fi
+        _notrun "$reason"
+    fi
+}
+
 # this test requires that a specified command (executable) exists
 #
 _require_command()
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/group b/tests/qemu-iotests/group
index d886fa0cb3..9b07a7ed03 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/group
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/group
@@ -301,4 +301,8 @@
 290 rw auto quick
 291 rw quick
 292 rw auto quick
+293 rw
+294 rw quick
+295 rw
+296 rw
 297 meta
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
index ef739dd1e3..f1e0733dda 100644
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/iotests.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import struct
 import subprocess
 import sys
 from typing import (Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable,
-                    List, Optional, Sequence, TypeVar)
+                    List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TypeVar)
 import unittest
 
 # pylint: disable=import-error, wrong-import-position
@@ -90,15 +90,24 @@ luks_default_secret_object = 'secret,id=keysec0,data=' + \
 luks_default_key_secret_opt = 'key-secret=keysec0'
 
 
-def qemu_img(*args):
-    '''Run qemu-img and return the exit code'''
-    devnull = open('/dev/null', 'r+')
-    exitcode = subprocess.call(qemu_img_args + list(args),
-                               stdin=devnull, stdout=devnull)
-    if exitcode < 0:
+def qemu_img_pipe_and_status(*args: str) -> Tuple[str, int]:
+    """
+    Run qemu-img and return both its output and its exit code
+    """
+    subp = subprocess.Popen(qemu_img_args + list(args),
+                            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
+                            universal_newlines=True)
+    output = subp.communicate()[0]
+    if subp.returncode < 0:
         sys.stderr.write('qemu-img received signal %i: %s\n'
-                         % (-exitcode, ' '.join(qemu_img_args + list(args))))
-    return exitcode
+                         % (-subp.returncode,
+                            ' '.join(qemu_img_args + list(args))))
+    return (output, subp.returncode)
+
+def qemu_img(*args: str) -> int:
+    '''Run qemu-img and return the exit code'''
+    return qemu_img_pipe_and_status(*args)[1]
 
 def ordered_qmp(qmsg, conv_keys=True):
     # Dictionaries are not ordered prior to 3.6, therefore:
@@ -140,18 +149,9 @@ def qemu_img_verbose(*args):
                          % (-exitcode, ' '.join(qemu_img_args + list(args))))
     return exitcode
 
-def qemu_img_pipe(*args):
+def qemu_img_pipe(*args: str) -> str:
     '''Run qemu-img and return its output'''
-    subp = subprocess.Popen(qemu_img_args + list(args),
-                            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
-                            universal_newlines=True)
-    output = subp.communicate()[0]
-    if subp.returncode < 0:
-        sys.stderr.write('qemu-img received signal %i: %s\n'
-                         % (-subp.returncode,
-                            ' '.join(qemu_img_args + list(args))))
-    return output
+    return qemu_img_pipe_and_status(*args)[0]
 
 def qemu_img_log(*args):
     result = qemu_img_pipe(*args)
@@ -1010,12 +1010,17 @@ def _verify_image_format(supported_fmts: Sequence[str] = (),
         # similar to
         #   _supported_fmt generic
         # for bash tests
+        if imgfmt == 'luks':
+            verify_working_luks()
         return
 
     not_sup = supported_fmts and (imgfmt not in supported_fmts)
     if not_sup or (imgfmt in unsupported_fmts):
         notrun('not suitable for this image format: %s' % imgfmt)
 
+    if imgfmt == 'luks':
+        verify_working_luks()
+
 def _verify_protocol(supported: Sequence[str] = (),
                      unsupported: Sequence[str] = ()) -> None:
     assert not (supported and unsupported)
@@ -1052,6 +1057,45 @@ def verify_quorum():
     if not supports_quorum():
         notrun('quorum support missing')
 
+def has_working_luks() -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+    """
+    Check whether our LUKS driver can actually create images
+    (this extends to LUKS encryption for qcow2).
+
+    If not, return the reason why.
+    """
+
+    img_file = f'{test_dir}/luks-test.luks'
+    (output, status) = \
+        qemu_img_pipe_and_status('create', '-f', 'luks',
+                                 '--object', luks_default_secret_object,
+                                 '-o', luks_default_key_secret_opt,
+                                 '-o', 'iter-time=10',
+                                 img_file, '1G')
+    try:
+        os.remove(img_file)
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+
+    if status != 0:
+        reason = output
+        for line in output.splitlines():
+            if img_file + ':' in line:
+                reason = line.split(img_file + ':', 1)[1].strip()
+                break
+
+        return (False, reason)
+    else:
+        return (True, '')
+
+def verify_working_luks():
+    """
+    Skip test suite if LUKS does not work
+    """
+    (working, reason) = has_working_luks()
+    if not working:
+        notrun(reason)
+
 def qemu_pipe(*args):
     """
     Run qemu with an option to print something and exit (e.g. a help option).
diff --git a/tests/qtest/device-introspect-test.c b/tests/qtest/device-introspect-test.c
index f2c1576cae..9abb5ec889 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/device-introspect-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/device-introspect-test.c
@@ -287,11 +287,6 @@ static void add_machine_test_case(const char *mname)
 {
     char *path, *args;
 
-    /* Ignore blacklisted machines */
-    if (!memcmp("xenfv", mname, 5) || g_str_equal("xenpv", mname)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
     path = g_strdup_printf("device/introspect/concrete/defaults/%s", mname);
     args = g_strdup_printf("-M %s", mname);
     qtest_add_data_func(path, args, test_device_intro_concrete);
diff --git a/tests/qtest/fuzz/fork_fuzz.c b/tests/qtest/fuzz/fork_fuzz.c
index 2bd0851903..6ffb2a7937 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/fuzz/fork_fuzz.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/fuzz/fork_fuzz.c
@@ -17,39 +17,25 @@
 
 void counter_shm_init(void)
 {
-    char *shm_path = g_strdup_printf("/qemu-fuzz-cntrs.%d", getpid());
-    int fd = shm_open(shm_path, O_CREAT | O_RDWR, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
-    g_free(shm_path);
-
-    if (fd == -1) {
-        perror("Error: ");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    if (ftruncate(fd, &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START) == -1) {
-        perror("Error: ");
-        exit(1);
-    }
-    /* Copy what's in the counter region to the shm.. */
-    void *rptr = mmap(NULL ,
-            &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START,
-            PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
-    memcpy(rptr,
+    /* Copy what's in the counter region to a temporary buffer.. */
+    void *copy = malloc(&__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START);
+    memcpy(copy,
            &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START,
            &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START);
 
-    munmap(rptr, &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START);
-
-    /* And map the shm over the counter region */
-    rptr = mmap(&__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START,
-            &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START,
-            PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED, fd, 0);
-
-    close(fd);
-
-    if (!rptr) {
+    /* Map a shared region over the counter region */
+    if (mmap(&__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START,
+             &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START,
+             PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED | MAP_FIXED | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+             0, 0) == MAP_FAILED) {
         perror("Error: ");
         exit(1);
     }
+
+    /* Copy the original data back to the counter-region */
+    memcpy(&__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START, copy,
+           &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_END - &__FUZZ_COUNTERS_START);
+    free(copy);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/tests/qtest/fuzz/fuzz.c b/tests/qtest/fuzz/fuzz.c
index a44fe479db..a36d9038e0 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/fuzz/fuzz.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/fuzz/fuzz.c
@@ -211,5 +211,8 @@ int LLVMFuzzerInitialize(int *argc, char ***argv, char ***envp)
 
     qemu_init(result.we_wordc, result.we_wordv, NULL);
 
+    /* re-enable the rcu atfork, which was previously disabled in qemu_init */
+    rcu_enable_atfork();
+
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/tests/qtest/libqtest.c b/tests/qtest/libqtest.c
index 49075b55a1..fd4680590d 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/libqtest.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/libqtest.c
@@ -1232,6 +1232,10 @@ void qtest_cb_for_every_machine(void (*cb)(const char *machine),
         qstr = qobject_to(QString, qobj);
         g_assert(qstr);
         mname = qstring_get_str(qstr);
+        /* Ignore machines that cannot be used for qtests */
+        if (!memcmp("xenfv", mname, 5) || g_str_equal("xenpv", mname)) {
+            continue;
+        }
         if (!skip_old_versioned || !qtest_is_old_versioned_machine(mname)) {
             cb(mname);
         }
diff --git a/tests/qtest/migration-test.c b/tests/qtest/migration-test.c
index dc3490c9fa..21ea5ba1d2 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/migration-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/migration-test.c
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ static void test_migrate_auto_converge(void)
      * without throttling.
      */
     migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "downtime-limit", 1);
-    migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "max-bandwidth", 1000000); /* ~1Mb/s */
+    migrate_set_parameter_int(from, "max-bandwidth", 100000000); /* ~100Mb/s */
 
     /* To check remaining size after precopy */
     migrate_set_capability(from, "pause-before-switchover", true);
diff --git a/tests/qtest/qom-test.c b/tests/qtest/qom-test.c
index e338a41194..1acf0d7369 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/qom-test.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/qom-test.c
@@ -81,11 +81,6 @@ static void add_machine_test_case(const char *mname)
 {
     char *path;
 
-    /* Ignore blacklisted machines that have known problems */
-    if (!memcmp("xenfv", mname, 5) || g_str_equal("xenpv", mname)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
     path = g_strdup_printf("qom/%s", mname);
     qtest_add_data_func(path, g_strdup(mname), test_machine);
     g_free(path);
diff --git a/tests/qtest/test-hmp.c b/tests/qtest/test-hmp.c
index b8b1271b9e..d5e7ebd176 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/test-hmp.c
+++ b/tests/qtest/test-hmp.c
@@ -143,11 +143,6 @@ static void add_machine_test_case(const char *mname)
 {
     char *path;
 
-    /* Ignore blacklisted machines that have known problems */
-    if (!memcmp("xenfv", mname, 5) || g_str_equal("xenpv", mname)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
     path = g_strdup_printf("hmp/%s", mname);
     qtest_add_data_func(path, g_strdup(mname), test_machine);
     g_free(path);
diff --git a/util/module.c b/util/module.c
index e48d9aacc0..32b0547b82 100644
--- a/util/module.c
+++ b/util/module.c
@@ -245,3 +245,70 @@ bool module_load_one(const char *prefix, const char *lib_name)
 #endif
     return success;
 }
+
+/*
+ * Building devices and other qom objects modular is mostly useful in
+ * case they have dependencies to external shared libraries, so we can
+ * cut down the core qemu library dependencies.  Which is the case for
+ * only a very few devices & objects.
+ *
+ * So with the expectation that this will be rather the exception than
+ * to rule and the list will not gain that many entries go with a
+ * simple manually maintained list for now.
+ */
+static struct {
+    const char *type;
+    const char *prefix;
+    const char *module;
+} const qom_modules[] = {
+    { "ccid-card-passthru",    "hw-", "usb-smartcard"         },
+    { "ccid-card-emulated",    "hw-", "usb-smartcard"         },
+    { "usb-redir",             "hw-", "usb-redirect"          },
+    { "qxl-vga",               "hw-", "display-qxl"           },
+    { "qxl",                   "hw-", "display-qxl"           },
+    { "virtio-gpu-device",     "hw-", "display-virtio-gpu"    },
+    { "virtio-gpu-pci",        "hw-", "display-virtio-gpu"    },
+    { "virtio-vga",            "hw-", "display-virtio-gpu"    },
+    { "vhost-user-gpu-device", "hw-", "display-virtio-gpu"    },
+    { "vhost-user-gpu-pci",    "hw-", "display-virtio-gpu"    },
+    { "vhost-user-vga",        "hw-", "display-virtio-gpu"    },
+    { "chardev-braille",       "chardev-", "baum"             },
+};
+
+static bool module_loaded_qom_all;
+
+void module_load_qom_one(const char *type)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    if (module_loaded_qom_all) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(qom_modules); i++) {
+        if (strcmp(qom_modules[i].type, type) == 0) {
+            module_load_one(qom_modules[i].prefix,
+                            qom_modules[i].module);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void module_load_qom_all(void)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    if (module_loaded_qom_all) {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(qom_modules); i++) {
+        if (i > 0 && (strcmp(qom_modules[i - 1].module,
+                             qom_modules[i].module) == 0 &&
+                      strcmp(qom_modules[i - 1].prefix,
+                             qom_modules[i].prefix) == 0)) {
+            /* one module implementing multiple types -> load only once */
+            continue;
+        }
+        module_load_one(qom_modules[i].prefix, qom_modules[i].module);
+    }
+    module_loaded_qom_all = true;
+}
diff --git a/util/qemu-openpty.c b/util/qemu-openpty.c
index 2e8b43bdf5..4b8df96f38 100644
--- a/util/qemu-openpty.c
+++ b/util/qemu-openpty.c
@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __sun__
-/* Once Solaris has openpty(), this is going to be removed. */
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_OPENPTY)
+/* Once illumos has openpty(), this is going to be removed. */
 static int openpty(int *amaster, int *aslave, char *name,
                    struct termios *termp, struct winsize *winp)
 {
@@ -93,6 +95,7 @@ err:
         close(mfd);
         return -1;
 }
+#endif
 
 static void cfmakeraw (struct termios *termios_p)
 {