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-rw-r--r--hw/arm/aspeed.c6
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/aspeed_soc.c50
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c61
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/digic.c17
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/imx25_pdk.c5
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/kzm.c5
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/mps2-tz.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/mps2.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/raspi.c7
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/sabrelite.c5
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/xlnx-zcu102.c5
-rw-r--r--hw/arm/xlnx-zynqmp.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/intc/armv7m_nvic.c6
-rw-r--r--hw/microblaze/xlnx-zynqmp-pmu.c45
-rw-r--r--hw/mips/boston.c25
-rw-r--r--hw/mips/cps.c20
-rw-r--r--hw/mips/mips_malta.c17
-rw-r--r--hw/misc/macio/macio.c8
-rw-r--r--hw/ppc/pnv.c12
-rw-r--r--hw/riscv/Makefile.objs1
-rw-r--r--hw/riscv/sifive_e.c28
-rw-r--r--hw/riscv/sifive_gpio.c388
-rw-r--r--hw/riscv/spike.c106
-rw-r--r--hw/riscv/trace-events7
-rw-r--r--hw/riscv/virt.c4
-rw-r--r--hw/virtio/virtio.c5
26 files changed, 667 insertions, 190 deletions
diff --git a/hw/arm/aspeed.c b/hw/arm/aspeed.c
index 415cff7a01..33070a6df8 100644
--- a/hw/arm/aspeed.c
+++ b/hw/arm/aspeed.c
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ static void aspeed_board_init(MachineState *machine,
     ram_addr_t max_ram_size;
 
     bmc = g_new0(AspeedBoardState, 1);
-    object_initialize(&bmc->soc, (sizeof(bmc->soc)), cfg->soc_name);
-    object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", OBJECT(&bmc->soc),
-                              &error_abort);
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &bmc->soc,
+                            (sizeof(bmc->soc)), cfg->soc_name, &error_abort,
+                            NULL);
 
     sc = ASPEED_SOC_GET_CLASS(&bmc->soc);
 
diff --git a/hw/arm/aspeed_soc.c b/hw/arm/aspeed_soc.c
index a27233d487..faff42b84a 100644
--- a/hw/arm/aspeed_soc.c
+++ b/hw/arm/aspeed_soc.c
@@ -106,12 +106,11 @@ static void aspeed_soc_init(Object *obj)
     AspeedSoCClass *sc = ASPEED_SOC_GET_CLASS(s);
     int i;
 
-    object_initialize(&s->cpu, sizeof(s->cpu), sc->info->cpu_type);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "cpu", OBJECT(&s->cpu), NULL);
+    object_initialize_child(obj, "cpu", OBJECT(&s->cpu), sizeof(s->cpu),
+                            sc->info->cpu_type, &error_abort, NULL);
 
-    object_initialize(&s->scu, sizeof(s->scu), TYPE_ASPEED_SCU);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "scu", OBJECT(&s->scu), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->scu), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "scu", OBJECT(&s->scu), sizeof(s->scu),
+                          TYPE_ASPEED_SCU);
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(DEVICE(&s->scu), "silicon-rev",
                          sc->info->silicon_rev);
     object_property_add_alias(obj, "hw-strap1", OBJECT(&s->scu),
@@ -121,36 +120,29 @@ static void aspeed_soc_init(Object *obj)
     object_property_add_alias(obj, "hw-prot-key", OBJECT(&s->scu),
                               "hw-prot-key", &error_abort);
 
-    object_initialize(&s->vic, sizeof(s->vic), TYPE_ASPEED_VIC);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "vic", OBJECT(&s->vic), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->vic), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "vic", OBJECT(&s->vic), sizeof(s->vic),
+                          TYPE_ASPEED_VIC);
 
-    object_initialize(&s->timerctrl, sizeof(s->timerctrl), TYPE_ASPEED_TIMER);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "timerctrl", OBJECT(&s->timerctrl), NULL);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "timerctrl", OBJECT(&s->timerctrl),
+                          sizeof(s->timerctrl), TYPE_ASPEED_TIMER);
     object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->timerctrl), "scu",
                                    OBJECT(&s->scu), &error_abort);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->timerctrl), sysbus_get_default());
 
-    object_initialize(&s->i2c, sizeof(s->i2c), TYPE_ASPEED_I2C);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "i2c", OBJECT(&s->i2c), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->i2c), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "i2c", OBJECT(&s->i2c), sizeof(s->i2c),
+                          TYPE_ASPEED_I2C);
 
-    object_initialize(&s->fmc, sizeof(s->fmc), sc->info->fmc_typename);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "fmc", OBJECT(&s->fmc), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->fmc), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "fmc", OBJECT(&s->fmc), sizeof(s->fmc),
+                          sc->info->fmc_typename);
     object_property_add_alias(obj, "num-cs", OBJECT(&s->fmc), "num-cs",
                               &error_abort);
 
     for (i = 0; i < sc->info->spis_num; i++) {
-        object_initialize(&s->spi[i], sizeof(s->spi[i]),
-                          sc->info->spi_typename[i]);
-        object_property_add_child(obj, "spi[*]", OBJECT(&s->spi[i]), NULL);
-        qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->spi[i]), sysbus_get_default());
+        sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "spi[*]", OBJECT(&s->spi[i]),
+                              sizeof(s->spi[i]), sc->info->spi_typename[i]);
     }
 
-    object_initialize(&s->sdmc, sizeof(s->sdmc), TYPE_ASPEED_SDMC);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "sdmc", OBJECT(&s->sdmc), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->sdmc), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "sdmc", OBJECT(&s->sdmc), sizeof(s->sdmc),
+                          TYPE_ASPEED_SDMC);
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(DEVICE(&s->sdmc), "silicon-rev",
                          sc->info->silicon_rev);
     object_property_add_alias(obj, "ram-size", OBJECT(&s->sdmc),
@@ -159,16 +151,14 @@ static void aspeed_soc_init(Object *obj)
                               "max-ram-size", &error_abort);
 
     for (i = 0; i < sc->info->wdts_num; i++) {
-        object_initialize(&s->wdt[i], sizeof(s->wdt[i]), TYPE_ASPEED_WDT);
-        object_property_add_child(obj, "wdt[*]", OBJECT(&s->wdt[i]), NULL);
-        qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->wdt[i]), sysbus_get_default());
+        sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "wdt[*]", OBJECT(&s->wdt[i]),
+                              sizeof(s->wdt[i]), TYPE_ASPEED_WDT);
         qdev_prop_set_uint32(DEVICE(&s->wdt[i]), "silicon-rev",
                                     sc->info->silicon_rev);
     }
 
-    object_initialize(&s->ftgmac100, sizeof(s->ftgmac100), TYPE_FTGMAC100);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "ftgmac100", OBJECT(&s->ftgmac100), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->ftgmac100), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "ftgmac100", OBJECT(&s->ftgmac100),
+                          sizeof(s->ftgmac100), TYPE_FTGMAC100);
 }
 
 static void aspeed_soc_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
diff --git a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
index 6be7660e8c..0fb54c7964 100644
--- a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
+++ b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
@@ -41,44 +41,36 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_init(Object *obj)
                        MBOX_CHAN_COUNT << MBOX_AS_CHAN_SHIFT);
 
     /* Interrupt Controller */
-    object_initialize(&s->ic, sizeof(s->ic), TYPE_BCM2835_IC);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "ic", OBJECT(&s->ic), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->ic), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "ic", &s->ic, sizeof(s->ic), TYPE_BCM2835_IC);
 
     /* UART0 */
-    s->uart0 = SYS_BUS_DEVICE(object_new("pl011"));
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "uart0", OBJECT(s->uart0), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(s->uart0), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "uart0", &s->uart0, sizeof(s->uart0),
+                          TYPE_PL011);
 
     /* AUX / UART1 */
-    object_initialize(&s->aux, sizeof(s->aux), TYPE_BCM2835_AUX);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "aux", OBJECT(&s->aux), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->aux), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "aux", &s->aux, sizeof(s->aux),
+                          TYPE_BCM2835_AUX);
 
     /* Mailboxes */
-    object_initialize(&s->mboxes, sizeof(s->mboxes), TYPE_BCM2835_MBOX);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "mbox", OBJECT(&s->mboxes), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->mboxes), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "mbox", &s->mboxes, sizeof(s->mboxes),
+                          TYPE_BCM2835_MBOX);
 
     object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->mboxes), "mbox-mr",
                                    OBJECT(&s->mbox_mr), &error_abort);
 
     /* Framebuffer */
-    object_initialize(&s->fb, sizeof(s->fb), TYPE_BCM2835_FB);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "fb", OBJECT(&s->fb), NULL);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "fb", &s->fb, sizeof(s->fb), TYPE_BCM2835_FB);
     object_property_add_alias(obj, "vcram-size", OBJECT(&s->fb), "vcram-size",
                               &error_abort);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->fb), sysbus_get_default());
 
     object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->fb), "dma-mr",
                                    OBJECT(&s->gpu_bus_mr), &error_abort);
 
     /* Property channel */
-    object_initialize(&s->property, sizeof(s->property), TYPE_BCM2835_PROPERTY);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "property", OBJECT(&s->property), NULL);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "property", &s->property, sizeof(s->property),
+                          TYPE_BCM2835_PROPERTY);
     object_property_add_alias(obj, "board-rev", OBJECT(&s->property),
                               "board-rev", &error_abort);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->property), sysbus_get_default());
 
     object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->property), "fb",
                                    OBJECT(&s->fb), &error_abort);
@@ -86,32 +78,27 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_init(Object *obj)
                                    OBJECT(&s->gpu_bus_mr), &error_abort);
 
     /* Random Number Generator */
-    object_initialize(&s->rng, sizeof(s->rng), TYPE_BCM2835_RNG);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "rng", OBJECT(&s->rng), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->rng), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "rng", &s->rng, sizeof(s->rng),
+                          TYPE_BCM2835_RNG);
 
     /* Extended Mass Media Controller */
-    object_initialize(&s->sdhci, sizeof(s->sdhci), TYPE_SYSBUS_SDHCI);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "sdhci", OBJECT(&s->sdhci), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->sdhci), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "sdhci", &s->sdhci, sizeof(s->sdhci),
+                          TYPE_SYSBUS_SDHCI);
 
     /* SDHOST */
-    object_initialize(&s->sdhost, sizeof(s->sdhost), TYPE_BCM2835_SDHOST);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "sdhost", OBJECT(&s->sdhost), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->sdhost), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "sdhost", &s->sdhost, sizeof(s->sdhost),
+                          TYPE_BCM2835_SDHOST);
 
     /* DMA Channels */
-    object_initialize(&s->dma, sizeof(s->dma), TYPE_BCM2835_DMA);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "dma", OBJECT(&s->dma), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->dma), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "dma", &s->dma, sizeof(s->dma),
+                          TYPE_BCM2835_DMA);
 
     object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->dma), "dma-mr",
                                    OBJECT(&s->gpu_bus_mr), &error_abort);
 
     /* GPIO */
-    object_initialize(&s->gpio, sizeof(s->gpio), TYPE_BCM2835_GPIO);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "gpio", OBJECT(&s->gpio), NULL);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->gpio), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "gpio", &s->gpio, sizeof(s->gpio),
+                          TYPE_BCM2835_GPIO);
 
     object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->gpio), "sdbus-sdhci",
                                    OBJECT(&s->sdhci.sdbus), &error_abort);
@@ -166,16 +153,16 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     sysbus_pass_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(s), SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->ic));
 
     /* UART0 */
-    qdev_prop_set_chr(DEVICE(s->uart0), "chardev", serial_hd(0));
-    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(s->uart0), true, "realized", &err);
+    qdev_prop_set_chr(DEVICE(&s->uart0), "chardev", serial_hd(0));
+    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->uart0), true, "realized", &err);
     if (err) {
         error_propagate(errp, err);
         return;
     }
 
     memory_region_add_subregion(&s->peri_mr, UART0_OFFSET,
-                                sysbus_mmio_get_region(s->uart0, 0));
-    sysbus_connect_irq(s->uart0, 0,
+                sysbus_mmio_get_region(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->uart0), 0));
+    sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->uart0), 0,
         qdev_get_gpio_in_named(DEVICE(&s->ic), BCM2835_IC_GPU_IRQ,
                                INTERRUPT_UART));
     /* AUX / UART1 */
diff --git a/hw/arm/digic.c b/hw/arm/digic.c
index 726abb9b48..6ef26c6bac 100644
--- a/hw/arm/digic.c
+++ b/hw/arm/digic.c
@@ -32,27 +32,22 @@
 static void digic_init(Object *obj)
 {
     DigicState *s = DIGIC(obj);
-    DeviceState *dev;
     int i;
 
-    object_initialize(&s->cpu, sizeof(s->cpu), "arm946-" TYPE_ARM_CPU);
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "cpu", OBJECT(&s->cpu), NULL);
+    object_initialize_child(obj, "cpu", &s->cpu, sizeof(s->cpu),
+                            "arm946-" TYPE_ARM_CPU, &error_abort, NULL);
 
     for (i = 0; i < DIGIC4_NB_TIMERS; i++) {
 #define DIGIC_TIMER_NAME_MLEN    11
         char name[DIGIC_TIMER_NAME_MLEN];
 
-        object_initialize(&s->timer[i], sizeof(s->timer[i]), TYPE_DIGIC_TIMER);
-        dev = DEVICE(&s->timer[i]);
-        qdev_set_parent_bus(dev, sysbus_get_default());
         snprintf(name, DIGIC_TIMER_NAME_MLEN, "timer[%d]", i);
-        object_property_add_child(obj, name, OBJECT(&s->timer[i]), NULL);
+        sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, name, &s->timer[i], sizeof(s->timer[i]),
+                              TYPE_DIGIC_TIMER);
     }
 
-    object_initialize(&s->uart, sizeof(s->uart), TYPE_DIGIC_UART);
-    dev = DEVICE(&s->uart);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(dev, sysbus_get_default());
-    object_property_add_child(obj, "uart", OBJECT(&s->uart), NULL);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "uart", &s->uart, sizeof(s->uart),
+                          TYPE_DIGIC_UART);
 }
 
 static void digic_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
diff --git a/hw/arm/imx25_pdk.c b/hw/arm/imx25_pdk.c
index 9f3ee14739..eef1b184b0 100644
--- a/hw/arm/imx25_pdk.c
+++ b/hw/arm/imx25_pdk.c
@@ -72,9 +72,8 @@ static void imx25_pdk_init(MachineState *machine)
     unsigned int alias_offset;
     int i;
 
-    object_initialize(&s->soc, sizeof(s->soc), TYPE_FSL_IMX25);
-    object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", OBJECT(&s->soc),
-                              &error_abort);
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
+                            TYPE_FSL_IMX25, &error_abort, NULL);
 
     object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->soc), true, "realized", &error_fatal);
 
diff --git a/hw/arm/kzm.c b/hw/arm/kzm.c
index 139934c4ec..44cba8782b 100644
--- a/hw/arm/kzm.c
+++ b/hw/arm/kzm.c
@@ -71,9 +71,8 @@ static void kzm_init(MachineState *machine)
     unsigned int alias_offset;
     unsigned int i;
 
-    object_initialize(&s->soc, sizeof(s->soc), TYPE_FSL_IMX31);
-    object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", OBJECT(&s->soc),
-                              &error_abort);
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
+                            TYPE_FSL_IMX31, &error_abort, NULL);
 
     object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->soc), true, "realized", &error_fatal);
 
diff --git a/hw/arm/mps2-tz.c b/hw/arm/mps2-tz.c
index c167a5fa59..d85dc2c4bd 100644
--- a/hw/arm/mps2-tz.c
+++ b/hw/arm/mps2-tz.c
@@ -214,9 +214,9 @@ static MemoryRegion *make_scc(MPS2TZMachineState *mms, void *opaque,
     DeviceState *sccdev;
     MPS2TZMachineClass *mmc = MPS2TZ_MACHINE_GET_CLASS(mms);
 
-    object_initialize(scc, sizeof(mms->scc), TYPE_MPS2_SCC);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(mms), "scc", scc,
+                          sizeof(mms->scc), TYPE_MPS2_SCC);
     sccdev = DEVICE(scc);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(sccdev, sysbus_get_default());
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(sccdev, "scc-cfg4", 0x2);
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(sccdev, "scc-aid", 0x00200008);
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(sccdev, "scc-id", mmc->scc_id);
@@ -229,8 +229,8 @@ static MemoryRegion *make_fpgaio(MPS2TZMachineState *mms, void *opaque,
 {
     MPS2FPGAIO *fpgaio = opaque;
 
-    object_initialize(fpgaio, sizeof(mms->fpgaio), TYPE_MPS2_FPGAIO);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(fpgaio), sysbus_get_default());
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(mms), "fpgaio", fpgaio,
+                          sizeof(mms->fpgaio), TYPE_MPS2_FPGAIO);
     object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(fpgaio), true, "realized", &error_fatal);
     return sysbus_mmio_get_region(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(fpgaio), 0);
 }
diff --git a/hw/arm/mps2.c b/hw/arm/mps2.c
index b74f1378c9..10efff36b2 100644
--- a/hw/arm/mps2.c
+++ b/hw/arm/mps2.c
@@ -174,9 +174,9 @@ static void mps2_common_init(MachineState *machine)
         g_assert_not_reached();
     }
 
-    object_initialize(&mms->armv7m, sizeof(mms->armv7m), TYPE_ARMV7M);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(mms), "armv7m", &mms->armv7m,
+                          sizeof(mms->armv7m), TYPE_ARMV7M);
     armv7m = DEVICE(&mms->armv7m);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(armv7m, sysbus_get_default());
     switch (mmc->fpga_type) {
     case FPGA_AN385:
         qdev_prop_set_uint32(armv7m, "num-irq", 32);
@@ -308,9 +308,9 @@ static void mps2_common_init(MachineState *machine)
                        qdev_get_gpio_in(armv7m, 10));
     sysbus_mmio_map(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&mms->dualtimer), 0, 0x40002000);
 
-    object_initialize(&mms->scc, sizeof(mms->scc), TYPE_MPS2_SCC);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(mms), "scc", &mms->scc,
+                          sizeof(mms->scc), TYPE_MPS2_SCC);
     sccdev = DEVICE(&mms->scc);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(sccdev, sysbus_get_default());
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(sccdev, "scc-cfg4", 0x2);
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(sccdev, "scc-aid", 0x00200008);
     qdev_prop_set_uint32(sccdev, "scc-id", mmc->scc_id);
diff --git a/hw/arm/raspi.c b/hw/arm/raspi.c
index 2b5fe10e2f..8c249fcabb 100644
--- a/hw/arm/raspi.c
+++ b/hw/arm/raspi.c
@@ -182,10 +182,9 @@ static void raspi_init(MachineState *machine, int version)
         exit(1);
     }
 
-    object_initialize(&s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
-                      version == 3 ? TYPE_BCM2837 : TYPE_BCM2836);
-    object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", OBJECT(&s->soc),
-                              &error_abort);
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
+                            version == 3 ? TYPE_BCM2837 : TYPE_BCM2836,
+                            &error_abort, NULL);
 
     /* Allocate and map RAM */
     memory_region_allocate_system_memory(&s->ram, OBJECT(machine), "ram",
diff --git a/hw/arm/sabrelite.c b/hw/arm/sabrelite.c
index ee140e5d9e..f1b00de229 100644
--- a/hw/arm/sabrelite.c
+++ b/hw/arm/sabrelite.c
@@ -55,9 +55,8 @@ static void sabrelite_init(MachineState *machine)
         exit(1);
     }
 
-    object_initialize(&s->soc, sizeof(s->soc), TYPE_FSL_IMX6);
-    object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", OBJECT(&s->soc),
-                              &error_abort);
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
+                            TYPE_FSL_IMX6, &error_abort, NULL);
 
     object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->soc), true, "realized", &err);
     if (err != NULL) {
diff --git a/hw/arm/xlnx-zcu102.c b/hw/arm/xlnx-zcu102.c
index b6bc6a93b8..c802f26fbd 100644
--- a/hw/arm/xlnx-zcu102.c
+++ b/hw/arm/xlnx-zcu102.c
@@ -91,9 +91,8 @@ static void xlnx_zcu102_init(MachineState *machine)
     memory_region_allocate_system_memory(&s->ddr_ram, NULL, "ddr-ram",
                                          ram_size);
 
-    object_initialize(&s->soc, sizeof(s->soc), TYPE_XLNX_ZYNQMP);
-    object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", OBJECT(&s->soc),
-                              &error_abort);
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
+                            TYPE_XLNX_ZYNQMP, &error_abort, NULL);
 
     object_property_set_link(OBJECT(&s->soc), OBJECT(&s->ddr_ram),
                          "ddr-ram", &error_abort);
diff --git a/hw/arm/xlnx-zynqmp.c b/hw/arm/xlnx-zynqmp.c
index 4f8bc41d9d..6e99190302 100644
--- a/hw/arm/xlnx-zynqmp.c
+++ b/hw/arm/xlnx-zynqmp.c
@@ -191,10 +191,10 @@ static void xlnx_zynqmp_create_rpu(XlnxZynqMPState *s, const char *boot_cpu,
     for (i = 0; i < num_rpus; i++) {
         char *name;
 
-        object_initialize(&s->rpu_cpu[i], sizeof(s->rpu_cpu[i]),
-                          "cortex-r5f-" TYPE_ARM_CPU);
-        object_property_add_child(OBJECT(&s->rpu_cluster), "rpu-cpu[*]",
-                                  OBJECT(&s->rpu_cpu[i]), &error_abort);
+        object_initialize_child(OBJECT(&s->rpu_cluster), "rpu-cpu[*]",
+                                &s->rpu_cpu[i], sizeof(s->rpu_cpu[i]),
+                                "cortex-r5f-" TYPE_ARM_CPU, &error_abort,
+                                NULL);
 
         name = object_get_canonical_path_component(OBJECT(&s->rpu_cpu[i]));
         if (strcmp(name, boot_cpu)) {
diff --git a/hw/intc/armv7m_nvic.c b/hw/intc/armv7m_nvic.c
index 815e720cfa..dc2c206d9a 100644
--- a/hw/intc/armv7m_nvic.c
+++ b/hw/intc/armv7m_nvic.c
@@ -2595,9 +2595,9 @@ static void armv7m_nvic_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
          * as we didn't know then if the CPU had the security extensions;
          * so we have to do it here.
          */
-        object_initialize(&s->systick[M_REG_S], sizeof(s->systick[M_REG_S]),
-                          TYPE_SYSTICK);
-        qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->systick[M_REG_S]), sysbus_get_default());
+        sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(dev), "systick-reg-s",
+                              &s->systick[M_REG_S],
+                              sizeof(s->systick[M_REG_S]), TYPE_SYSTICK);
 
         object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->systick[M_REG_S]), true,
                                  "realized", &err);
diff --git a/hw/microblaze/xlnx-zynqmp-pmu.c b/hw/microblaze/xlnx-zynqmp-pmu.c
index 57dc1ccd42..df6c0048aa 100644
--- a/hw/microblaze/xlnx-zynqmp-pmu.c
+++ b/hw/microblaze/xlnx-zynqmp-pmu.c
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ typedef struct XlnxZynqMPPMUSoCState {
     /*< public >*/
     MicroBlazeCPU cpu;
     XlnxPMUIOIntc intc;
+    XlnxZynqMPIPI ipi[XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_NUM_IPIS];
 }  XlnxZynqMPPMUSoCState;
 
 
@@ -67,6 +68,14 @@ static void xlnx_zynqmp_pmu_soc_init(Object *obj)
 
     sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "intc", &s->intc, sizeof(s->intc),
                           TYPE_XLNX_PMU_IO_INTC);
+
+    /* Create the IPI device */
+    for (int i = 0; i < XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_NUM_IPIS; i++) {
+        char *name = g_strdup_printf("ipi%d", i);
+        sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, name, &s->ipi[i],
+                              sizeof(XlnxZynqMPIPI), TYPE_XLNX_ZYNQMP_IPI);
+        g_free(name);
+    }
 }
 
 static void xlnx_zynqmp_pmu_soc_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
@@ -112,6 +121,15 @@ static void xlnx_zynqmp_pmu_soc_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     sysbus_mmio_map(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->intc), 0, XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_INTC_ADDR);
     sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->intc), 0,
                        qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&s->cpu), MB_CPU_IRQ));
+
+    /* Connect the IPI device */
+    for (int i = 0; i < XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_NUM_IPIS; i++) {
+        object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->ipi[i]), true, "realized",
+                                 &error_abort);
+        sysbus_mmio_map(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->ipi[i]), 0, ipi_addr[i]);
+        sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->ipi[i]), 0,
+                           qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&s->intc), ipi_irq[i]));
+    }
 }
 
 static void xlnx_zynqmp_pmu_soc_class_init(ObjectClass *oc, void *data)
@@ -144,9 +162,6 @@ static void xlnx_zynqmp_pmu_init(MachineState *machine)
     MemoryRegion *address_space_mem = get_system_memory();
     MemoryRegion *pmu_rom = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
     MemoryRegion *pmu_ram = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
-    XlnxZynqMPIPI *ipi[XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_NUM_IPIS];
-    qemu_irq irq[32];
-    int i;
 
     /* Create the ROM */
     memory_region_init_rom(pmu_rom, NULL, "xlnx-zynqmp-pmu.rom",
@@ -161,29 +176,11 @@ static void xlnx_zynqmp_pmu_init(MachineState *machine)
                                 pmu_ram);
 
     /* Create the PMU device */
-    object_initialize(pmu, sizeof(XlnxZynqMPPMUSoCState), TYPE_XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_SOC);
-    object_property_add_child(OBJECT(machine), "pmu", OBJECT(pmu),
-                              &error_abort);
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "pmu", pmu,
+                            sizeof(XlnxZynqMPPMUSoCState),
+                            TYPE_XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_SOC, &error_abort, NULL);
     object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(pmu), true, "realized", &error_fatal);
 
-    for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
-        irq[i] = qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&pmu->intc), i);
-    }
-
-    /* Create and connect the IPI device */
-    for (i = 0; i < XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_NUM_IPIS; i++) {
-        ipi[i] = g_new0(XlnxZynqMPIPI, 1);
-        object_initialize(ipi[i], sizeof(XlnxZynqMPIPI), TYPE_XLNX_ZYNQMP_IPI);
-        qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(ipi[i]), sysbus_get_default());
-    }
-
-    for (i = 0; i < XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_NUM_IPIS; i++) {
-        object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(ipi[i]), true, "realized",
-                                 &error_abort);
-        sysbus_mmio_map(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(ipi[i]), 0, ipi_addr[i]);
-        sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(ipi[i]), 0, irq[ipi_irq[i]]);
-    }
-
     /* Load the kernel */
     microblaze_load_kernel(&pmu->cpu, XLNX_ZYNQMP_PMU_RAM_ADDR,
                            machine->ram_size,
diff --git a/hw/mips/boston.c b/hw/mips/boston.c
index a8b29f62f5..1ffccc8da9 100644
--- a/hw/mips/boston.c
+++ b/hw/mips/boston.c
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ typedef struct {
     SysBusDevice parent_obj;
 
     MachineState *mach;
-    MIPSCPSState *cps;
+    MIPSCPSState cps;
     SerialState *uart;
 
     CharBackend lcd_display;
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ static uint64_t boston_platreg_read(void *opaque, hwaddr addr,
     case PLAT_DDR3_STATUS:
         return PLAT_DDR3_STATUS_LOCKED | PLAT_DDR3_STATUS_CALIBRATED;
     case PLAT_MMCM_DIV:
-        gic_freq = mips_gictimer_get_freq(s->cps->gic.gic_timer) / 1000000;
+        gic_freq = mips_gictimer_get_freq(s->cps.gic.gic_timer) / 1000000;
         val = gic_freq << PLAT_MMCM_DIV_INPUT_SHIFT;
         val |= 1 << PLAT_MMCM_DIV_MUL_SHIFT;
         val |= 1 << PLAT_MMCM_DIV_CLK0DIV_SHIFT;
@@ -455,20 +455,19 @@ static void boston_mach_init(MachineState *machine)
 
     is_64b = cpu_supports_isa(machine->cpu_type, ISA_MIPS64);
 
-    s->cps = MIPS_CPS(object_new(TYPE_MIPS_CPS));
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(s->cps), sysbus_get_default());
-
-    object_property_set_str(OBJECT(s->cps), machine->cpu_type, "cpu-type",
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(machine), "cps", OBJECT(&s->cps),
+                          sizeof(s->cps), TYPE_MIPS_CPS);
+    object_property_set_str(OBJECT(&s->cps), machine->cpu_type, "cpu-type",
                             &err);
-    object_property_set_int(OBJECT(s->cps), smp_cpus, "num-vp", &err);
-    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(s->cps), true, "realized", &err);
+    object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->cps), smp_cpus, "num-vp", &err);
+    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->cps), true, "realized", &err);
 
     if (err != NULL) {
         error_report("%s", error_get_pretty(err));
         exit(1);
     }
 
-    sysbus_mmio_map_overlap(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(s->cps), 0, 0, 1);
+    sysbus_mmio_map_overlap(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->cps), 0, 0, 1);
 
     flash =  g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
     memory_region_init_rom(flash, NULL, "boston.flash", 128 * MiB, &err);
@@ -487,17 +486,17 @@ static void boston_mach_init(MachineState *machine)
     xilinx_pcie_init(sys_mem, 0,
                      0x10000000, 32 * MiB,
                      0x40000000, 1 * GiB,
-                     get_cps_irq(s->cps, 2), false);
+                     get_cps_irq(&s->cps, 2), false);
 
     xilinx_pcie_init(sys_mem, 1,
                      0x12000000, 32 * MiB,
                      0x20000000, 512 * MiB,
-                     get_cps_irq(s->cps, 1), false);
+                     get_cps_irq(&s->cps, 1), false);
 
     pcie2 = xilinx_pcie_init(sys_mem, 2,
                              0x14000000, 32 * MiB,
                              0x16000000, 1 * MiB,
-                             get_cps_irq(s->cps, 0), true);
+                             get_cps_irq(&s->cps, 0), true);
 
     platreg = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
     memory_region_init_io(platreg, NULL, &boston_platreg_ops, s,
@@ -505,7 +504,7 @@ static void boston_mach_init(MachineState *machine)
     memory_region_add_subregion_overlap(sys_mem, 0x17ffd000, platreg, 0);
 
     s->uart = serial_mm_init(sys_mem, 0x17ffe000, 2,
-                             get_cps_irq(s->cps, 3), 10000000,
+                             get_cps_irq(&s->cps, 3), 10000000,
                              serial_hd(0), DEVICE_NATIVE_ENDIAN);
 
     lcd = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
diff --git a/hw/mips/cps.c b/hw/mips/cps.c
index fc97f59af4..649b35a76c 100644
--- a/hw/mips/cps.c
+++ b/hw/mips/cps.c
@@ -94,9 +94,8 @@ static void mips_cps_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 
     /* Inter-Thread Communication Unit */
     if (itu_present) {
-        object_initialize(&s->itu, sizeof(s->itu), TYPE_MIPS_ITU);
-        qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->itu), sysbus_get_default());
-
+        sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(dev), "itu", &s->itu, sizeof(s->itu),
+                              TYPE_MIPS_ITU);
         object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->itu), 16, "num-fifo", &err);
         object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->itu), 16, "num-semaphores", &err);
         object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->itu), saar_present, "saar-present",
@@ -115,9 +114,8 @@ static void mips_cps_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     }
 
     /* Cluster Power Controller */
-    object_initialize(&s->cpc, sizeof(s->cpc), TYPE_MIPS_CPC);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->cpc), sysbus_get_default());
-
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(dev), "cpc", &s->cpc, sizeof(s->cpc),
+                          TYPE_MIPS_CPC);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->cpc), s->num_vp, "num-vp", &err);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->cpc), 1, "vp-start-running", &err);
     object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->cpc), true, "realized", &err);
@@ -130,9 +128,8 @@ static void mips_cps_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
                             sysbus_mmio_get_region(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->cpc), 0));
 
     /* Global Interrupt Controller */
-    object_initialize(&s->gic, sizeof(s->gic), TYPE_MIPS_GIC);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->gic), sysbus_get_default());
-
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(dev), "gic", &s->gic, sizeof(s->gic),
+                          TYPE_MIPS_GIC);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->gic), s->num_vp, "num-vp", &err);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->gic), 128, "num-irq", &err);
     object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->gic), true, "realized", &err);
@@ -147,9 +144,8 @@ static void mips_cps_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     /* Global Configuration Registers */
     gcr_base = env->CP0_CMGCRBase << 4;
 
-    object_initialize(&s->gcr, sizeof(s->gcr), TYPE_MIPS_GCR);
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->gcr), sysbus_get_default());
-
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(dev), "gcr", &s->gcr, sizeof(s->gcr),
+                          TYPE_MIPS_GCR);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->gcr), s->num_vp, "num-vp", &err);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->gcr), 0x800, "gcr-rev", &err);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->gcr), gcr_base, "gcr-base", &err);
diff --git a/hw/mips/mips_malta.c b/hw/mips/mips_malta.c
index 439665ab45..aff8464f2a 100644
--- a/hw/mips/mips_malta.c
+++ b/hw/mips/mips_malta.c
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
     SysBusDevice parent_obj;
 
-    MIPSCPSState *cps;
+    MIPSCPSState cps;
     qemu_irq *i8259;
 } MaltaState;
 
@@ -1151,20 +1151,19 @@ static void create_cps(MaltaState *s, const char *cpu_type,
 {
     Error *err = NULL;
 
-    s->cps = MIPS_CPS(object_new(TYPE_MIPS_CPS));
-    qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(s->cps), sysbus_get_default());
-
-    object_property_set_str(OBJECT(s->cps), cpu_type, "cpu-type", &err);
-    object_property_set_int(OBJECT(s->cps), smp_cpus, "num-vp", &err);
-    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(s->cps), true, "realized", &err);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(OBJECT(s), "cps", OBJECT(&s->cps), sizeof(s->cps),
+                          TYPE_MIPS_CPS);
+    object_property_set_str(OBJECT(&s->cps), cpu_type, "cpu-type", &err);
+    object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->cps), smp_cpus, "num-vp", &err);
+    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->cps), true, "realized", &err);
     if (err != NULL) {
         error_report("%s", error_get_pretty(err));
         exit(1);
     }
 
-    sysbus_mmio_map_overlap(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(s->cps), 0, 0, 1);
+    sysbus_mmio_map_overlap(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->cps), 0, 0, 1);
 
-    *i8259_irq = get_cps_irq(s->cps, 3);
+    *i8259_irq = get_cps_irq(&s->cps, 3);
     *cbus_irq = NULL;
 }
 
diff --git a/hw/misc/macio/macio.c b/hw/misc/macio/macio.c
index 94da85c8d7..b726c73022 100644
--- a/hw/misc/macio/macio.c
+++ b/hw/misc/macio/macio.c
@@ -346,12 +346,12 @@ static void macio_newworld_realize(PCIDevice *d, Error **errp)
         object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&ns->gpio), true, "realized", &err);
 
         /* PMU */
-        object_initialize(&s->pmu, sizeof(s->pmu), TYPE_VIA_PMU);
+        object_initialize_child(OBJECT(s), "pmu", &s->pmu, sizeof(s->pmu),
+                                TYPE_VIA_PMU, &error_abort, NULL);
         object_property_set_link(OBJECT(&s->pmu), OBJECT(sysbus_dev), "gpio",
                                  &error_abort);
         qdev_prop_set_bit(DEVICE(&s->pmu), "has-adb", ns->has_adb);
         qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->pmu), BUS(&s->macio_bus));
-        object_property_add_child(OBJECT(s), "pmu", OBJECT(&s->pmu), NULL);
 
         object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->pmu), true, "realized", &err);
         if (err) {
@@ -365,9 +365,9 @@ static void macio_newworld_realize(PCIDevice *d, Error **errp)
                                     sysbus_mmio_get_region(sysbus_dev, 0));
     } else {
         /* CUDA */
-        object_initialize(&s->cuda, sizeof(s->cuda), TYPE_CUDA);
+        object_initialize_child(OBJECT(s), "cuda", &s->cuda, sizeof(s->cuda),
+                                TYPE_CUDA, &error_abort, NULL);
         qdev_set_parent_bus(DEVICE(&s->cuda), BUS(&s->macio_bus));
-        object_property_add_child(OBJECT(s), "cuda", OBJECT(&s->cuda), NULL);
         qdev_prop_set_uint64(DEVICE(&s->cuda), "timebase-frequency",
                              s->frequency);
 
diff --git a/hw/ppc/pnv.c b/hw/ppc/pnv.c
index dfb4ea5742..31aa20ee25 100644
--- a/hw/ppc/pnv.c
+++ b/hw/ppc/pnv.c
@@ -994,14 +994,12 @@ static void pnv_chip_quad_realize(Pnv9Chip *chip9, Error **errp)
         PnvCore *pnv_core = PNV_CORE(chip->cores + (i * 4) * typesize);
         int core_id = CPU_CORE(pnv_core)->core_id;
 
-        object_initialize(eq, sizeof(*eq), TYPE_PNV_QUAD);
         snprintf(eq_name, sizeof(eq_name), "eq[%d]", core_id);
+        object_initialize_child(OBJECT(chip), eq_name, eq, sizeof(*eq),
+                                TYPE_PNV_QUAD, &error_fatal, NULL);
 
-        object_property_add_child(OBJECT(chip), eq_name, OBJECT(eq),
-                                  &error_fatal);
         object_property_set_int(OBJECT(eq), core_id, "id", &error_fatal);
         object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(eq), true, "realized", &error_fatal);
-        object_unref(OBJECT(eq));
 
         pnv_xscom_add_subregion(chip, PNV9_XSCOM_EQ_BASE(eq->id),
                                 &eq->xscom_regs);
@@ -1165,10 +1163,9 @@ static void pnv_chip_core_realize(PnvChip *chip, Error **errp)
             continue;
         }
 
-        object_initialize(pnv_core, typesize, typename);
         snprintf(core_name, sizeof(core_name), "core[%d]", core_hwid);
-        object_property_add_child(OBJECT(chip), core_name, OBJECT(pnv_core),
-                                  &error_fatal);
+        object_initialize_child(OBJECT(chip), core_name, pnv_core, typesize,
+                                typename, &error_fatal, NULL);
         object_property_set_int(OBJECT(pnv_core), smp_threads, "nr-threads",
                                 &error_fatal);
         object_property_set_int(OBJECT(pnv_core), core_hwid,
@@ -1180,7 +1177,6 @@ static void pnv_chip_core_realize(PnvChip *chip, Error **errp)
                                        OBJECT(chip), &error_fatal);
         object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(pnv_core), true, "realized",
                                  &error_fatal);
-        object_unref(OBJECT(pnv_core));
 
         /* Each core has an XSCOM MMIO region */
         if (!pnv_chip_is_power9(chip)) {
diff --git a/hw/riscv/Makefile.objs b/hw/riscv/Makefile.objs
index 79bfb3abf9..a65027304a 100644
--- a/hw/riscv/Makefile.objs
+++ b/hw/riscv/Makefile.objs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SPIKE) += riscv_htif.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_HART) += riscv_hart.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SIFIVE_E) += sifive_e.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SIFIVE) += sifive_clint.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SIFIVE) += sifive_gpio.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SIFIVE) += sifive_prci.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SIFIVE) += sifive_plic.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SIFIVE) += sifive_test.o
diff --git a/hw/riscv/sifive_e.c b/hw/riscv/sifive_e.c
index b1cd11363c..80ac56fa7d 100644
--- a/hw/riscv/sifive_e.c
+++ b/hw/riscv/sifive_e.c
@@ -146,11 +146,15 @@ static void riscv_sifive_e_soc_init(Object *obj)
                             &error_abort);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->cpus), smp_cpus, "num-harts",
                             &error_abort);
+    sysbus_init_child_obj(obj, "riscv.sifive.e.gpio0",
+                          &s->gpio, sizeof(s->gpio),
+                          TYPE_SIFIVE_GPIO);
 }
 
 static void riscv_sifive_e_soc_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
 {
     const struct MemmapEntry *memmap = sifive_e_memmap;
+    Error *err = NULL;
 
     SiFiveESoCState *s = RISCV_E_SOC(dev);
     MemoryRegion *sys_mem = get_system_memory();
@@ -184,8 +188,28 @@ static void riscv_sifive_e_soc_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
     sifive_mmio_emulate(sys_mem, "riscv.sifive.e.aon",
         memmap[SIFIVE_E_AON].base, memmap[SIFIVE_E_AON].size);
     sifive_prci_create(memmap[SIFIVE_E_PRCI].base);
-    sifive_mmio_emulate(sys_mem, "riscv.sifive.e.gpio0",
-        memmap[SIFIVE_E_GPIO0].base, memmap[SIFIVE_E_GPIO0].size);
+
+    /* GPIO */
+
+    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->gpio), true, "realized", &err);
+    if (err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Map GPIO registers */
+    sysbus_mmio_map(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->gpio), 0, memmap[SIFIVE_E_GPIO0].base);
+
+    /* Pass all GPIOs to the SOC layer so they are available to the board */
+    qdev_pass_gpios(DEVICE(&s->gpio), dev, NULL);
+
+    /* Connect GPIO interrupts to the PLIC */
+    for (int i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+        sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->gpio), i,
+                           qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(s->plic),
+                                            SIFIVE_E_GPIO0_IRQ0 + i));
+    }
+
     sifive_uart_create(sys_mem, memmap[SIFIVE_E_UART0].base,
         serial_hd(0), qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(s->plic), SIFIVE_E_UART0_IRQ));
     sifive_mmio_emulate(sys_mem, "riscv.sifive.e.qspi0",
diff --git a/hw/riscv/sifive_gpio.c b/hw/riscv/sifive_gpio.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06bd8112d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/riscv/sifive_gpio.c
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/*
+ * sifive System-on-Chip general purpose input/output register definition
+ *
+ * Copyright 2019 AdaCore
+ *
+ * Base on nrf51_gpio.c:
+ *
+ * Copyright 2018 Steffen Görtz <contrib@steffen-goertz.de>
+ *
+ * This code is licensed under the GPL version 2 or later.  See
+ * the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ */
+
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "qemu/log.h"
+#include "hw/riscv/sifive_gpio.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+
+static void update_output_irq(SIFIVEGPIOState *s)
+{
+
+    uint32_t pending;
+    uint32_t pin;
+
+    pending = s->high_ip & s->high_ie;
+    pending |= s->low_ip & s->low_ie;
+    pending |= s->rise_ip & s->rise_ie;
+    pending |= s->fall_ip & s->fall_ie;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < SIFIVE_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+        pin = 1 << i;
+        qemu_set_irq(s->irq[i], (pending & pin) != 0);
+        trace_sifive_gpio_update_output_irq(i, (pending & pin) != 0);
+    }
+}
+
+static void update_state(SIFIVEGPIOState *s)
+{
+    size_t i;
+    bool prev_ival, in, in_mask, port, out_xor, pull, output_en, input_en,
+        rise_ip, fall_ip, low_ip, high_ip, oval, actual_value, ival;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < SIFIVE_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+
+        prev_ival = extract32(s->value, i, 1);
+        in        = extract32(s->in, i, 1);
+        in_mask   = extract32(s->in_mask, i, 1);
+        port      = extract32(s->port, i, 1);
+        out_xor   = extract32(s->out_xor, i, 1);
+        pull      = extract32(s->pue, i, 1);
+        output_en = extract32(s->output_en, i, 1);
+        input_en  = extract32(s->input_en, i, 1);
+        rise_ip   = extract32(s->rise_ip, i, 1);
+        fall_ip   = extract32(s->fall_ip, i, 1);
+        low_ip    = extract32(s->low_ip, i, 1);
+        high_ip   = extract32(s->high_ip, i, 1);
+
+        /* Output value (IOF not supported) */
+        oval = output_en && (port ^ out_xor);
+
+        /* Pin both driven externally and internally */
+        if (output_en && in_mask) {
+            qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR, "GPIO pin %zu short circuited\n", i);
+        }
+
+        if (in_mask) {
+            /* The pin is driven by external device */
+            actual_value = in;
+        } else if (output_en) {
+            /* The pin is driven by internal circuit */
+            actual_value = oval;
+        } else {
+            /* Floating? Apply pull-up resistor */
+            actual_value = pull;
+        }
+
+        qemu_set_irq(s->output[i], actual_value);
+
+        /* Input value */
+        ival = input_en && actual_value;
+
+        /* Interrupts */
+        high_ip = high_ip || ival;
+        s->high_ip = deposit32(s->high_ip, i, 1, high_ip);
+
+        low_ip = low_ip || !ival;
+        s->low_ip = deposit32(s->low_ip,  i, 1, low_ip);
+
+        rise_ip = rise_ip || (ival && !prev_ival);
+        s->rise_ip = deposit32(s->rise_ip, i, 1, rise_ip);
+
+        fall_ip = fall_ip || (!ival && prev_ival);
+        s->fall_ip = deposit32(s->fall_ip, i, 1, fall_ip);
+
+        /* Update value */
+        s->value = deposit32(s->value, i, 1, ival);
+    }
+    update_output_irq(s);
+}
+
+static uint64_t sifive_gpio_read(void *opaque, hwaddr offset, unsigned int size)
+{
+    SIFIVEGPIOState *s = SIFIVE_GPIO(opaque);
+    uint64_t r = 0;
+
+    switch (offset) {
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_VALUE:
+        r = s->value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_INPUT_EN:
+        r = s->input_en;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_OUTPUT_EN:
+        r = s->output_en;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_PORT:
+        r = s->port;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_PUE:
+        r = s->pue;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_DS:
+        r = s->ds;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_RISE_IE:
+        r = s->rise_ie;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_RISE_IP:
+        r = s->rise_ip;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_FALL_IE:
+        r = s->fall_ie;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_FALL_IP:
+        r = s->fall_ip;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_HIGH_IE:
+        r = s->high_ie;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_HIGH_IP:
+        r = s->high_ip;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_LOW_IE:
+        r = s->low_ie;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_LOW_IP:
+        r = s->low_ip;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_IOF_EN:
+        r = s->iof_en;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_IOF_SEL:
+        r = s->iof_sel;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_OUT_XOR:
+        r = s->out_xor;
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR,
+                "%s: bad read offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIx "\n",
+                      __func__, offset);
+    }
+
+    trace_sifive_gpio_read(offset, r);
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+static void sifive_gpio_write(void *opaque, hwaddr offset,
+                       uint64_t value, unsigned int size)
+{
+    SIFIVEGPIOState *s = SIFIVE_GPIO(opaque);
+
+    trace_sifive_gpio_write(offset, value);
+
+    switch (offset) {
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_INPUT_EN:
+        s->input_en = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_OUTPUT_EN:
+        s->output_en = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_PORT:
+        s->port = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_PUE:
+        s->pue = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_DS:
+        s->ds = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_RISE_IE:
+        s->rise_ie = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_RISE_IP:
+         /* Write 1 to clear */
+        s->rise_ip &= ~value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_FALL_IE:
+        s->fall_ie = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_FALL_IP:
+         /* Write 1 to clear */
+        s->fall_ip &= ~value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_HIGH_IE:
+        s->high_ie = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_HIGH_IP:
+         /* Write 1 to clear */
+        s->high_ip &= ~value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_LOW_IE:
+        s->low_ie = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_LOW_IP:
+         /* Write 1 to clear */
+        s->low_ip &= ~value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_IOF_EN:
+        s->iof_en = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_IOF_SEL:
+        s->iof_sel = value;
+        break;
+
+    case SIFIVE_GPIO_REG_OUT_XOR:
+        s->out_xor = value;
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        qemu_log_mask(LOG_GUEST_ERROR,
+                      "%s: bad write offset 0x%" HWADDR_PRIx "\n",
+                      __func__, offset);
+    }
+
+    update_state(s);
+}
+
+static const MemoryRegionOps gpio_ops = {
+    .read =  sifive_gpio_read,
+    .write = sifive_gpio_write,
+    .endianness = DEVICE_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+    .impl.min_access_size = 4,
+    .impl.max_access_size = 4,
+};
+
+static void sifive_gpio_set(void *opaque, int line, int value)
+{
+    SIFIVEGPIOState *s = SIFIVE_GPIO(opaque);
+
+    trace_sifive_gpio_set(line, value);
+
+    assert(line >= 0 && line < SIFIVE_GPIO_PINS);
+
+    s->in_mask = deposit32(s->in_mask, line, 1, value >= 0);
+    if (value >= 0) {
+        s->in = deposit32(s->in, line, 1, value != 0);
+    }
+
+    update_state(s);
+}
+
+static void sifive_gpio_reset(DeviceState *dev)
+{
+    SIFIVEGPIOState *s = SIFIVE_GPIO(dev);
+
+    s->value = 0;
+    s->input_en = 0;
+    s->output_en = 0;
+    s->port = 0;
+    s->pue = 0;
+    s->ds = 0;
+    s->rise_ie = 0;
+    s->rise_ip = 0;
+    s->fall_ie = 0;
+    s->fall_ip = 0;
+    s->high_ie = 0;
+    s->high_ip = 0;
+    s->low_ie = 0;
+    s->low_ip = 0;
+    s->iof_en = 0;
+    s->iof_sel = 0;
+    s->out_xor = 0;
+    s->in = 0;
+    s->in_mask = 0;
+
+}
+
+static const VMStateDescription vmstate_sifive_gpio = {
+    .name = TYPE_SIFIVE_GPIO,
+    .version_id = 1,
+    .minimum_version_id = 1,
+    .fields = (VMStateField[]) {
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(value,     SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(input_en,  SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(output_en, SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(port,      SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(pue,       SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(rise_ie,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(rise_ip,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(fall_ie,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(fall_ip,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(high_ie,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(high_ip,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(low_ie,    SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(low_ip,    SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(iof_en,    SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(iof_sel,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(out_xor,   SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(in, SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_UINT32(in_mask, SIFIVEGPIOState),
+        VMSTATE_END_OF_LIST()
+    }
+};
+
+static void sifive_gpio_init(Object *obj)
+{
+    SIFIVEGPIOState *s = SIFIVE_GPIO(obj);
+
+    memory_region_init_io(&s->mmio, obj, &gpio_ops, s,
+            TYPE_SIFIVE_GPIO, SIFIVE_GPIO_SIZE);
+    sysbus_init_mmio(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(obj), &s->mmio);
+
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < SIFIVE_GPIO_PINS; i++) {
+        sysbus_init_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(obj), &s->irq[i]);
+    }
+
+    qdev_init_gpio_in(DEVICE(s), sifive_gpio_set, SIFIVE_GPIO_PINS);
+    qdev_init_gpio_out(DEVICE(s), s->output, SIFIVE_GPIO_PINS);
+}
+
+static void sifive_gpio_class_init(ObjectClass *klass, void *data)
+{
+    DeviceClass *dc = DEVICE_CLASS(klass);
+
+    dc->vmsd = &vmstate_sifive_gpio;
+    dc->reset = sifive_gpio_reset;
+    dc->desc = "sifive GPIO";
+}
+
+static const TypeInfo sifive_gpio_info = {
+    .name = TYPE_SIFIVE_GPIO,
+    .parent = TYPE_SYS_BUS_DEVICE,
+    .instance_size = sizeof(SIFIVEGPIOState),
+    .instance_init = sifive_gpio_init,
+    .class_init = sifive_gpio_class_init
+};
+
+static void sifive_gpio_register_types(void)
+{
+    type_register_static(&sifive_gpio_info);
+}
+
+type_init(sifive_gpio_register_types)
diff --git a/hw/riscv/spike.c b/hw/riscv/spike.c
index 2a000a5800..5b33d4be3b 100644
--- a/hw/riscv/spike.c
+++ b/hw/riscv/spike.c
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 #include "chardev/char.h"
 #include "sysemu/arch_init.h"
 #include "sysemu/device_tree.h"
+#include "sysemu/qtest.h"
 #include "exec/address-spaces.h"
 #include "elf.h"
 
@@ -160,7 +161,89 @@ static void create_fdt(SpikeState *s, const struct MemmapEntry *memmap,
         qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/chosen");
         qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/chosen", "bootargs", cmdline);
     }
- }
+}
+
+static void spike_board_init(MachineState *machine)
+{
+    const struct MemmapEntry *memmap = spike_memmap;
+
+    SpikeState *s = g_new0(SpikeState, 1);
+    MemoryRegion *system_memory = get_system_memory();
+    MemoryRegion *main_mem = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
+    MemoryRegion *mask_rom = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
+    int i;
+
+    /* Initialize SOC */
+    object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
+                            TYPE_RISCV_HART_ARRAY, &error_abort, NULL);
+    object_property_set_str(OBJECT(&s->soc), machine->cpu_type, "cpu-type",
+                            &error_abort);
+    object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->soc), smp_cpus, "num-harts",
+                            &error_abort);
+    object_property_set_bool(OBJECT(&s->soc), true, "realized",
+                            &error_abort);
+
+    /* register system main memory (actual RAM) */
+    memory_region_init_ram(main_mem, NULL, "riscv.spike.ram",
+                           machine->ram_size, &error_fatal);
+    memory_region_add_subregion(system_memory, memmap[SPIKE_DRAM].base,
+        main_mem);
+
+    /* create device tree */
+    create_fdt(s, memmap, machine->ram_size, machine->kernel_cmdline);
+
+    /* boot rom */
+    memory_region_init_rom(mask_rom, NULL, "riscv.spike.mrom",
+                           memmap[SPIKE_MROM].size, &error_fatal);
+    memory_region_add_subregion(system_memory, memmap[SPIKE_MROM].base,
+                                mask_rom);
+
+    if (machine->kernel_filename) {
+        load_kernel(machine->kernel_filename);
+    }
+
+    /* reset vector */
+    uint32_t reset_vec[8] = {
+        0x00000297,                  /* 1:  auipc  t0, %pcrel_hi(dtb) */
+        0x02028593,                  /*     addi   a1, t0, %pcrel_lo(1b) */
+        0xf1402573,                  /*     csrr   a0, mhartid  */
+#if defined(TARGET_RISCV32)
+        0x0182a283,                  /*     lw     t0, 24(t0) */
+#elif defined(TARGET_RISCV64)
+        0x0182b283,                  /*     ld     t0, 24(t0) */
+#endif
+        0x00028067,                  /*     jr     t0 */
+        0x00000000,
+        memmap[SPIKE_DRAM].base,     /* start: .dword DRAM_BASE */
+        0x00000000,
+                                     /* dtb: */
+    };
+
+    /* copy in the reset vector in little_endian byte order */
+    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(reset_vec) >> 2; i++) {
+        reset_vec[i] = cpu_to_le32(reset_vec[i]);
+    }
+    rom_add_blob_fixed_as("mrom.reset", reset_vec, sizeof(reset_vec),
+                          memmap[SPIKE_MROM].base, &address_space_memory);
+
+    /* copy in the device tree */
+    if (fdt_pack(s->fdt) || fdt_totalsize(s->fdt) >
+            memmap[SPIKE_MROM].size - sizeof(reset_vec)) {
+        error_report("not enough space to store device-tree");
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    qemu_fdt_dumpdtb(s->fdt, fdt_totalsize(s->fdt));
+    rom_add_blob_fixed_as("mrom.fdt", s->fdt, fdt_totalsize(s->fdt),
+                          memmap[SPIKE_MROM].base + sizeof(reset_vec),
+                          &address_space_memory);
+
+    /* initialize HTIF using symbols found in load_kernel */
+    htif_mm_init(system_memory, mask_rom, &s->soc.harts[0].env, serial_hd(0));
+
+    /* Core Local Interruptor (timer and IPI) */
+    sifive_clint_create(memmap[SPIKE_CLINT].base, memmap[SPIKE_CLINT].size,
+        smp_cpus, SIFIVE_SIP_BASE, SIFIVE_TIMECMP_BASE, SIFIVE_TIME_BASE);
+}
 
 static void spike_v1_10_0_board_init(MachineState *machine)
 {
@@ -172,6 +255,12 @@ static void spike_v1_10_0_board_init(MachineState *machine)
     MemoryRegion *mask_rom = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
     int i;
 
+    if (!qtest_enabled()) {
+        info_report("The Spike v1.10.0 machine has been deprecated. "
+                    "Please use the generic spike machine and specify the ISA "
+                    "versions using -cpu.");
+    }
+
     /* Initialize SOC */
     object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
                             TYPE_RISCV_HART_ARRAY, &error_abort, NULL);
@@ -254,6 +343,12 @@ static void spike_v1_09_1_board_init(MachineState *machine)
     MemoryRegion *mask_rom = g_new(MemoryRegion, 1);
     int i;
 
+    if (!qtest_enabled()) {
+        info_report("The Spike v1.09.1 machine has been deprecated. "
+                    "Please use the generic spike machine and specify the ISA "
+                    "versions using -cpu.");
+    }
+
     /* Initialize SOC */
     object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
                             TYPE_RISCV_HART_ARRAY, &error_abort, NULL);
@@ -359,8 +454,17 @@ static void spike_v1_10_0_machine_init(MachineClass *mc)
     mc->desc = "RISC-V Spike Board (Privileged ISA v1.10)";
     mc->init = spike_v1_10_0_board_init;
     mc->max_cpus = 1;
+}
+
+static void spike_machine_init(MachineClass *mc)
+{
+    mc->desc = "RISC-V Spike Board";
+    mc->init = spike_board_init;
+    mc->max_cpus = 1;
     mc->is_default = 1;
+    mc->default_cpu_type = SPIKE_V1_10_0_CPU;
 }
 
 DEFINE_MACHINE("spike_v1.9.1", spike_v1_09_1_machine_init)
 DEFINE_MACHINE("spike_v1.10", spike_v1_10_0_machine_init)
+DEFINE_MACHINE("spike", spike_machine_init)
diff --git a/hw/riscv/trace-events b/hw/riscv/trace-events
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d59233e23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw/riscv/trace-events
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# See docs/devel/tracing.txt for syntax documentation.
+
+# hw/gpio/sifive_gpio.c
+sifive_gpio_read(uint64_t offset, uint64_t r) "offset 0x%" PRIx64 " value 0x%" PRIx64
+sifive_gpio_write(uint64_t offset, uint64_t value) "offset 0x%" PRIx64 " value 0x%" PRIx64
+sifive_gpio_set(int64_t line, int64_t value) "line %" PRIi64 " value %" PRIi64
+sifive_gpio_update_output_irq(int64_t line, int64_t value) "line %" PRIi64 " value %" PRIi64
diff --git a/hw/riscv/virt.c b/hw/riscv/virt.c
index fc4c6b306e..84d94d0c42 100644
--- a/hw/riscv/virt.c
+++ b/hw/riscv/virt.c
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 #include "hw/sysbus.h"
 #include "hw/char/serial.h"
 #include "target/riscv/cpu.h"
-#include "hw/riscv/riscv_htif.h"
 #include "hw/riscv/riscv_hart.h"
 #include "hw/riscv/sifive_plic.h"
 #include "hw/riscv/sifive_clint.h"
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ static void riscv_virt_board_init(MachineState *machine)
     /* Initialize SOC */
     object_initialize_child(OBJECT(machine), "soc", &s->soc, sizeof(s->soc),
                             TYPE_RISCV_HART_ARRAY, &error_abort, NULL);
-    object_property_set_str(OBJECT(&s->soc), VIRT_CPU, "cpu-type",
+    object_property_set_str(OBJECT(&s->soc), machine->cpu_type, "cpu-type",
                             &error_abort);
     object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->soc), smp_cpus, "num-harts",
                             &error_abort);
@@ -526,6 +525,7 @@ static void riscv_virt_board_machine_init(MachineClass *mc)
     mc->desc = "RISC-V VirtIO Board (Privileged ISA v1.10)";
     mc->init = riscv_virt_board_init;
     mc->max_cpus = 8; /* hardcoded limit in BBL */
+    mc->default_cpu_type = VIRT_CPU;
 }
 
 DEFINE_MACHINE("virt", riscv_virt_board_machine_init)
diff --git a/hw/virtio/virtio.c b/hw/virtio/virtio.c
index 4805727b53..07f4a64b48 100644
--- a/hw/virtio/virtio.c
+++ b/hw/virtio/virtio.c
@@ -2312,9 +2312,8 @@ void virtio_instance_init_common(Object *proxy_obj, void *data,
 {
     DeviceState *vdev = data;
 
-    object_initialize(vdev, vdev_size, vdev_name);
-    object_property_add_child(proxy_obj, "virtio-backend", OBJECT(vdev), NULL);
-    object_unref(OBJECT(vdev));
+    object_initialize_child(proxy_obj, "virtio-backend", vdev, vdev_size,
+                            vdev_name, &error_abort, NULL);
     qdev_alias_all_properties(vdev, proxy_obj);
 }