diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'qemu-char.c')
| -rw-r--r-- | qemu-char.c | 320 |
1 files changed, 209 insertions, 111 deletions
diff --git a/qemu-char.c b/qemu-char.c index 00a7526761..e133f4fc35 100644 --- a/qemu-char.c +++ b/qemu-char.c @@ -159,10 +159,33 @@ static int sockaddr_to_str(char *dest, int max_len, static QTAILQ_HEAD(CharDriverStateHead, CharDriverState) chardevs = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(chardevs); -CharDriverState *qemu_chr_alloc(void) +static void qemu_chr_free_common(CharDriverState *chr); + +CharDriverState *qemu_chr_alloc(ChardevCommon *backend, Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr = g_malloc0(sizeof(CharDriverState)); qemu_mutex_init(&chr->chr_write_lock); + + if (backend->has_logfile) { + int flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT; + if (backend->has_logappend && + backend->logappend) { + flags |= O_APPEND; + } else { + flags |= O_TRUNC; + } + chr->logfd = qemu_open(backend->logfile, flags, 0666); + if (chr->logfd < 0) { + error_setg_errno(errp, errno, + "Unable to open logfile %s", + backend->logfile); + g_free(chr); + return NULL; + } + } else { + chr->logfd = -1; + } + return chr; } @@ -188,12 +211,45 @@ void qemu_chr_be_generic_open(CharDriverState *s) qemu_chr_be_event(s, CHR_EVENT_OPENED); } + +/* Not reporting errors from writing to logfile, as logs are + * defined to be "best effort" only */ +static void qemu_chr_fe_write_log(CharDriverState *s, + const uint8_t *buf, size_t len) +{ + size_t done = 0; + ssize_t ret; + + if (s->logfd < 0) { + return; + } + + while (done < len) { + do { + ret = write(s->logfd, buf + done, len - done); + if (ret == -1 && errno == EAGAIN) { + g_usleep(100); + } + } while (ret == -1 && errno == EAGAIN); + + if (ret <= 0) { + return; + } + done += ret; + } +} + int qemu_chr_fe_write(CharDriverState *s, const uint8_t *buf, int len) { int ret; qemu_mutex_lock(&s->chr_write_lock); ret = s->chr_write(s, buf, len); + + if (ret > 0) { + qemu_chr_fe_write_log(s, buf, ret); + } + qemu_mutex_unlock(&s->chr_write_lock); return ret; } @@ -218,6 +274,10 @@ int qemu_chr_fe_write_all(CharDriverState *s, const uint8_t *buf, int len) offset += res; } + if (offset > 0) { + qemu_chr_fe_write_log(s, buf, offset); + } + qemu_mutex_unlock(&s->chr_write_lock); if (res < 0) { @@ -365,8 +425,12 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_null(const char *id, Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevDummy_base(backend->u.null); - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } chr->chr_write = null_chr_write; chr->explicit_be_open = true; return chr; @@ -665,6 +729,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_mux(const char *id, ChardevMux *mux = backend->u.mux; CharDriverState *chr, *drv; MuxDriver *d; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevMux_base(backend->u.mux); drv = qemu_chr_find(mux->chardev); if (drv == NULL) { @@ -672,7 +737,10 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_mux(const char *id, return NULL; } - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } d = g_new0(MuxDriver, 1); chr->opaque = d; @@ -696,77 +764,6 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_mux(const char *id, } -#ifdef _WIN32 -int send_all(int fd, const void *buf, int len1) -{ - int ret, len; - - len = len1; - while (len > 0) { - ret = send(fd, buf, len, 0); - if (ret < 0) { - errno = WSAGetLastError(); - if (errno != WSAEWOULDBLOCK) { - return -1; - } - } else if (ret == 0) { - break; - } else { - buf += ret; - len -= ret; - } - } - return len1 - len; -} - -#else - -int send_all(int fd, const void *_buf, int len1) -{ - int ret, len; - const uint8_t *buf = _buf; - - len = len1; - while (len > 0) { - ret = write(fd, buf, len); - if (ret < 0) { - if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN) - return -1; - } else if (ret == 0) { - break; - } else { - buf += ret; - len -= ret; - } - } - return len1 - len; -} - -int recv_all(int fd, void *_buf, int len1, bool single_read) -{ - int ret, len; - uint8_t *buf = _buf; - - len = len1; - while ((len > 0) && (ret = read(fd, buf, len)) != 0) { - if (ret < 0) { - if (errno != EINTR && errno != EAGAIN) { - return -1; - } - continue; - } else { - if (single_read) { - return ret; - } - buf += ret; - len -= ret; - } - } - return len1 - len; -} - -#endif /* !_WIN32 */ - typedef struct IOWatchPoll { GSource parent; @@ -1046,12 +1043,16 @@ static void fd_chr_close(struct CharDriverState *chr) } /* open a character device to a unix fd */ -static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_fd(int fd_in, int fd_out) +static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_fd(int fd_in, int fd_out, + ChardevCommon *backend, Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr; FDCharDriver *s; - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(backend, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } s = g_new0(FDCharDriver, 1); s->fd_in = io_channel_from_fd(fd_in); s->fd_out = io_channel_from_fd(fd_out); @@ -1076,6 +1077,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pipe(const char *id, char filename_in[CHR_MAX_FILENAME_SIZE]; char filename_out[CHR_MAX_FILENAME_SIZE]; const char *filename = opts->device; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.pipe); snprintf(filename_in, CHR_MAX_FILENAME_SIZE, "%s.in", filename); snprintf(filename_out, CHR_MAX_FILENAME_SIZE, "%s.out", filename); @@ -1092,7 +1094,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pipe(const char *id, return NULL; } } - return qemu_chr_open_fd(fd_in, fd_out); + return qemu_chr_open_fd(fd_in, fd_out, common, errp); } /* init terminal so that we can grab keys */ @@ -1152,6 +1154,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_stdio(const char *id, ChardevStdio *opts = backend->u.stdio; CharDriverState *chr; struct sigaction act; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevStdio_base(backend->u.stdio); if (is_daemonized()) { error_setg(errp, "cannot use stdio with -daemonize"); @@ -1173,7 +1176,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_stdio(const char *id, act.sa_handler = term_stdio_handler; sigaction(SIGCONT, &act, NULL); - chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(0, 1); + chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(0, 1, common, errp); chr->chr_close = qemu_chr_close_stdio; chr->chr_set_echo = qemu_chr_set_echo_stdio; if (opts->has_signal) { @@ -1395,6 +1398,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pty(const char *id, PtyCharDriver *s; int master_fd, slave_fd; char pty_name[PATH_MAX]; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevDummy_base(backend->u.pty); master_fd = qemu_openpty_raw(&slave_fd, pty_name); if (master_fd < 0) { @@ -1405,7 +1409,11 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pty(const char *id, close(slave_fd); qemu_set_nonblock(master_fd); - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + close(master_fd); + return NULL; + } chr->filename = g_strdup_printf("pty:%s", pty_name); ret->pty = g_strdup(pty_name); @@ -1628,12 +1636,14 @@ static void qemu_chr_close_tty(CharDriverState *chr) } } -static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_tty_fd(int fd) +static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_tty_fd(int fd, + ChardevCommon *backend, + Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr; tty_serial_init(fd, 115200, 'N', 8, 1); - chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(fd, fd); + chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(fd, fd, backend, errp); chr->chr_ioctl = tty_serial_ioctl; chr->chr_close = qemu_chr_close_tty; return chr; @@ -1753,7 +1763,9 @@ static void pp_close(CharDriverState *chr) qemu_chr_be_event(chr, CHR_EVENT_CLOSED); } -static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pp_fd(int fd, Error **errp) +static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pp_fd(int fd, + ChardevCommon *backend, + Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr; ParallelCharDriver *drv; @@ -1768,7 +1780,10 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pp_fd(int fd, Error **errp) drv->fd = fd; drv->mode = IEEE1284_MODE_COMPAT; - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(backend, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } chr->chr_write = null_chr_write; chr->chr_ioctl = pp_ioctl; chr->chr_close = pp_close; @@ -1819,11 +1834,16 @@ static int pp_ioctl(CharDriverState *chr, int cmd, void *arg) return 0; } -static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pp_fd(int fd, Error **errp) +static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pp_fd(int fd, + ChardevBackend *backend, + Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr; - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } chr->opaque = (void *)(intptr_t)fd; chr->chr_write = null_chr_write; chr->chr_ioctl = pp_ioctl; @@ -2049,12 +2069,16 @@ static int win_chr_poll(void *opaque) } static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_path(const char *filename, + ChardevCommon *backend, Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr; WinCharState *s; - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(backend, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } s = g_new0(WinCharState, 1); chr->opaque = s; chr->chr_write = win_chr_write; @@ -2062,7 +2086,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_path(const char *filename, if (win_chr_init(chr, filename, errp) < 0) { g_free(s); - g_free(chr); + qemu_chr_free_common(chr); return NULL; } return chr; @@ -2157,8 +2181,12 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pipe(const char *id, const char *filename = opts->device; CharDriverState *chr; WinCharState *s; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.pipe); - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } s = g_new0(WinCharState, 1); chr->opaque = s; chr->chr_write = win_chr_write; @@ -2166,18 +2194,23 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_pipe(const char *id, if (win_chr_pipe_init(chr, filename, errp) < 0) { g_free(s); - g_free(chr); + qemu_chr_free_common(chr); return NULL; } return chr; } -static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_file(HANDLE fd_out) +static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_file(HANDLE fd_out, + ChardevCommon *backend, + Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr; WinCharState *s; - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(backend, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } s = g_new0(WinCharState, 1); s->hcom = fd_out; chr->opaque = s; @@ -2190,7 +2223,9 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_win_con(const char *id, ChardevReturn *ret, Error **errp) { - return qemu_chr_open_win_file(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)); + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevDummy_base(backend->u.console); + return qemu_chr_open_win_file(GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE), + common, errp); } static int win_stdio_write(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len) @@ -2338,8 +2373,12 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_stdio(const char *id, WinStdioCharState *stdio; DWORD dwMode; int is_console = 0; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevStdio_base(backend->u.stdio); - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } stdio = g_new0(WinStdioCharState, 1); stdio->hStdIn = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE); @@ -2511,12 +2550,17 @@ static void udp_chr_close(CharDriverState *chr) qemu_chr_be_event(chr, CHR_EVENT_CLOSED); } -static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_udp_fd(int fd) +static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_udp_fd(int fd, + ChardevCommon *backend, + Error **errp) { CharDriverState *chr = NULL; NetCharDriver *s = NULL; - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(backend, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } s = g_new0(NetCharDriver, 1); s->fd = fd; @@ -2927,7 +2971,7 @@ static int tcp_chr_sync_read(CharDriverState *chr, const uint8_t *buf, int len) #ifndef _WIN32 CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_eventfd(int eventfd) { - CharDriverState *chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(eventfd, eventfd); + CharDriverState *chr = qemu_chr_open_fd(eventfd, eventfd, NULL, NULL); if (chr) { chr->avail_connections = 1; @@ -3209,10 +3253,14 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_ringbuf(const char *id, Error **errp) { ChardevRingbuf *opts = backend->u.ringbuf; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevRingbuf_base(backend->u.ringbuf); CharDriverState *chr; RingBufCharDriver *d; - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } d = g_malloc(sizeof(*d)); d->size = opts->has_size ? opts->size : 65536; @@ -3235,7 +3283,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qemu_chr_open_ringbuf(const char *id, fail: g_free(d); - g_free(chr); + qemu_chr_free_common(chr); return NULL; } @@ -3479,6 +3527,18 @@ fail: return NULL; } +static void qemu_chr_parse_common(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevCommon *backend) +{ + const char *logfile = qemu_opt_get(opts, "logfile"); + + backend->has_logfile = logfile != NULL; + backend->logfile = logfile ? g_strdup(logfile) : NULL; + + backend->has_logappend = true; + backend->logappend = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "logappend", false); +} + + static void qemu_chr_parse_file_out(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, Error **errp) { @@ -3489,6 +3549,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_file_out(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, return; } backend->u.file = g_new0(ChardevFile, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevFile_base(backend->u.file)); backend->u.file->out = g_strdup(path); backend->u.file->has_append = true; @@ -3499,6 +3560,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_stdio(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, Error **errp) { backend->u.stdio = g_new0(ChardevStdio, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevStdio_base(backend->u.stdio)); backend->u.stdio->has_signal = true; backend->u.stdio->signal = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "signal", true); } @@ -3514,6 +3576,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_serial(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, return; } backend->u.serial = g_new0(ChardevHostdev, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.serial)); backend->u.serial->device = g_strdup(device); } #endif @@ -3529,6 +3592,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_parallel(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, return; } backend->u.parallel = g_new0(ChardevHostdev, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.parallel)); backend->u.parallel->device = g_strdup(device); } #endif @@ -3543,6 +3607,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_pipe(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, return; } backend->u.pipe = g_new0(ChardevHostdev, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.pipe)); backend->u.pipe->device = g_strdup(device); } @@ -3552,6 +3617,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_ringbuf(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, int val; backend->u.ringbuf = g_new0(ChardevRingbuf, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevRingbuf_base(backend->u.ringbuf)); val = qemu_opt_get_size(opts, "size", 0); if (val != 0) { @@ -3570,6 +3636,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_mux(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, return; } backend->u.mux = g_new0(ChardevMux, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevMux_base(backend->u.mux)); backend->u.mux->chardev = g_strdup(chardev); } @@ -3598,6 +3665,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_socket(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, } backend->u.socket = g_new0(ChardevSocket, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevSocket_base(backend->u.socket)); backend->u.socket->has_nodelay = true; backend->u.socket->nodelay = do_nodelay; @@ -3659,6 +3727,7 @@ static void qemu_chr_parse_udp(QemuOpts *opts, ChardevBackend *backend, } backend->u.udp = g_new0(ChardevUdp, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, qapi_ChardevUdp_base(backend->u.udp)); addr = g_new0(SocketAddress, 1); addr->type = SOCKET_ADDRESS_KIND_INET; @@ -3758,7 +3827,12 @@ CharDriverState *qemu_chr_new_from_opts(QemuOpts *opts, error_propagate(errp, local_err); goto qapi_out; } + } else { + ChardevCommon *cc = g_new0(ChardevCommon, 1); + qemu_chr_parse_common(opts, cc); + backend->u.data = cc; } + ret = qmp_chardev_add(bid ? bid : id, backend, errp); if (!ret) { goto qapi_out; @@ -3890,17 +3964,26 @@ void qemu_chr_fe_release(CharDriverState *s) s->avail_connections++; } -void qemu_chr_free(CharDriverState *chr) +static void qemu_chr_free_common(CharDriverState *chr) { - if (chr->chr_close) { - chr->chr_close(chr); - } g_free(chr->filename); g_free(chr->label); qemu_opts_del(chr->opts); + if (chr->logfd != -1) { + close(chr->logfd); + } + qemu_mutex_destroy(&chr->chr_write_lock); g_free(chr); } +void qemu_chr_free(CharDriverState *chr) +{ + if (chr->chr_close) { + chr->chr_close(chr); + } + qemu_chr_free_common(chr); +} + void qemu_chr_delete(CharDriverState *chr) { QTAILQ_REMOVE(&chardevs, chr, next); @@ -4053,6 +4136,12 @@ QemuOptsList qemu_chardev_opts = { },{ .name = "append", .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL, + },{ + .name = "logfile", + .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING, + },{ + .name = "logappend", + .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL, }, { /* end of list */ } }, @@ -4066,6 +4155,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_file(const char *id, Error **errp) { ChardevFile *file = backend->u.file; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevFile_base(backend->u.file); HANDLE out; if (file->has_in) { @@ -4079,7 +4169,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_file(const char *id, error_setg(errp, "open %s failed", file->out); return NULL; } - return qemu_chr_open_win_file(out); + return qemu_chr_open_win_file(out, common, errp); } static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_serial(const char *id, @@ -4088,7 +4178,8 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_serial(const char *id, Error **errp) { ChardevHostdev *serial = backend->u.serial; - return qemu_chr_open_win_path(serial->device, errp); + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.serial); + return qemu_chr_open_win_path(serial->device, common, errp); } #else /* WIN32 */ @@ -4111,6 +4202,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_file(const char *id, Error **errp) { ChardevFile *file = backend->u.file; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevFile_base(backend->u.file); int flags, in = -1, out; flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_BINARY; @@ -4134,7 +4226,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_file(const char *id, } } - return qemu_chr_open_fd(in, out); + return qemu_chr_open_fd(in, out, common, errp); } #ifdef HAVE_CHARDEV_SERIAL @@ -4144,6 +4236,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_serial(const char *id, Error **errp) { ChardevHostdev *serial = backend->u.serial; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.serial); int fd; fd = qmp_chardev_open_file_source(serial->device, O_RDWR, errp); @@ -4151,7 +4244,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_serial(const char *id, return NULL; } qemu_set_nonblock(fd); - return qemu_chr_open_tty_fd(fd); + return qemu_chr_open_tty_fd(fd, common, errp); } #endif @@ -4162,13 +4255,14 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_parallel(const char *id, Error **errp) { ChardevHostdev *parallel = backend->u.parallel; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevHostdev_base(backend->u.parallel); int fd; fd = qmp_chardev_open_file_source(parallel->device, O_RDWR, errp); if (fd < 0) { return NULL; } - return qemu_chr_open_pp_fd(fd, errp); + return qemu_chr_open_pp_fd(fd, common, errp); } #endif @@ -4213,8 +4307,12 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_socket(const char *id, bool is_telnet = sock->has_telnet ? sock->telnet : false; bool is_waitconnect = sock->has_wait ? sock->wait : false; int64_t reconnect = sock->has_reconnect ? sock->reconnect : 0; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevSocket_base(backend->u.socket); - chr = qemu_chr_alloc(); + chr = qemu_chr_alloc(common, errp); + if (!chr) { + return NULL; + } s = g_new0(TCPCharDriver, 1); s->fd = -1; @@ -4253,8 +4351,7 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_socket(const char *id, socket_try_connect(chr); } else if (!qemu_chr_open_socket_fd(chr, errp)) { g_free(s); - g_free(chr->filename); - g_free(chr); + qemu_chr_free_common(chr); return NULL; } @@ -4274,13 +4371,14 @@ static CharDriverState *qmp_chardev_open_udp(const char *id, Error **errp) { ChardevUdp *udp = backend->u.udp; + ChardevCommon *common = qapi_ChardevUdp_base(backend->u.udp); int fd; fd = socket_dgram(udp->remote, udp->local, errp); if (fd < 0) { return NULL; } - return qemu_chr_open_udp_fd(fd); + return qemu_chr_open_udp_fd(fd, common, errp); } ChardevReturn *qmp_chardev_add(const char *id, ChardevBackend *backend, |