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authorChristian Krinitsin <mail@krinitsin.com>2025-07-03 07:27:52 +0000
committerChristian Krinitsin <mail@krinitsin.com>2025-07-03 07:27:52 +0000
commitd0c85e36e4de67af628d54e9ab577cc3fad7796a (patch)
treef8f784b0f04343b90516a338d6df81df3a85dfa2 /results/classifier/gemma3:12b/debug/998
parent7f4364274750eb8cb39a3e7493132fca1c01232e (diff)
downloademulator-bug-study-d0c85e36e4de67af628d54e9ab577cc3fad7796a.tar.gz
emulator-bug-study-d0c85e36e4de67af628d54e9ab577cc3fad7796a.zip
add deepseek and gemma results
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+
+AArch64: SCTLR_EL1.BT0 set incorrectly in user mode
+Description of problem:
+PACIASP normally acts as a BTI landing pad, but not in every situation. When SCTLR_EL1.BT is set, PACIASP checks that the indirect branch originates from X16 or X17 when the indirect branch is taken from a BTI guarded area. Linux sets this bit, ideally QEMU-user should too. This sample program should crash with a SIGILL if QEMU is working correctly, otherwise it will crash with a SIGSEGV.
+
+ #include <stdint.h>
+ #include <stdlib.h>
+ #include <unistd.h>
+ #include <string.h>
+ #include <stdio.h>
+ #include <sys/mman.h>
+
+ // PACIASP is a valid BTI landing pad, but there are some conditions
+ // under Linux which sets SCTLR_ELx.BT0 = 1. In this mode, a branch
+ // onto a PACIASP landing pad is only valid if it originates from
+ // x16 or x17 (i.e. br x17 is OK, br x3 is not).
+ // More info on page D5-4851 of the Arm Architecture Reference Manual (ARM DDI 0487H.a).
+
+ // Sample function which starts with a paciasp instruction
+ // (comes from -mbranch-protection=pac-ret+leaf)
+ void indirect_fn(int i) {
+ // paciasp instruction inserted here - should crash with SIGILL here if everything's operating OK.
+ i = i+1;
+ // Can't access this function from the copied location, so will segfault.
+ fprintf(stderr, "reachable\n");
+ }
+
+ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+ // It's difficult to get a whole binary BTI compatible without the appropriate crtbegin etc
+ // so instead map a page and copy the sample function there.
+ void *e = mmap(0, getpagesize(), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+ if (e == MAP_FAILED) {
+ return 1;
+ }
+ memcpy(e, (void*)indirect_fn, 64);
+ mprotect(e, getpagesize(), PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC | PROT_BTI);
+
+ // paciasp is a valid landing pad if the branch comes from an unprotected area,
+ // so to ensure that we're protected - assemble an intermediate shim that's also PROT_BTI.
+ void *f = mmap(0, getpagesize(), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+ if (f == MAP_FAILED) {
+ return 1;
+ }
+ uint32_t *x = (uint32_t*)f;
+ x[0] = 0xd503245fuL; // bti c
+ x[1] = 0xd61f0060uL; // br x1 - n.b. must be BR
+ mprotect(f, getpagesize(), PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC | PROT_BTI);
+
+ // Jump to the shim
+ asm volatile (
+ "mov x3, %0\n"
+ "mov x2, %1\n"
+ "blr x2\n"
+ : : "p"(e), "p"(f) : "x2", "x3");
+
+ // Execution should not reach here
+ return 1;
+ }
+Steps to reproduce:
+1. Compile with `clang-12 -g --sysroot=/work/home/fedora-rootfs/fedora_aarch64 -o sample --target=aarch64-linux-gnu -mbranch-protection=pac-ret+leaf -march=armv8-a -O1 -g sample.c` or similar.
+2. Run with `../qemu/build/qemu-aarch64 --cpu max -L ~/fedora-rootfs/fedora_aarch64 sample`